{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch37\stshfhich37\stshfbi37\deflang2057\deflangfe2057\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}
{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f39\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Tahoma;}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Cambria;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f41\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f49\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f61\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}
{\f62\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f64\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f65\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f68\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f69\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f411\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\f412\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f414\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f415\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f418\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\f419\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\f431\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f432\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f434\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}
{\f435\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f436\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f437\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f438\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}
{\f439\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f440\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\f441\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f442\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\f444\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f445\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\f448\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f449\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}
{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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\slink4 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid11688928 Heading 4 Char;}{\s19\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\sbasedon0 \snext21 \slink22 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid10301089 header;}{\*\cs22 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \slink21 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid10301089 Header Char;}{\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
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{\*\cs24 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \slink23 \slocked \styrsid10301089 Footer Char;}{\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af39\afs16\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\sbasedon10 \slink25 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid10301089 Balloon Text Char;}{\s27\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext27 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid11688928 Num List 1;}{
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\snext28 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid11688928 Paragraph - Numbered;}{\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\sbasedon27 \snext30 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid11688928 Num List 2;}{\s31\qj \fi-601\li3481\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin3481\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon30 \snext31 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid11688928 Num List 3;}{\s32\ql \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext32 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid11688928 Quote 1;}{
\s33\ql \li1440\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon32 \snext33 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid11688928 Quote 2;}{\s34\ql \li2160\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon37 \snext38 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid11688928 Indent3;}{\s39\qj \fi-601\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
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\sbasedon43 \snext39 \styrsid11688928 List Bullet 2;}{\s40\qj \fi-601\li3481\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx2880\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin3481\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon39 \snext40 \styrsid11688928 List Bullet 3;}{\s41\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
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\b\ul\insrsid5329267\charrsid15494161 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI
\par [CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION]
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid15494161\charrsid15494161 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid5329267\charrsid15494161 CRIMINAL PETITION NO: CAV 0024.2016
\par (On Appeal From Court of Appeal No: AAU 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid15165469\charrsid15494161 049}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid5329267\charrsid15494161 .201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\ul\insrsid15165469\charrsid15494161 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid5329267\charrsid15494161 )
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267\charrsid13254501 BETWEEN:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13254501 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5329267\charrsid15494161 RAHUL RAVINESH KUMAR
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267\charrsid13254501 Petitioner
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267\charrsid13254501 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13254501 :
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5329267\charrsid15494161 THE STATE
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267\charrsid13254501 Respondent
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\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5329267\charrsid11482300 
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af40 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15494161\charrsid15494161 Coram \cell Hon. Mr. Justice Sathyaa Hettige, Judge of the Supreme Court\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af40 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15494161\charrsid15494161                \cell Hon. Mr. Justice Suresh Chandra, Judge of the Supreme Court\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
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}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15494161\yts45 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af40 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15494161\charrsid15494161 \cell Hon. Mr. Justice Brian Keith, Judge of the Supreme Court    \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15494161\charrsid15494161 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow
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\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1242\clshdrawnil \cellx1134\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3680\clshdrawnil \cellx4814\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15494161\yts45 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af40 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15494161\charrsid15494161 Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af40 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15494161\charrsid15494161  :     \cell Mr. M. Yunus for the Petitioner\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15494161\charrsid15494161 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow
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\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1242\clshdrawnil \cellx1134\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3680\clshdrawnil \cellx4814\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15494161\yts45 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af40 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15494161\charrsid15494161                     \cell Ms. P. Madanavosa for the Respondent\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid15494161\charrsid15494161 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\lastrow \ltrrow
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}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15494161 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267\charrsid7146820 
\par Date of Hearing:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267\charrsid13254501    \tab 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15165469\charrsid13254501 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267\charrsid13254501  October 2016
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267\charrsid7146820 
\par Date of Judgment:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267\charrsid13254501   \tab 27 October 2016           
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5329267 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13186763\charrsid11482300 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12460490 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5329267\charrsid12460490 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5329267 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid12460490 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12460490 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid5329267\charrsid12460490 Hettige, J 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267\charrsid5329267 I agree with the reasoning and conclusion of the judgment of Keith J.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid5329267\charrsid12460490 Chandra, J
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5329267\charrsid5329267 I agree with the reasoning and conclusion of the judgment of Keith J.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid5329267\charrsid12460490 Keith, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid5329267 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid5531810\charrsid12460490 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5531810 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4078485\charrsid13186763 Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid13254501\charrsid13186763 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid674803\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5531810 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid674803\charrsid5329267 There }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4078485\charrsid5329267 are some categories of evidence which 
have in the past been regarded as too unreliable to form the basis of a safe conviction without the reassurance provided by corroboration.  The evidence of women who complained that men had taken sexual advantage of them used to be one of those categories
.  We now live in more enlightened times, and corroboration is no longer required in such a case.  But suppose the evidence is that of a child, whether in a case in which the defendant is being tried for an offence of a sexual nature or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid674803\charrsid5329267  in any other case.  The law at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4078485\charrsid5329267  present requires corroboration of the child\rquote s evidence if that evidence was given unsworn.  The question whic}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16135793\charrsid5329267  arise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4078485\charrsid5329267  on this appeal is whethe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16135793\charrsid5329267 r that requirement is consistent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4078485\charrsid5329267  with the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3439043\charrsid5329267   There are other issues, but that is the principal one.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4078485 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid674803\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2. \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1408863 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid674803\charrsid5329267 However, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4078485\charrsid5329267  preliminary point arises.  The petition for special leave}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid674803\charrsid5329267  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4078485\charrsid5329267 
to appeal to the Supreme Court was lodged well out of time.  An extension of the time to lodge it is therefore needed before the meri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid674803\charrsid5329267 ts of the appeal can be consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4078485\charrsid5329267 ed.  That is what I address first.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4078485 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13254501\charrsid5329267 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid674803\charrsid5329267 The application for an extension of time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\insrsid13254501\charrsid5329267 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid674803\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid674803\charrsid5329267 The petitioner is Rahul Ravinesh Kumar.  I trust that I will be forgiven for referring to him as Kumar for the sake of brevity and convenience.  He was charged with the rape o
f a girl aged 7, but who was 8 at the time of trial.  He had pleaded not guilty.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418\charrsid5329267 His trial took place in June 2012.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid674803\charrsid5329267 
The assessors unanimously expressed the opinion that he was guilty of the charge, and the trial judge convicted him.  Kumar was subsequently sentenced to 10 years\rquote 
 imprisonment with a non-parole period of 8 years.  His appeal against his conviction was dismissed by the Court of Appeal on 4 March 2015.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid674803 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid1408863 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1408863 K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid674803\charrsid5329267 umar\rquote s petition for special leave to appeal to the Supreme Court had to be lodged with
in 42 days, ie by 15 April 2015.  It was not lodged by then.  It was not lodged until 21 July 2016.  It was therefore over 15 months out of time.  Kumar has sworn an affidavit purporting to set out why that was.  He said that he had been represented priva
tely by lawyers both at his trial and in the Court of Appeal, but his family had not had any more money to spend on his legal representation, and to use his own language, he \'93dropped the idea\'94
 of appealing against the decision of the Court of Appeal.  He added:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15746409\charrsid1408863 \'93
Nevertheless, sometimes [in] early July 2016, I met with a counsel from the Legal Aid Commission and asked whether the Commission would assist me to appeal the Decision of the Court of Appeal.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid674803\charrsid1408863  
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267 It was following that discussion that his petition was lodged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15746409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267 I have no reason to doubt Kumar\rquote s claim that the money to fund further representation had run out, but his affida}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16085862\charrsid5329267 
vit is silent as to why he had not appl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267 ied for assistance from the Legal Aid Commission before July 2016.  Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4922846 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267  Yunus, his counsel, wrote in his written submissions that it was \'93only this year\'94 that Kumar \'93came to know about the Legal Aid Commission\'94.  What was being said was that Kumar had not known before }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16085862\charrsid5329267 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267 hat he could apply for legal aid.  When we pointed out to Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4922846 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267  Yunus tha
t Kumar had not said that in his affidavit, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15165469\charrsid5329267 Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267 
 Yunus accepted that the responsibility for that had been entirely his.  Kumar, he said, had told him that he had not k}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16085862\charrsid5329267 nown until July that free legal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267  assistance w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16085862\charrsid5329267 as available in deserving cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267 , and that it was his, Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4922846 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267  Yunus\rquote , mistake in not including that in the affidavit which he had drafted for Kumar to swear.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15746409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267 
I accept entirely what Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4922846 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15746409\charrsid5329267  Yunus has told us}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267  about what Kumar had told him, b}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 ut I am extremely sc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16085862\charrsid5329267 eptical that Kumar was telling Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4922846 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16085862\charrsid5329267  Yunus the tr
uth.  Once you get into the criminal justice system, it is difficult to remain ignorant of your right to apply for legal aid if you do not have the funds to pay for a lawyer.  That is especially so if you are in prison.  It is almost inevitable that you w
ill hear on the prison bush telegraph about the availability of assistance from the Legal Aid Commission if you have not done so already.  Kumar\rquote s claim that he only discovered that in July is less than credible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15746409 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid16085862\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16085862\charrsid5329267 
The five factors which the Supreme Court said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid16085862\charrsid5329267 Kumar v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16085862\charrsid5329267 
 [2012] FJSC 17 should be taken into account when considering whether the time for lodging a petition for special leave to appeal should be extended are too well known to be repeated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267  here}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16085862\charrsid5329267 .  Although the delay has been substantial and almost certainly not truthfully explained, I have not discerned any disadvantage which the State would be under if we proceeded to consider Kumar
\rquote s petition on its merits 15 months or so later than it would have been considered if the petition had been lodged in time.  In the circumstances, I would extend Kumar\rquote 
s time for lodging it if there is a ground of appeal which will probably succeed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16085862 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1408863 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2774307\charrsid5329267 The facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2774307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid2774307\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2774307\charrsid5329267 In the light of the issues which the appeal raises, it is unnecessary to set out the facts in any detail.  Kumar was a family friend, and the girl\rquote 
s evidence was that on the day in question her parents had gone out leaving Kumar in charge of her and her yo
unger sister.  She had come out of the shower wearing only a towel.  Kumar had pulled the towel away and taken her into a bedroom where he raped her.  She acknowledged that she had not complained about what had happened when her parents got home, saying t
hat she had been too scared to do so, though her father\rquote 
s evidence was that he had sensed that she had wanted to say something to him.  Eventually she was to tell a relative what had happened, and when her parents heard about it, the police were informed.  
A medical examination of the girl a month or so after the day in question revealed that her hymen was ruptured.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2774307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid2774307\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2774307\charrsid5329267 Kumar\rquote 
s defence was that none of this happened.  His evidence was that he had never been alone with either of the girls.  When their parents had gone out, they had left the girl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 
s in the care of their landlady, Parwati Nair.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2774307\charrsid5329267 
  She was called as a witness for the defence.  She talked of a day when she had given the girls lunch while their parents had gone shopping for groceries.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4741799\charrsid5329267 She said that th
at had been the day when the family had moved into her house.  She was not sure of the date, but she said that it had been a Saturday.  Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 at could have been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4741799\charrsid5329267  important because the girls\rquote  father\rquote s evidence had been that it was on a Saturday that the family h
ad moved into the house, but that it was on the following day that he and his wife had gone shopping leaving the girls in Kumar\rquote s care.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2774307 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid4741799\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 10. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4741799\charrsid5329267 
There was no dispute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14221710\charrsid5329267  t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4741799\charrsid5329267 hat ther}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14221710\charrsid5329267 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4741799\charrsid5329267  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14221710\charrsid5329267 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4741799\charrsid5329267 as no independent evidence to connect Kumar with the rape of the girl.  The medica
l evidence supported the girl\rquote s evidence of penetration, but that did not implicate Kumar.  However, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4741799\charrsid5329267 
judge directed the assessors that corroboration of the girl\rquote s evidence was not required.  He said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4741799 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4741799\charrsid1408863 \'93Please remember, there is no rule for you to look for corroboration of the victim\rquote 
s story to bring home an opinion of guilty in a rape case.  Corroboration is to have some independent evidence to support the victim\rquote s story of rape.  The case can stand or fall on the testimony of the victim depending
 on how you are to look at her evidence.\'94
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4741799\charrsid5329267 The judge\rquote s reference to \'93in a rape case\'94 shows that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14221710\charrsid5329267 
he had in mind the previous req}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4741799\charrsid5329267 uirement for corroboration in cases of a sexual nature rather than such requirement as there was for a child\rquote s evidence to be cor
roborated whatever the charge was.  At all events, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14221710\charrsid5329267 he principal issue wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4741799\charrsid5329267 ich the appeal raises}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 , as I have said,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4741799\charrsid5329267  is whether the judge was right to direct the assessors that corroboration was not required.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4741799 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1408863\charrsid1408863 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4136528\charrsid5329267 The statutory framework}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4136528 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid4136528\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 11. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1408863 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4136528\charrsid5329267 The requirement for corroboration in cases of a sexual nature was abolished by section 129 of the Criminal Procedure Decree 2009, which provided:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4136528 

\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14895246 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4136528\charrsid14895246 \'93Where any person is tried for an offence of a sexual nature, no corroboration of the complainant\rquote 
s evidence shall be necessary for that person to be convicted; and in any such case the judge or magistrate shall not be required to give any warning to the assessors relating to the absence of corroboration.\'94
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14895246 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2450212\charrsid5329267 However, the requirement for the corroboration of the evidence of children who
 give unsworn evidence has remained part of the law of Fiji.  The relevant statutory provision is section 10(1) of the Juveniles Act, which provides (so far as is material):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2450212 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14895246 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2450212\charrsid14895246 \'93Where in any proceedings against any person for any offence \'85 any child of tende
r years called as a witness does not in the opinion of the court understand the nature of an oath, his evidence may proceed not on oath, if, in the opinion of the court, he is possessed of sufficient intelligence to justify the reception of his evidence a
nd to understand the duty of speaking the truth; \'85
\par {\listtext\tab}Provided that where evidence is admitted by virtue of this section on behalf of the prosecution, the accused shall not be liable to be convicted of the offence unless that evidence is corroborated.\'94
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14895246 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2450212\charrsid5329267 That provision is still in force.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2450212 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid2450212\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 12. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2450212\charrsid5329267 It is important to note that section 10(1) is concerned only with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2450212\charrsid5329267 unsworn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2450212\charrsid5329267  evidence of children.  It does not purport to address how the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2450212\charrsid5329267 sworn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2450212\charrsid5329267 
 evidence of children should be treated.  Since witnesses are required to give sworn evidence (whether on oath or by affirmation), section 10(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 
provides for an exception to that requirement in the case of children \'93of tender years\'94.  They }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8587516\charrsid5329267 may give unsworn evidence if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 
 they do not understand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8587516\charrsid5329267  the nature of the oath, provided that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267  they have sufficient intelligence to justify the reception of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 their evidence and to u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 nderstand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267  the duty of speaking the truth.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2450212 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 13. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 
The proviso to section 10(1) applies \'93where evidence is admitted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 by virtue of this section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 on behalf of the prosecution\'94
 (emphasis supplied).  Since section 10(1) is concerned only with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 unsworn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 
 evidence of children, and is intended to validate the evidence of children even if it is unsworn, evidence is only admitted \'93by virtue of this section\'94 if the evidence which the child gives is unsworn.  In other words, corroboration of the child
\rquote s evidence in a criminal case where the child is called by the prosecution is required only when the child has given }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 unsworn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267  evidence.  That was treated as a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 xiomatic by the House of Lords i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 Director of Public Prosecutions v Hester}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 
 [1973] AC 296, a case on section 38(1) of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 on which section 10(1) of the Juveniles Act was model}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8849343\charrsid5329267 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7866364\charrsid5329267 ed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7866364 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid8587516\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 14. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8587516\charrsid5329267 
Section 10(1) served one other p
urpose.  That related to the nature of the inquiry which the judge has to conduct before a child can be regarded as competent to give evidence at all.  At common law, the test was whether the child was capable of understanding the nature of the oath.  If 
the child was not, the child could not give evidence.  Section 10(1) provided, as Lord Diplock said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid8587516\charrsid5329267 Hester}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8587516\charrsid5329267  at p 322G}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13973193\charrsid5329267  in respect of the equivalent English provision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8587516\charrsid5329267 , a less rigorous test.  The test}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13973193\charrsid5329267  had become whether the child had sufficient intelligence to justify the reception of their evidence and to understand the duty to tell the truth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 
.  In that event, the child could give unsworn evidence, but could only give sworn evidence if he or she understood the nature of the oath.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 15. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 
One thing needs to be added to all that.  Assessors have to be warned by the trial judge of the danger of convicting a defendant on the uncorroborated evidence of a child, whether the child\rquote 
s evidence is sworn or unsworn.  That is not required by section 10(1).  It is a requirement of the common law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8587516\charrsid5329267   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8587516 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11076266 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418\charrsid5329267 What happened in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid13240790\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 16. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13240790\charrsid5329267 In this case the girl gave }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418\charrsid5329267 
sworn evidence.  We know that because that is what the court record says.  It even refers to the holy book on which her oath was taken.  What we do not know is whether the trial judge asked the girl any questions to determine wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 ether she understood the nature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418\charrsid5329267  of the oath or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 
had sufficient intelligence to justify the reception of her evidence and to appreciate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418\charrsid5329267 the need to tell the truth.  The record is silent on matters of th
at kind.  That is, of course, not conclusive.  The court record is based on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418\charrsid5329267 judge\rquote 
s notes, and they do not purport to be a verbatim record of everything which was said. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13254501 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13254501\charrsid5329267 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid5251418\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 17. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418\charrsid5329267 In the light of that, we have looked at other ways of finding out what was said.  We have been told that the proceedings were not audio-recorded,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11020010\charrsid5329267  and neither counsel who appeared}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418\charrsid5329267  at the tri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11020010\charrsid5329267 al are available to give us thei}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418\charrsid5329267 r recollection of events.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15165469\charrsid5329267 Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418\charrsid5329267  Yunus told us that Kumar\rquote s instructions}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11020010\charrsid5329267  to him were that nothing was s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418\charrsid5329267 aid along these lines, though I am reluctant to rely on that \endash 
 not only because Kumar may think that it is in his interests to sa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11020010\charrsid5329267 
y that, but also because his credibility is questionable in the light of the reason he gave for his petition not being lodged in time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5251418 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 18. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 
Having said all that, it would not be surprising if the trial judge had not embarked on an inquiry to determine whether the girl understood the nature of the oath}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 
 or had sufficient intelligence to justify the reception of her evidence and to appreciate the need to tell the truth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 .  Three years earlier Goundar J had held in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 The State v AV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 
 (Criminal Case No: HAC 192/2008, 2 February 2009, unreported) that section 10 of the Juveniles Act discriminated against children on the ground of their age and
 deprived them of their right to equality before the law guaranteed by section 38 of the 1997 Constitution.  He held that section 10 had to be \'93considered as stricken\'94 from the Act.  He continued at [36]:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11749978 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11355521\charrsid11076266 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11749978\charrsid11076266 If a child of a tender age appears in court as a 
witness, the only obligation the magistrate or the judge has is to remind the child of the importance of telling the truth before receiving his or her evidence and that evidence should be assessed like the evidence of any other witness without the need fo
r corroboration or a warning.\'94
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 If the trial judge had Goundar J\rquote s decision in mind, that wou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267 
ld explain why he had not conducted the kind of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267  inquiry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7424162\charrsid5329267  which section 10(1) required}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 .  On the other hand, it is questionable how well known Goundar J\rquote s judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 AV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 
 had become by 2012.  It had not been reported, and it is unlikely to have been referred to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 
judge, because if it had been, one might have expected there to have been som}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 e reference to it in his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267  notes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 19. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 In these circumstances, I think that we should proceed on the basis most favourable to Kumar.  That means that we should assume that before the girl gave evidence the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 judge did not conduct an inquiry to determine whether she understood the nature o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 f the oath or had sufficient intelligence to justify the reception of her evidence or to appreciate the need to tell the truth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 .  On the other hand, the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 judge would have seen her taking the oath, and he would have been observing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 carefully throughout her evidence, bearing in mind that he
 would have been alive to the need on his part to assess her credibility and accuracy as a witness.  If during her evidence he had thought it possible that she had not understood the nature of the oath she had taken or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 that she did not have sufficient intelligence to justify the reception of her evidence or to appreciate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 the need to tell the truth, it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid595966\charrsid5329267  is at least possible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 
 that he would have intervened.  It has not been suggested that he did anything of the kind, and there is nothing in his notes to suggest that he did.  So although we are having to assume that he did not conduct an inquiry bef}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 ore she gave evidence of the kind which section 10(1) required}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid595966\charrsid5329267 , it may be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267  that the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid595966\charrsid5329267 ultimately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 had no doubt that she understood the nature of the oath}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267   It s
hould also be noted that the trial judge did not warn the assessors of the danger of convicting Kumar on the girl\rquote s uncorroborated evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13254501\charrsid5329267 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 The case advanced on Kumar\rquote s behalf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 20. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 principal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13582525\charrsid5329267  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 argument advanced on Kumar\rquote s behalf in the Court of Appeal 
was that the abolition of the requirement for corroboration in cases of a sexual nature had not affected the requirement for corroboration of the unsworn evidence of children in section 10(1) of the Juveniles Act.  Section 10(1) was said to have survived 
the abolition in the Criminal Procedure Decree of the requirement for corroboration in cases of a sexual nature by virtue of section 3(2) of the Criminal Pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14626569\charrsid5329267 ocedure Decree, which provides (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 so far as is material}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14626569\charrsid5329267 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 :
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11749978\charrsid11076266 \'93The provisions of th
is Decree shall be subordinate to, and shall be read and applied subject to the provisions of another Act making specific provision in relation to- \'85
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11749978\charrsid11076266 (b) the procedures to be applied to the hearing of criminal proceedings involving juveniles \'85\'94
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11076266 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 I do not think that section 3(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267  ad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 vances the argument deploy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 ed on Kumar\rquote s behalf.  The phrase \'93criminal proceedings involving juveniles\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 in section 3(2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 relates to proceedings in which a juvenile is a defendant, not to proceedings in which a child of tender years 
is a witness.  But that does not militate against Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4922846 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267  Yusuf\rquote 
s argument.  It is plainly correct.  The fact that corroboration is no longer required for one category of evidence (evidence of the complainant in cases of a sexual nature) does not mean that cor
roboration is no longer required for another category of evidence (the unsworn evidence of children).  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 21. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4194482 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 I did}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267  not und}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 erstand the State to argue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267  otherwise.  It relied on Goundar J\rquote s judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 AV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 
.  Its contention was that section 10(1) had been held to be inconsistent with section 38 of the 1997 Constitution and was therefore invalid.  The Court of Appeal accepted that contention, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 held that section 10(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 was inconsistent with the equivalent section in the 2013 Constitution, namely section 26.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267   At first sight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13240790\charrsid5329267 , the Court of Appeal did not have to go that far.  Even if section 10(1) had been consistent with the Constitution, no corrobor}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 ation of the girl\rquote s evidence would have been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13240790\charrsid5329267  required as her evidence had been sworn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 .  However, if the trial judge had inquired into the girl\rquote 
s competence to give evidence, whether sworn or unsworn, he may have concluded that she should only give unsworn evidence.  In that event, section 10(1) would have required the girl\rquote s ev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 idence to be corroborated.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7430550\charrsid5329267 hat is why the Court of Appeal had to address the consistency or otherwise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 of the requirement for the unsworn evidence of the girl to be corroborated with the Constitution, even though she had in the event given sworn evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 22. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 t was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13582525\charrsid5329267  also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 contended}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13582525\charrsid5329267  on Kumar\rquote s behalf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267  that the trial judge had still been required to inquire into the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13240790\charrsid5329267 
girl\rquote s competence to give }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 evidence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13240790\charrsid5329267 whether sworn or unsworn, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 and to warn the assessors of the danger of convicting Kumar on the basis of the girl\rquote s evidence without corroboration.  The St}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13582525\charrsid5329267 ate\rquote s case }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 was that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13582525\charrsid5329267 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 
 to the extent that that had been what section 10(1) had required, that was no longer necessary as the Court of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13582525\charrsid5329267 should follow }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\insrsid13582525\charrsid5329267 AV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13582525\charrsid5329267  and hold that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978\charrsid5329267 
the trial judge had rightly disregarded section 10(1) on the basis that it was inconsistent with the girl\rquote s constitutional right to equality and freedom from discrimination.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11749978 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4194482 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4194482 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4194482 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11864107\charrsid5329267 The reasoning of the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11864107 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid5925836\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 23. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4194482 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5925836\charrsid5329267 The principal judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11864107\charrsid5329267 in the Court of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5925836\charrsid5329267 
was that of Goundar JA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid358055\charrsid5329267   It is a most impressive judgment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5925836\charrsid5329267 Basna}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid358055\charrsid5329267 
yake JA agreed with it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5925836\charrsid5329267 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14626569\charrsid5329267   Their reasoning proceeded from section 26(7) of the Constitution, which provides:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5925836\charrsid5329267  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14626569\charrsid5329267 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid153640 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14626569\charrsid153640 \'93
Treating one person differently from another on any of the grounds prescribed under subsection (3) is discrimination, unless it can be established that the difference in treatment is not unfair in the circumstances.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5925836\charrsid153640  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14626569\charrsid153640 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid153640 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14626569\charrsid5329267 Sin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 ce one of the grounds prescribed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14626569\charrsid5329267  by subsection (3) was age, it followed that treating children differently from adults amounted to discrimination (which infringed their right under section 26(1) of the Constitution to equality before the law)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15165469\charrsid5329267 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14626569\charrsid5329267 
 unless it could be shown that the difference in treatment was not unfair in the circumstances.  That turned on whether treating a child differently from adults when they gave evidence advanced a legitimate purpose.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11864107\charrsid5329267   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6107892 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 24. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid153640 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 Goundar JA did not spell out what the purpose for the various requirements under challenge were.  In my opinion, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11864107\charrsid5329267 
he rationale for requiring a judge to inquire into the competence of a child to give evidence and what form that
 evidence should take is that evidence should only be permitted to be given if it is reliable, and some children may simply be too young to give reliable evidence.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 
The rationale for requiring the unsworn evidence of a child to be corroborated whereas the 
sworn evidence of a child did not have to be must have been that it was thought inappropriate for a defendant to be convicted on the basis of unsworn evidence only.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11864107\charrsid5329267 
The rationale for requiring a judge to warn the assessors of the danger of convicting a defendant on the uncorroborated evidence of a child is that without such a warning the danger might not be obvious.  It needs to be spelt out.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310725 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid2310725\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 25. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310725\charrsid5329267 
Goundar JA noted that many jurisdictions had abolished the need for the unsworn evidence of a child to be corr
oborated.  In that context, he referred to section 52(2) of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 in England which repealed section 38(1) of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (on which, as I have said, section 10(1) of the Juveniles Act was modelled).  He n
oted also the repeal of a similar statutory provision in Canada.  When it came to the requirement in section 10(1) on a judge to determine the competence of a child to give evidence, Goundar JA noted that what he called \'93the presumption of incompetence
\'94 had also been repealed in England by section 52(2) of the Criminal Justice Act 1991.  On that issue, Goundar JA referred in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid2310725\charrsid5329267 AV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2310725\charrsid5329267  to what the Court of Appeal in England had said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid2310725\charrsid5329267 R v Hampshire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085403\charrsid5329267 
 [1995] 2 All ER 1019 at p 1025f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310725\charrsid5329267 -j:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2310725 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid153640 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2310725\charrsid153640 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4085403\charrsid153640 In our view, the effect of the
 recent statutory changes has been to remove from the judge any duty to conduct a preliminary investigation of a child\rquote 
s competence, but to retain his power to do so if he considers it necessary, say because the child is very young or has difficulty in expression or understanding \'85
 Whether he conducts such a preliminary investigation, he has the same duty as in the case of an adult witness, namely to exclude or direct disregard of the evidence, if and when he concludes that the child is not competent.\'94
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid153640 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085403\charrsid5329267 Gou
ndar JA did not say anything about the requirement at common law for a warning about the danger of convicting a defendant on the uncorroborated evidence of a child, although he did say that some judges in Canada continued to give such a warning.  However,
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 he could have added that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085403\charrsid5329267 
the position in England is clear: section 34(2) of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 abolished such a requirement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085403 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid4085403\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 26. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid153640 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085403\charrsid5329267 Goundar JA then went on to consider what lay behind this significant shift in the way child witnesses are dealt wit
h.  He noted that the previous thinking had been based on outmoded attitudes about children.  He referred to what he had said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid4085403\charrsid5329267 AV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4085403\charrsid5329267  at [33] and [34]:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4085403 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid153640 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4085403\charrsid153640 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13910935\charrsid153640 [33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15165469\charrsid153640 ] Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13910935\charrsid153640  10 of the Juveniles Act is clearly based on myths and stereotypes about children, that is, 
they fabricate stories based on ulterior motives.  The requirement for a preliminary investigation into the child\rquote s competence before the child can testify is to justify the need for corroboration or a warning if the child\rquote 
s evidence is to be accepted.  In my view, m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3810541\charrsid153640 yths and stereotypes have no pl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13910935\charrsid153640 
ace in a rational system of law, as they jeopardize the courts\rquote  truth-finding function.  The belief that children fabricate stories based on ulterior motives and are therefore less capable of belief is not supporte
d by judicial experience or social scie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3810541\charrsid153640 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13910935\charrsid153640 
ce research.  I cannot find any rationale for discriminating against children who are subjected to the restrictions imposed 
by section 10 of the Juveniles Act.  The impact of the discrimination has been grossly unjust to children who were violated but denied access to justice.  Due process is not a concept that is only available to an accused.  Due process is also available to
 the victims of crime.
\par {\listtext\tab}[34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15165469\charrsid153640 ] Children}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13910935\charrsid153640  below the age of 14 years are the most vulnerable victims, and therefor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9461448\charrsid153640 e, the need for protection of l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13910935\charrsid153640 
aw is greater.  A law that prohibits prosecution and conviction of persons, who commit crime against children regardless of their age, deprives the children the due pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9461448\charrsid153640 
ocess of law.  Such law has no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13910935\charrsid153640 
place in our criminal justice system.  This interpretation is consistent with the Convention on the Rights of the Child which Fiji ratified in 1993.  By ratifying the Convention, the State is obliged to take all appropriate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9461448\charrsid153640 legislative measures to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13910935\charrsid153640 
protect the children of this country from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, or exploitation or sexual abuse.  The Convention also allows for judicial involvement to carry out the protective measures for children.\'94
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid9461448\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 27. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid153640 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9461448\charrsid5329267 Finally, Goundar JA noted the rights which the Constitution affords to children.  He referred to section 41(1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15165469\charrsid5329267 ) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9461448\charrsid5329267 d) of the Constitution which affirms the right of every child to be protected from abuse, and he noted the requirement placed by section 41(2) on anyone \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267  and that includes the legislature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9461448\charrsid5329267  \endash  having to consider matters concerning children to treat the \'93best interests\'94 of the child as their \'93
primary consideration\'94.  He concluded at [32]:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9461448 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3021573 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9461448\charrsid3021573 \'93
In our judgment, any law that restricts child victims of sexual abuse or violence from testifying about their victimization cannot be regarded as being in the child\rquote s best interests and is inconsistent with the children\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3810541\charrsid3021573 s right to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9461448\charrsid3021573 equality before the law.  There is a growing recognition that child sexual abuse is often perpetr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3810541\charrsid3021573 ated by family members, close f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9461448\charrsid3021573 amily friends or trusted community figures.  In these ci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3810541\charrsid3021573 
rcumstances, corroboration, that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9461448\charrsid3021573  is, independent evidence implicating the accused to the alleged
 sexual abuse will rarely exist.  The competency inquiry and the requirement for corroboration for child}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3810541\charrsid3021573  witnesses have no legitimate pu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9461448\charrsid3021573 rpose in criminal proceedings involving children as victims of sexual abuse.  Both the competency inquiry and the requir
ement for corroboration for child witnesses in criminal proceedings are invalid under section 2(2) of the Constitution.\'94
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3021573 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810541\charrsid5329267 That did not just apply to the requirement for corroboration and the \'93competence inquiry\'94
 in section 10(1).  At [33], Goundar JA said that it also app}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 lied to the warning which the common law required to b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 
e given to the assessors about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 the danger of convicting a defendant on the uncorroborated evidence of a child}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810541\charrsid5329267 
.  Goundar JA did not think that the loss of these protections infringed the defendant\rquote s right under section 15(1) of the Constitution to a fair trial.  In the circumstances, he concluded that this ground of appeal should fail because (a) the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810541\charrsid5329267 judge\rquote s omission to direct the assessors that the girl\rquote s evidence needed to be corro
borated, or (b) his omission to hold a \'93competence inquiry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 \'94, or (c) his omission to give }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810541\charrsid5329267 the common law warni}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 ng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810541\charrsid5329267 , was not unlawful, since the laws requiring him to have done all or any of those things were inconsistent with the Constitution.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10382884 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid10382884\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 28. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3021573 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10382884\charrsid5329267 Calanchini
 P approached the case differently.  He did not say in so many words whether the appeal should be allowed or whether he agreed that the appeal should be dismissed.  He acknowledged that the girl\rquote 
s evidence did not have to be corroborated, but he said that 
a warning about the danger of convicting a defendant on the uncorroborated evidence of a child should still be required if the child does not understand the nature of the oath.  Having said that, he did not think that such a warning had been necessary in 
this case, so since the girl\rquote s evidence had not been corroborated, Calanchini P must have proceeded on the assumption that the girl had understood the nature of the oath \endash  a fair assumption in the light of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10382884\charrsid5329267 judge\rquote s decision to allow the girl to be sworn.  However, Calanchini P concluded his judgment by saying that \'93
children, especially young children, are still young children with all the frailties that are associated with childhood\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11762330\charrsid5329267   He did not spell out what he meant by that, but I assume that he
 thought that for one reason or another a child\rquote s evidence may not be as reliable as that of an adult.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11762330 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 29. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 
Apart from adopting what Calan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11762330\charrsid5329267 chini P had sa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 id, Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8089237 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267  Yunus did not engage at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11762330\charrsid5329267 all with the reasons Goundar JA gave}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267 
 for his conclusion.  For her p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11762330\charrsid5329267 art, Ms Madanavosa for the State was content to rely on Goundar JA\rquote s judgment, though she brought to our attention
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3021573 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11762330\charrsid5329267 (i)  section 15(9) of the Constitution which provides: \'93
If a child is called as a witness in criminal proceedings, arrangements for the taking of the child\rquote s evidence must have due regard to the child\rquote s age\'94;
\par {\listtext\tab}(ii)  the Child Welfare Decree 2010 which rein}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267 forces the need to promote the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11762330\charrsid5329267 health and welfare of children; and

\par {\listtext\tab}(iii)  the meas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267 ures which the courts now take, such as those set out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267 The State v Nadruguca}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267  [2005] FJHC 31, to make court proceedings less intimidating for child witnesses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688928 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11688928 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688928 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267 The approach to be adopted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13254501 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\insrsid13254501\charrsid5329267 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15335630\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 30. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3021573 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15335630\charrsid5329267 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267 
here is an irony at the heart of all this.  Constitutional challenges are usually brought by non-State parties.  In this case, it is the State which is asserting the inconsistency of section 10(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 and the common law warning }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267 with the Constitution.  Indeed, that was what the State was advancing in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267 AV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267  many years ago, and the State could have brought forward legislation to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 
abrogate the common law warning and to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267 repeal section 10(1), or at least to amend it so as to remove the inconsistency.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15335630\charrsid5329267 
  Against that background, I turn to the issues which need addressing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11762330\charrsid5329267  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid3021573 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 31. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3021573 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267 s I have already said, section 10(1) draws an important distinction between a child\rquote s evidence which is sworn and a child\rquote s evidence which is unsworn.  It is only in the case of the latter that the child
\rquote s evidence needs to be corroborated.  There was little or no discussion about the distinction between the sworn and unsworn evidence of children either in Goundar J\rquote s judgm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14118873\charrsid5329267 
ent in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid14118873\charrsid5329267 AV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14118873\charrsid5329267  or in the judgments o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13175490\charrsid5329267 
f the Court of Appeal in the present case.  The court\rquote s focus in both cases was on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14118873\charrsid5329267 
the fact that the evidence came from a child, and not on the way the evidence was given.  That is not altogether surprising.  In other jurisdictions, a child\rquote s evidence is given unsworn.  That has been the position in Eng
land in respect of children under the age of 14 since 1988: see section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15165469\charrsid5329267 33A (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14118873\charrsid5329267 
1) of the Criminal Justice Act 1988.  That recognizes that the form in which the evidence is given is far less important than the child\rquote s ability to understand the questions they 
are being asked, to give answers which can be understood, and to appreciate the need to tell the truth.  Giving evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267  in court can be an intimidating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14118873\charrsid5329267  experience even for adults, and requiring a child }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7296794\charrsid5329267 to take the oath could serve to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 
 increase their discomfort}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14118873\charrsid5329267 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7296794\charrsid5329267 
  In my opinion, therefore, it is far more appropriate for a child to give evidence unsworn, and for the distinction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15335630\charrsid5329267 in section 10(1) of the Juveniles Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7296794\charrsid5329267 between the sworn and unsworn evidence of a child to be abolished, as has occurred in England}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 .  However,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6117328\charrsid5329267  I can only give effect to that thinking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7296794\charrsid5329267 if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6117328\charrsid5329267 the distinction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7296794\charrsid5329267  is inconsistent with the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6117328\charrsid5329267 
  That is because what the law is on a particular topic which is governed by statute is not what I think the law should be.  If Fiji\rquote s legislature has provided the law to be X, it is not for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267  me to say that the law should be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6117328\charrsid5329267  Y.  I can only say that the law is Y if the law enacted by Fiji\rquote s legislature is inconsistent with the Constitution.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7103445 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid7103445\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 32. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7103445\charrsid5329267 
The same applies to the existing requirement for a judge to conduct a \'93competence inquiry\'94 before the child gives evidence to ascertain whether, to use the language of section 10(1), the child \'93
is possessed of sufficient intelligence to justify the reception of his evidence and to understand the duty of speaking the truth\'94
.  I can see how in some cases it may well be apparent to the judge that the child simply lacks the maturity to give evidence, but I suspect that in many cases that assessment may be difficult to make initially, and that it will only be in the cour
se of the child giving evidence that their ability to understand the questions asked of them, their ability to give answers which can be understood, and their appreciation of the need to tell the truth will be apparent.  That, no doubt, was what lay behin
d the legislation in England which caused the Court of Appeal in England in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid7103445\charrsid5329267 Hampshire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7103445\charrsid5329267 
 to conclude that the law in England no longer required a judge to conduct a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7103445\charrsid5329267 preliminary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7103445\charrsid5329267  investigation into the child\rquote 
s competence as a witness.  If the judge concludes that the child is not competent to be a witness, the judge should exclude the evidence or direct that it be disregarded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14890660\charrsid5329267 
.  In my opinion, the more appr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7103445\charrsid5329267 opri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14890660\charrsid5329267 ate course is to follow what has been the practice 
in England for almost 30 years, and to leave it to the judge to decide whether to conduct a \'93competence inquiry\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15297622\charrsid5329267 before the child gives evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14890660\charrsid5329267 , and for the requirement in section 10(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15335630\charrsid5329267 of the Juveniles Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14890660\charrsid5329267 
that the judge must do so to be abolished}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6117328\charrsid5329267 , although again I can only give effect to that view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14890660\charrsid5329267  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14890660\charrsid5329267 if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6117328\charrsid5329267  that requirement is inconsistent with the Constitu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14890660\charrsid5329267 tion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13440649 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 33. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 
The same also applies, albeit with one refinement,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13440649\charrsid5329267  to the warning to the assessors of the danger of convicting a defendant on the uncorroborated e
vidence of a child.  If the rationale for such a warning is that without it the danger m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 ight not be obvious, the reason}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13440649\charrsid5329267 
 for the abolition in England of the requirement for s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4065493\charrsid5329267 uch a warning was, I assume,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13440649\charrsid5329267  because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 it was thought that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13440649\charrsid5329267 the danger }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13440649\charrsid5329267 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13440649\charrsid5329267  so obvious that it does not need }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9856559\charrsid5329267 spelling }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 out.  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13440649\charrsid5329267  agree with that.  The important part played by assessors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15335630\charrsid5329267 
 in criminal trials means that we must trust them to approach their task with care.  Otherwise what is the point in having the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4065493\charrsid5329267 m?  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15335630\charrsid5329267 o suggest that it might not hav
e occurred to them that the uncorroborated evidence of a child needs to be considered with particular care is almost an insult to their intelligence.  If there is reason to think that the child might be lying or mistaken, those reasons will have been brou
ght up in the course of the trial, and the assessors would have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 considered them.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15335630\charrsid5329267 
he more appropriate course is to follow what again has been the practice in England for almost 30 years, and for the requirement at common law for the judge to wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4065493\charrsid5329267 rn the asses
sors of the danger }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15335630\charrsid5329267 f convicting a defendant on the uncorroborated evidence of a child to be abolished}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 .  In this instance I could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6117328\charrsid5329267  give effect to thinking of that kind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15335630\charrsid5329267  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 either if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6117328\charrsid5329267  the requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15335630\charrsid5329267  is inc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 onsistent with the Constitution, or if I concluded that the requirement should no longer be part of the common law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13440649\charrsid5329267  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6040075 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid6040075\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 34. \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7892245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6040075\charrsid5329267 
That the law treats child witnesses differently from adult witnesses cannot be denied: section 10(1) applies only to child witnesses and not to adults.  The question is whether the difference in treatment between the evidence of adults}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8980114\charrsid5329267  and children serves a legitimate purpose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6040075\charrsid5329267 .  The purpose of requiring corroboration of a child\rquote 
s evidence is to ensure that the defendant is not convicted on evidence which may be unreliable.  Goundar JA thought that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8980114\charrsid5329267 this was an illegitimate purpose because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6040075\charrsid5329267 there was no basis for thinking that the evidence of a child was more likely to be unreliable than that of an adult, and that was where Calanchini P disagreed with him.  But even if Calanchini}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8980114\charrsid5329267  P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6040075\charrsid5329267 \rquote s view is to be preferred, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8980114\charrsid5329267  need for the evidence of a chil}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6040075\charrsid5329267 d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8980114\charrsid5329267 to be corroborated is outw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6040075\charrsid5329267 eighed \endash 
 in my view by a considerable margin \endash  by the disadvantage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8980114\charrsid5329267  of such a rule.  That is that it may well }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 
result in many guilty people}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8980114\charrsid5329267 
 not being prosecuted or being acquitted if they are.  As Goundar JA rightly said, independent evidence implicating a defendant in the sexual abuse of a child will very often not exist.  It will invariably be the child\rquote s word}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3348630\charrsid5329267  against that of the defendant.  So long as there is a rule requiring that a child\rquote s unsworn evidence be corroborated, children will be less protected from sexual abuse.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 constitutional imperative in se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3348630\charrsid5329267 ction 41(1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15165469\charrsid5329267 ) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3348630\charrsid5329267 d) of the Constitution will be thwarted, and the legislature will be treated as regarding the defenda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 nt\rquote s right to a fair trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3348630\charrsid5329267  as its \'93primary consideration\'94, whereas its primary consideration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 , critically important though a defendant\rquote 
s right to a fair trial is, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3348630\charrsid5329267 should be the best interests of the child.  So although the r
ule requiring that the unsworn evidence of a child be corroborated serves a purpose which Calanchini P regards as legitimate, that purpose ceases to be legitimate when balanced against the need to protect children from sexual abuse.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267   Accordingly, I would declare that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15424269\charrsid5329267 the require}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3348630\charrsid5329267 
ment in section 10(1) of the Juveniles Act for the unsworn evidence of a child to be corroborated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 is inconsistent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3348630\charrsid5329267 with}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267  the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3348630\charrsid5329267  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3348630\charrsid5329267 therefore invalid.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791\charrsid5329267   For that reason, the trial judge\rquote s direction to the assessors that corroboration of the girl\rquote 
s evidence was not required was correct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15424269\charrsid5329267  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4266791 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid6176722\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 35. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6176722\charrsid5329267 
On the other hand, I do not see how children are less protected from sexual abuse by the need for the judge to decide whether a child in a particular case can give sworn evidence or whet
her they should give their evidence unsworn.  I do not believe that the assessors are less likely to accept the child\rquote 
s evidence if it is unsworn than if it is sworn.  Indeed, once the requirement for the unsworn evidence of a child to be corroborated has 
been declared to be invalid, the need for the distinction between the sworn and unsworn evidence of a child disappears.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6176722 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid2695458\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 36. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2695458\charrsid5329267 
The same is true of the inquiry which the judge is required to conduct to determine, before the child gives evidence, whether the child can give unsworn evidence, namely whether the child \'93
is possessed of sufficient intelligence to justify the reception of his evidence and to understand the duty of speaking the truth\'94.  I do not see how such a requirement di}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13847490\charrsid5329267 
scriminates against children.  Whether the witness is a child or an adult, the judge always has to assess the witness\rquote 
 competence to give evidence.  A child may not be mature enough to give evidence, in just the same way as an adult may have a mental disorder which makes him incompe
tent as a witness.  So the need for the judge to determine whether a particular witness understands the questions they are asked, or is able to answer those questions in a way which can be understood, or appreciates the need to tell the truth, applies jus
t as much to adults as it does to children.  Section 10(1) does no more than to emphasize the need for that when the witness is a child.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2695458 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid12724640\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 37. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724640\charrsid5329267 
The same is also true of the requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267  at common law for th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 e judge to warn the assessors o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 f the danger of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267  convicting the defendant on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 
 the uncorroborated evidence of a child.  I do not see how children are less protected from sexual abuse by the need for the judge to give such a warning.  The warning does not result in less defendants who should have been convict}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267 ed from being convicted.  At}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 
 most it makes it more likely that defendants who should be acquitted are acquitted.  It does no more than tell the assessors what should have been obvious to them anyway.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724640 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 38. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 
It follows that I do not think that the distinction which section 10(1) draws between the sworn and unsworn evidence of children is inconsisten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267  with the Constitution and is therefore invalid, save }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 to the extent that it requires }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 
the unsworn ev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 idence of a child to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 be corroborated.  It also follows that I am in respectful disagreement with Goundar JA\rquote 
s j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 udgment in the Court of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 competence inquiry\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267  whic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 h the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267  judge is required by section 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 (1) to conduct before a child can give evidence, and the requirement at common law for a warning of the danger o
f convicting a defendant on the uncorroborated evid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 ence of a child, are inconsistent with the Constitution and therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267 invalid.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267 However, whether the requirement for a warning of this kind should remain part of the common law is another matter.  For the 
reasons given in [33] above, I believe that Fiji should follow the path taken in England many years ago, and treat that requirement as no longer representing part of our common law.  Accordingly, the fact that the trial judge did not give the assessors th
at warning does not undermine Kumar\rquote s conviction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid358055\charrsid5329267 
  Having said that, there may be some cases in which the trial judge thinks that a warning of this kind is desirable.  That may have something to do with the nature of the child\rquote s evidence, or the way it was given, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9983471\charrsid5329267 or it may have something to do with the assessors themselves.  The trial judge is in the best position to assess that.  So although there should no longer be any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9983471\charrsid5329267 requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9983471\charrsid5329267  on trial judges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9983471\charrsid5329267 
to give a warning of this kind, they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9983471\charrsid5329267 may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9983471\charrsid5329267  do so if they think that it is appropriate in a particular case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 39. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 I shall re}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 turn to what impact the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 judge\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267  failure to conduct a \'93competence inquiry\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267  should have on Kumar\rquote s conviction when I have cons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 idered the other grounds of appe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910\charrsid5329267 al, though I
 should add just one thing.  It is good practice for a judge to tell the child that he or she must tell the truth.  I have not considered whether that rule of practice could be said to have been elevated to a rule of law, but even if it has, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 I do not think that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 judge\rquote 
s omission to say that affects the safety of Kumar\rquote s conviction.  Such a contention was not advanced by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15165469\charrsid5329267 Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 
 Yunus, and in any event it would be inconsistent with what the Court of Appeal held in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 Sachend Chand v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 
 [2016] FJCA 20, albeit in reliance on what was said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267 AV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5707192\charrsid5329267  and by the Court of Appeal in the present case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4326910 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11688928 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11688928 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7892245 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10301089\charrsid5329267 The other grounds of appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10301089 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid10301089\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 40. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7892245 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10301089\charrsid5329267 The other grounds of appeal both relate to the evidence of Parwati Nair.  In his summing-up, the judge said:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7892245 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10301089\charrsid7892245 \'93In deciding on the 
evidence of Parwati, you may consider whether a lady of her age could remember minute details such as date of [the girl\rquote s father\rquote s] coming into her house on rent.  You may also consider whether she was an interested witness.\'94
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7892245 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10301089\charrsid5329267 It was submitted to the Court of Appeal that there was no evidence that Parwati Nair\rquote 
s memory was impaired or that she was a witness who ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5009981\charrsid5329267 d her own interests to serve.  Calanchini P did not address this contention, but the other members of the Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10301089\charrsid5329267 of Appeal concluded that the trial judge had \'93misdirected\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5009981\charrsid5329267  the assesso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10301089\charrsid5329267 r}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5009981\charrsid5329267 s.  I think that it would be more accurate for them to have said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10301089\charrsid5329267  that these were inappropriate comments to make, though it is uncl
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5009981\charrsid5329267 ear whether they thought that both comments had been inappropriate or just the comment that Parwati Nair may have been an interested witness.  For my part, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8268296\charrsid5329267 I think that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5009981\charrsid5329267 the comment which the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5009981\charrsid5329267 judge made about Parwati Nair\rquote s age was not inappropriate, but his comment that she may have been an interested witness was.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10301089 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid5009981\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 41. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7892245 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5009981\charrsid5329267 The members of the Court of Appeal who dealt with this issue took the view that on whichever day the girl\rquote 
s rape was supposed to have occurred, Parwati Nair did not say that the girl had been in her care }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5009981\charrsid5329267 at all times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5009981\charrsid5329267 
, or that Kumar did not have access to her while her parents were out.  In the circumstances, they concluded that Parwati Nair\rquote s evidence was of limited assistance to Kumar, and that despite the \'93misdirection\'94
, no substantial miscarriage of justice had occurred.  I agree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5009981 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7892245 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7892245 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7892245 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267 The impact of the omission to conduct a \'93competence inquiry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363294\charrsid5329267 \'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267  on Kumar\rquote s conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 42. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7892245 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267 For the reasons I have giv
en, the trial judge should have determined before the girl gave evidence whether she could give sworn evidence.  If he had decided that she could not, he should then have determined whether she could give unsworn evidence.  Does his failure to do those th
ings mean that Kumar\rquote s conviction has to be quashed?   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 43. \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 
As Goundar J noted in both his judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 AV}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6107892\charrsid5329267 
 at [19] and in his judgment in the Court of Appeal in the present case at [22], there have been many cases in which the failure of the judge to inquir
e into the competency of the child to give evidence, whether sworn or unsworn, has resulted in the conviction being quashed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8336034\charrsid5329267   With some diffidence, I question this line of authority \endash 
 at any rate in its application to this case.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3214759\charrsid5329267 I do not believe that the assessors were less likely to accept the girl\rquote 
s evidence if it had been unsworn than if it had been sworn.  And if it had been apparent to the trial judge in the course of the girl\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363294\charrsid5329267 s evidence that she d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3214759\charrsid5329267 id not satisfy the conditions for giving even unsworn evidence, he would have directed the assessors to disregard her evidence.  The fact that he did not do that means}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2363294\charrsid5329267  that he must have thought that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3214759\charrsid5329267  she wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363294\charrsid5329267 s intelligent enough to underst}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3214759\charrsid5329267 and that she had to tell the truth.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363294\charrsid5329267   In the circumstances, despite the tri
al judge not having done what section 10(1) required him to do, no substantial miscarriage of justice occurred.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363294 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7892245 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13254501 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7892245 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363294\charrsid5329267 Conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363294 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s28 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid2363294\charrsid5329267 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 44. \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s28\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7892245 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2363294\charrsid5329267 I have no doubt that Kumar\rquote s principal ground of appeal was sufficiently arguable to justify extending Kumar\rquote s time for lodging
 his petition for special leave to appeal.  I would therefore extend his time for doing so by the 15 months and 6 days necessary to validate it.  I would give him special leave to appeal on that ground as it raises far-reaching questions of law. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9915539  In accordance with the Supreme Court\rquote s usual practice, I would treat the hearing of the application for special leave as the hearing of his appeal.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2363294\charrsid5329267 However, for the reasons I have endeavoured to give, I would dismiss his appeal.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s35\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5380270 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291009\charrsid3564468 Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9915539 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291009\charrsid3564468 Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291009 Sathyaa Hettige}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291009\charrsid3564468 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid10691934\charrsid10691934 Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid291009\charrsid10691934  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid291009\charrsid3564468 the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13254501 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291009\charrsid3564468 Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9915539 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291009\charrsid3564468 Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291009 Suresh Chandra}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291009\charrsid3564468 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid291009\charrsid3564468 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid291009 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291009\charrsid3564468 Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9915539 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291009\charrsid3564468 Justice Brian Keith
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid291009\charrsid3564468 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid4078485\charrsid12271625 
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