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{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11933598 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5917382 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11933598 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5917382 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9073455\sftnbj {\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qr \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9073455  PAGE   \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1597113 2}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9073455 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11933598 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI
\par AT SUVA
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 [CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION]
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 Criminal Petition No.CAV 00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16613310\charrsid15487659 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659  of 2015
\par (Criminal Appeal No. AAU 00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16613310\charrsid15487659 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 3/201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid16613310\charrsid15487659 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 )
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 BETWEEN:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16613310\charrsid15487659 NOA MAYA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 PETITIONER
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 AND:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 THE STATE
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 RESPONDENT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 CORAM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16613310\charrsid15487659 Chief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659  Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16613310\charrsid15487659 Anthony Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16613310\charrsid15487659 President}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 Hon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 Justice Brian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3745429\charrsid15487659  Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 , Justice of the Supreme Court
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 Hon. Mr. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Priyasath}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659  Dep, Justice of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 COUNSEL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Mr. J. Savou }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3745429\charrsid15487659 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 Petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1534135\charrsid15487659 L. Burney }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 for the Respondent
\par 
\par Date of Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3745429\charrsid15487659 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3745429\charrsid15487659  12 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 October 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 Date of Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 23 October 2015
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1597113 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs40 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6979560\charrsid1597113 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6979560\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid685631\charrsid15487659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659  P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par 
\par 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 I have had the advantage of reading in draft the judgment of Keith J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 I agree with his lordship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 s judgment, its reasons and conclusions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par 
\par 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
For my part, I reach the view that the assessors should be directed by the judge in his summing up that if they are not satisfied that the confession was given voluntarily, in the sense that it was obtained without oppression, ill-treatment or inducements
, or conclude that it may not have been given voluntarily, they should disregard it altogether.
\par 
\par 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 In Fiji the judge may admit the confession into evidence after the voir dire, and yet subsequently at the conclusion of the trial proper he or she may arrive at a different opinion.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
The defence may pursue in cross-examination in the trial proper the same issues of involuntariness in order to persuade the judge as well as the assessors of the rightfulness of such an allegation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 The prosecution however bears the
 burden in the trial proper, as in the voir dire of proving that the confession was voluntary, and must do so to the standard beyond reasonable doubt, as with all other elements of proof required to prove the charge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 The position in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 Mushtaq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659  [2005] UKHC 25 is to be preferred to that of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 Chan Wei Keung v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659  [1967] 2 AC 160.
\par 
\par 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 Where such litigation issues continue and remain alive into the trial proper, the judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 s opinion on this important matter should be referred to in the judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 s judgment following
 the tendering of the opinions of the assessors, irrespective of whether the judge conforms with those opinions or not [section 237(2) Criminal Procedure Decree].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 In this way the decision of the trial judge on a crucial litigation issue can be known and understood by the appellate courts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
This is another example of why it is highly desirable for a judge to write a short judgment explaining the basis for his concurrence or disagreement with the opinions of the assessors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 At the end of the day, in Fiji the de
cision on guilt or innocence is entrusted to the presiding judge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 The role of the assessors is to tender opinions to assist the judge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 But they are not deciders of fact or ultimately of the verdict.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Keith, J
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Introduction
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
The proper directions to be given to assessors when a defendant claims that a confession attributed to him by the police was extracted from him by ill-treatment has troubled the courts for a number of years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 As long ago as 1967, the Privy Council held that
 it was not appropriate for a jury to be directed that if the jury thought that the defendant may have confessed his guilt as a result of such ill-treatment, the jury should disregard the confession altogether.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Instead, the jury should take that into account in deciding what weight to attach to the confession.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 More recently, the House of Lords felt unable to go along with that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 One of the issues which this appeal raises is what the law of Fiji should be on the topic given that trials take place in Fiji with assessors, not juries.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The course of the proceedings
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The petitioner is Noa Maya.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
I trust that I shall be forgiven for referring to him from now on by his family name for convenience.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
He was charged with two other men with robbery contrary to section 293(1)(a) of the Penal Code.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The prosecution}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
s case was that at about 10.15 pm on 11 September 2007, three or four masked men broke into a private residence in Lautoka.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 At least one of them had a pinch bar.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
The occupants were asked where the safe was.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
When they said that there was not one, the men ripped the earings from the ears of a woman who was there, and took a number of other items worth over $9,000 in all before making their getaway.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Maya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s two co-defendants pleaded guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
Maya pleaded not guilty and his trial took place in the High Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 He was not legally represented.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
The evidence against him consisted substantially, if not exclusively, on the confession he was supposed to have made to the police.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 He challenged the admissibility of his alleged confession, and since its admissibility depended on facts which were in dispute, the trial judge held a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 voir dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 At the conclusion of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 voir dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
, the judge ruled that Maya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s confession was admissible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The trial then proceeded in the presence of the assessors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 In due course, the assessors unanimously expressed the view that Maya was guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The judge agreed, and gave judgment convicting him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
On 12 May 2011, Maya was sentenced to 11 years and three months}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  imprisonment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The judge fixed the non-parole period which Maya had to serve before he could be released at 9 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 His appeal against both his conviction and sentence was dismissed by the Court of Appeal (Calanchini P, Waidyaratne JA and Jayasuriya JA) on 
27 February 2015.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 He had been represented on the hearing of the appeal by Mr Jeremaia Savou.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The petition for special leave}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Maya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
s petition for special leave to appeal to the Supreme Court was lodged with the Registry within time on 10 April 2015.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 It was not drafted as crisply as a lawyer would have drafted it, but three grounds of appeal against conviction were identified: (i) he had been denied his right to elect trial in the magistrates}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  court; (ii) he had been prejudiced at his trial by the fact t
hat he had not been legally represented; and (iii) the judge had erred in the directions he had given the assessors about the way they should approach the evidence of his confession.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The fact that he had been denied his right to elect trial in the magistrates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  court was the only basis on which he was asking for special leave to appeal against his sentence: if he should have been tried in the magistrates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  court, the High Court had had no power to sentence him.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Other documents lodged by Maya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 A number of 
other documents were subsequently lodged with the Registry.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 One was lodged on 28 April 2015.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Another which was dated 31 May 2015 was lodged on a date which is indecipherable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Another was lodged on 18 August 2015.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 And yet another was lodged on 24 August 2015.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
Mr Savou who represented Maya on the hearing of the petition for special leave told us that Maya was not relying on the contents of the document lodged on 28 April 2015, but that he was relying on the contents of the other three documents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
They included a new ground of appeal against conviction, namely that the judge had erred in ruling that the alleged confession was admissible, and they included a number of new grounds of appeal against sentence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 We propose to address each of those grounds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The grounds of appeal against conviction
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid9073455\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 10.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Ground 1: The venue of the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Section 3 of the Electable Offences Decree 1988 provided:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 No person charged with an offence under the Penal Code shall be entitled to elect to be tried before the High Court unless the offence with which he has been charged is an electable offence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Maya claims that this provision entitled him to elect to be tried in the magistates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Since he did elect to be tried in the magistrates}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  court, the transfer of his case to the High Court on 11 February 2008 was a nullity.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 11.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 This argument is misconceived.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 This provision did not give Maya the right to elect to be tried in the magistrates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
It was about defendants having the right to elect to be tried in the High Court, and it limited that right to those who had been charged with an electable offence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Robbery contrary to section 293(1) of the Penal Code was such an electable offence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 So section 3 gave Maya the right to be tried in the High Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 It said
 nothing about any right on his part to be tried in the magistrates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 That was what the Supreme Court held in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Segran Murti v The State}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  [2009] FJSC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 at [10].
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 12.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
Moreover, at the time of the transfer of Maya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s case to the High Court, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 governing provision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  was section 220 of the Criminal Procedure Code.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 That provided:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 If before or during the course of a trial before a magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
s court it appears to the magistrate that the case is one which ought to be tried by the [High] Court or if before the 
calling of evidence at a trial an application in that behalf is made by a public prosecutor that it shall be so tried, the magistrate shall not proceed with the trial but shall transfer the case to the High Court under Part VII.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The police officer who appeared for the prosecution on 11 February 2008 asked for the case to be tried in the High Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 On that basis, any election by Maya to be tried in the magistrates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  court would have been ineffective.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 13.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Ground 2: Lack of legal representation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The fact th
at Maya was not legally represented at his trial was not a ground of appeal in the Court of Appeal, and the argument has never been developed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Presumably, the contention is that Maya had a constitutional right to legal representation, and that right was denied to him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 That constitutional right at the time of his trial was contained in section 28(1)(d) of the 1997 Constitution which provided:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16074118\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Every person charged with an offence has the right:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid16074118\charrsid15487659 ....
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 (d) to defend himself or herself in person or to
 be represented, at his or her own expense, by a legal practitioner of his or her choice or, if the interests of justice so require, to be given the services of a legal practitioner under a scheme for legal aid.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4878172\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16074118\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 14.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16074118\charrsid15487659 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 his provision does not amount to an absolute right in every case to legal representation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The right to representation on legal aid only arises }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
if the interests of justice so require}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Waisake Navunigasau v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  [1997] FJCA 52, the Court of Appeal said that the availability of legal aid to persons charged with criminal offences, while most desirable, must ultimately depend on the ability of Fiji}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s economy to make adequate financial provision for such representation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 I agree with that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
Funds were limited at the time of Maya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s trial, and the Legal aid Commission assessed both the defendant}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s means and the merits of his defence when considering whether to grant legal aid in a particular case.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 I share the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s misgivings about someone facing serious criminal charges not being r
epresented, but the proviso about the requirements of the interests of justice is sufficiently wide for us to take into account the lack of public resources to fund a system of legal aid which gives legal aid to anyone who applies for it irrespective of t
he merits of their case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 In these circumstances, Maya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s constitutional right to representation was not infringed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 15.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Ground 3: The admissibility of the confession.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The prosecution}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s case in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 voir dire }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 was that Maya had voluntarily confessed to his participation in the robbery, both when he had been interviewed under caution and when he had been charged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
He had willingly signed both the record of the interview and of what he had said when he had been charged to acknowledge that the contents of those records were correct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Maya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
s case was that he had not confessed to anything, that the accounts of what he was supposed to have said had been fabricated, that he had been beaten up and otherwise ill-treated by the police, and it had been that which had cause
d him to acknowledge that the records were accurate when they were not.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
That, at any rate, was the case which Maya put to the police officers when they gave evidence in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 voir dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 However, he elected not to give evidence in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 voir dire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  himself, and s
o there was no evidence from him to undermine or contradict the accounts given by the police.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
In those circumstances, it was not altogether surprising that the judge found that Maya had indeed confessed to his participation in the robbery, and that he had done so voluntarily.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 16.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The document in which Maya set out his challenge to the judge}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s ruling is the one lodged on 24 August 2015.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 It was not drafted as crisply as a lawyer would have drafted it, and it takes a little time to see what Maya was driving at.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
He contended, though, that there was no evidence supporting the evidence of the single officer who interviewed him, and that there was no evidence independent of the police which corroborated their accounts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 He also referred to what he claims were inconsistencies in those accounts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
These were issues for the trial judge to address and resolve, and although he did not refer to them in his ruling, there is no reason to suppose that he did not take them into account.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The judge is not required to address every topic in a ruling of this kind.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 17.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
In addition, Maya repeated an argument which the Court of Appeal rejected based on the fact that he had not been brought before a court within 48 hours of his arrest in breach of his constitutional rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The problem with this argument is twofold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 First, the trial judge did not find that there had been any link between the length of time Maya had been detained for and the making of the confession.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Secondly, the right to be brought before a court within 48 hours of one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s arrest is not an absolute one.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
If it is not reasonably possible to do so, he may be brought before a court as soon as possible thereafter.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5517955\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 18.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Ground 4: The judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s directions to the assessors about the confession.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The directions which the judge gave 
to the assessors about the confession were as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
I direct you as a matter of law that if you believe that the Police did fabricate this interview and that none of the answers are his then you are to discard it and then find him not guilty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 If you are not sure you will still find him not guilty.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
If, on the other hand, you find that he did give the answers contained in the record of interview and that he gave those answers willingly then the interview is evidence for you to consider in the normal way.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
If you find that they are his answers, but that they were given as a result of assaults or fear of further assaults then you will consider the interview but it is up to you how much weight you put on it according to the degree of assaults.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 It is all a matter for you.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 There is nothing objectionable about what the judge said in paras 14 and 15.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The problem relates to para 16.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
What is the appropriate direction to give to the assessors about how they should treat a confession which they are not sure was made voluntarily?
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 19.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
There have been two schools of thought in the common law world about this topic in the context of trial by jury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
One is that jurors should be told that they should disregard the confession altogether if they are not sure that it was made voluntarily.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
After all, what weight can be placed at all on a confession which may have been made as a result of ill-treatment or oppression, or which may have been induced by a promise of some kind, and which made the suspect confess 
when he might otherwise not have done so?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
He may have been confessing his guilt, not because he was guilty, but, for example, because he wanted the ill-treatment to stop.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The other school of thought takes as its starting point the fact that questions of ad
missibility of evidence are for the judge to decide, whereas the evaluation of such evidence as has been ruled admissible is for the jurors to make.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 If the judge is required to direct the jurors to disregard the confession if they are not sure that it was made voluntarily, that would be tantamount to the judge usurping the jurors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  function of evaluating the evidence for themselves.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 On this school of thought, the appropriate direction is to tell the jurors that the weight which they should give to the confession is for them to decide.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 That is the school of thought which the Privy Council adopted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Chan Wei Keung v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 [1967] 2 AC 160.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 20.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 A different view has been taken relatively recently in England by the House of Lords.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 R v Mushtaq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  
[2005] UKHL 25, a majority of the House of Lords held that jurors should be directed to disregard a confession if they think that the confession may have been made involuntarily.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 However, two things informed their view.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
One was the terms of section 76(2) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
The other was the right against self-incrimination implied in the right to a fair trial embodied in Art 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The right against self-incrimination is enshrined in secti
on 14(2)(j) of the Constitution of Fiji, but there is no statutory provision in Fiji equivalent to section 76(2) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 To that extent, the reasoning of the majority in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Mushtaq}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 does not apply to Fiji. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 21.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Which of t
hese two schools of thought is to be preferred is less important in Fiji where the opinion of the equivalent of the jurors \endash  the assessors \endash  is not decisive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 In Fiji, although the judge will obviously want to take into account the considered view of the assessors, it is the judge who ultimately decides whether the defendant is guilty or not.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 By then, of course, the judge will have ruled the confession to have been admissible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 He will therefore have already found beyond reasonable doubt that it had been made voluntarily.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
If he remains of that view by the end of the case, the terms of the direction he gave to the assessors if they thought that the confession may have been made involuntarily is irrelevant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The problem will only arise if, in the course of the trial, the judge himself changes his original view about the voluntariness of the confession.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Should he direct himself to disregard the confession altogether?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Or should he direct himself merely to take the possibility that it may have been made voluntarily into account in the context of the case as a whole?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 22.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 That problem does not arise in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
Although the judge did not give reasons why he agreed with the opinion of the assessors, he would unquestionably have said something if had had changed his mind about the voluntariness of the confession in the course of the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
So the correctness or otherwise of his direction to the assessors in para 16 of his summing-up could have had no impact on the eventual outcome of the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Since it is unnecessary to
 decide in this particular case which of the two schools of thought should be adopted in Fiji, I would prefer not to do so, leaving it to be decided in a case in which it needs to be addressed, ie a case in which the judge changes his mind about the volun
tariness of the confession in the course of the trial.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 23.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
That does not give much help to judges about how to direct the assessors in the meantime.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
They are entitled to look to the Supreme Court for guidance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 If that guidance can only be given by the Cour
t expressing its provisional view on which school of thought should be adopted in Fiji, it seems to me that the Court should not shrink from expressing its provisional view on the topic.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 In my opinion, the school of thought adopted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Chan Wei Keung}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  puts t
oo much emphasis on the need to maintain clear demarcation lines between the respective functions of judge and jury, and we should adopt the position which says that a confession should be treated as valueless if it may be been made involuntarily.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Judges s
hould for the time being, therefore, tell the assessors that even if they are sure that the defendant said what the police attributed to him, they should nevertheless disregard the confession if they think that it may have been made involuntarily.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 I am not unmindful of the irony here.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The judge will have to direct himself on these lines if he changes his mind about the voluntariness of the confession in the course of the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 If he does that, there will never be case in which the issue which we have identified will come up for final determination.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 But that is sometimes the way things go.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The grounds of appeal against sentence
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 24.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The only ground of appeal against sentence in the petition 
\endash  namely that Maya was denied his right to elect trial in the magistrates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  court \endash 
 must fail in the light of what I have already said.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
That leaves the grounds of appeal against sentence referred to in the documents which Maya subsequently lodged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Two of those grounds can be disposed of relatively summarily.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 First, Maya contends that some of the features of the case which the judge treated as aggravating factors were not aggravating factors at all but elements of the offence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The judge treated four features of the case as aggravating factors: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 (i) group invasion
; (ii) brandishing (but not use of) pinch bars; (iii) an act of violence on the ears of a female in the house; (iv) invasion at night}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
The Court of Appeal agreed (as I do) that the first two of these factors were elements of the offence in section 293(1)(a) of the Penal Code, but took the view that the overall sentence which Maya got was not too long for what a man with Maya}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s record had done.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 I agree.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 25.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
Secondly, it is contended that the judge did not give Maya sufficient credit for his time on remand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
This point was not taken in the Court of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 If it was, it did not feature in the Court of Appeal}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The fact is, though, that for much of the time during which Maya was on remand for this robbery, he was on remand for another robbery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 We cannot tell whether the judge was told how much time that was, and no-one provided that information to us.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 In the circumstances, we cannot say that the judge was wrong to apportion half of the time during which Maya was on remand to his time on remand for this robbery. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 26.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  Maya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s final ground relates to the non-parole period which the judge fixed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 It is a little difficult to follow what he is saying, but we think it was this.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 On 11 September 2007 when Maya committed this offence of robbery, the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s power to fix a non-parole period under section 18 of the Sentencing and Penalties Decree during which the offender was not eligible to be released on parole had not been enacted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 However, it had been enacted by 12 May 2011, which was the date on which Maya was
 sentenced, and the judge was, on the face of it, entitled to fix a non-parole period because section 61(1) of the Sentencing and Penalties Decree provides:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 A court hearing any proceedings for an offence which was commenced prior to the commencement of t
his Decree shall apply the provisions of this Decree if no sentence has been imposed on the offender prior to the commencement of this Decree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Maya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
s point is that this course was not permitted because of section 3(2) of the Crimes Decree, which provides:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
If a person does an act which is punishable under this Decree and is also punishable under another Act or Decree or Promulgation or any other law of the kinds mentioned in sub-section (1), he or she shall not be punished for that act both under 
that Act or Decree and also under this Decree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
Since Maya was sentenced to a term of imprisonment for an offence of robbery under the Penal Code, he could not, he claims, also have had a non-parole period fixed in his case under the Sentencing and Penalties Decree.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4721286\charrsid15487659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 27.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 One can admire the ingenuity of the argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 It suggests that some productive work goes on in prison.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 But the argument was not advanced in the Court of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Indeed, although it is in Maya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
s submissions to the Supreme Court, it was not addressed by the State in its written submissions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
We would have liked to have had some assistance on the issue, but in my view the answer is that the fixing of a non-parole period did not amount to additional punishment of the kind which section 3(2) of the Crimes Decree sought to outlaw.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 It was the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 s attempt to ensure that Maya would not be released from prison earlier than the court thought appropriate, whether on parole or by the operation of any practice relating to remission.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Indeed, the court h
ad had a similar power prior to the Sentencing and Penalties Decree: section 33 of the Penal Code had given judges the power to fix a minimum period of imprisonment which the offender had to serve, provided that the maximum term which the offender could b
e sentenced to was 10 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659  imprisonment or more.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 The maximum term for an offence of robbery under section 293(1)(a) of the Penal Code was life imprisonment.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Conclusion
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 In my view, ground 4 of the grounds of appeal against conviction and the last of 
the three grounds of appeal against sentence raised questions of general legal importance which were sufficient to justify the grant of special leave to appeal on those grounds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 In accordance with the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
s usual practice, I would treat the hearing of the petition for special leave as the hearing of the appeal, but for the reasons I have endeavoured to give, I would dismiss the appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15487659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 Dep, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15487659\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 29.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 agree with the findings and conclusions of Keith J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
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Chief Justice Anthony Gates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 President }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 of the Supreme Court
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\f0\fs24\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 Brian Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Justice of the Supreme Court
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\f0\fs24\insrsid556606\charrsid15487659 Priyasath Dep}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Justice of the Supreme Court
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Solicitors:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid15487659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid5517955\charrsid15487659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15487659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14814016\charrsid15487659 Office of the Legal Aid Commission for the Petitioner

\par Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions for the Respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2818296\charrsid15487659 
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