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{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 PETITION NO.\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  CAV 0008 OF 2011}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (On an appeal from the Cou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rt of Appeal
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Criminal Appeal No.ABU0008 of 2001)
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 MOHAMMED YUNUS and
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 MOHAMMED SAHEJAD KHAN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 PETITIONER\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 S-APPELLANTS
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 THE STATE
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 \rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 RESPONDENT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-2160\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid7482104 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Coram}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Hon. Chief Justice Anthony Gates, President of the Supreme Court 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Hon. Justice Saleem Marsoof, Justice of the Supreme Court
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Hon. Justice Sathyaa Hettige, Justice of the Supreme Court 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Date of Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Wednesday, 10\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  April and 17\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 April, 2013, Suva
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Mr. Sunil Sharma for the Petitioners - Appellants 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  S Puamau for the Respondent
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Date of Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Wednesday,\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  24\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  A\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 pril 2013, Suva

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104\charrsid7482104 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11883237\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The only questi\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 on \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
on which special leave to appeal has been granted in this case is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 whether the Court of Appeal (Marshall, JA., Sriskanandarajah, JA., and Wikramanayake, JA.,) \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 erred \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
in its decision dated 2\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nd\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  November 2011 to substitute for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 recommendation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of a minimu\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
m term of imprisonment made by the trial judge, wh\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 o c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 onvict\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ed the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellants Petitioners-Appellants (hereinafter referred to as }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the Appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  for murder and sentenced them to life imprisonment\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , sentences \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 life imprisonment with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 fixed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
minimum term\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  wh\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ich \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 were \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 higher than the minimum term recommended by the trial judge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [2] More specifically, the question is whether,\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  when passing sentence on appeal, the Court of Appeal was entitled to apply retrospectively, any subsequent amendment to the s
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 atutory l\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
aw that was in force at the time the alleged offences were committed. The question on which special leave to appeal was granted by this Court by its order of Thursday, 18\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 of October 2012, is as follows:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Whether the Court of Appeal could pass a sentenc\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e, [the fixing of the minimum term}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of the sentence to be served before release could be considered by the Corrections 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Department] which was not a sentence provided for at the time of the commission of \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the offence. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309730\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 actual }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309730\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 M}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 atrix
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11883237\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 or the purp\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
oses of this appeal it is material to note that both Appellants were charged with the murder of one Ami Chand Sharma, alleged to have been committed between 7\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  March 2000 and 11
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  March 2000,\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  contrary to sections 199 and 200 of Penal Code Cap.17. \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 After tr\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ial\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 before the High Court of Lautoka (Govind J.) with three asseessors, who unanimously \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 found them guilty as charged for murder, the learned High Court Judge\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  agreed with the assessors and co
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nvicted the Appellants on 10\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  February 2004. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [4] \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 On \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 20\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Februa\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ry 2004, both Appellants were sentenced to a term of imprisonment for life with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a recommendation}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 by the trial judge that each serve a minimum term of imprisonment of 17 years as contemplated by section 33 of the Penal Code [Cap.17]. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [5] The applications \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
of the Appellants to the Court of Appeal for leave to appeal against the conviction and sentence pursuant to section 21 of the Court of Appeal Act, Cap 12, were denied by Ward P on 24\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  June 2005. 

\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [6] Pursuant to section 35 of the Court of Appeal Act, th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e matter then came up before the Court of Appeal \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (Marshall, JA., Sriskanandarajah, JA., and Wikramanayake, JA.,) 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 on 2\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nd\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  November 2011, which in paragraph 42(1) of its judgment dated 25\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 November 2011 refused leave to appeal against conviction and sentence\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [7] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13632263\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Having thus refused leave to appeal, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n paragraph 42(2) of the said judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13632263\charrsid7482104 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the Court of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13632263\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 went on to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
declare that the recommendation made by the learned trial judge that the Appellants serve a minimum term of 17 years in prison is null and \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 void, and should be quashed. The Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13632263\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 proceeded in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
paragraph 42(3) of its judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13632263\charrsid7482104 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to fix the minimum period of imprisonment the Appellants must serve }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13632263\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 18 years from 20\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 February 2004. It is this order that is sought to be challenged by the Appellants\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in this appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309730\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 egal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309730\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 B}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ackground
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 8\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ] Section 33 of the Penal Code, as it stood in March 2000, at the time the offence was alleged to have been committed, read as follows: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Whenever a sentence of imprisonment for life is imposed on any convicted\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  person,\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 the judge who imposes the sentence may recommend the minimum period which he considers the convicted person should serve. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 9\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11883237\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he said provision was amended by section 2 of the Penal Code (Penalties) (Amendment) Act 2003 (hereinafter sometimes r
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 eferred to as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Amendment Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ). It is not in dispute that the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Amendment \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Act was published in the Gazette on 6 June 2003\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , and came into force on that date.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 10\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ] By Section 2 of the Amendment Act, section 33 of the Penal Code was repealed, and substi\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 tuted with the following:-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Where an offence in any written law prescribes a maximum term of imprisonment of ten years or more, including life imprisonment, any court passing sentence for such offence may fix the minimum period which the court considers th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e convicted person must serve.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042897 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104\charrsid7482104 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 11\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11883237\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 It will be noted that the significant difference between the two sections is that, under the former, the judge may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 recommend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 the minimum period whereas, under the latter, the judge may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 fix}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104  the period. It is apparent that in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 recommending}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104  the minimum period in relation to the sentences passed on the two Appellants, the trial judge purported to act under section 33 of the Penal Code}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042897\charrsid7482104  as it stood}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104  prior to the Amendment Act, while in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 seeking to fix}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104  the minimum term, the C
ourt of Appeal purported to apply the 2003 amendment to the Code.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 At paragraph 7 of its judgment, the Court of Appeal observed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 inter alia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  as follows:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'85\loch\f0 . By 20\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  February 2004 the legislation had been changed. At that date }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 recommending}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 minimum periods \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
had been replaced by the Penal Code (Penalties) (Amendment) Act No.7 of 2003 which now required the High Court Judge sentencing for murder to sentence each accused to life imprisonment and order that each accused shall serve a fixed minimum term of years 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n prison.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
[12] It is also relevant to note that \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in its impugned judgment dated 2\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nd\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  November 2011\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , the Court of Appeal sought to 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 revise the life sentence imposed by the High Court by substituting for the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 recommendation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of the trial judge that the Appellant\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s serve a }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 minimum term of 17 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  each in prison, a minimum period of imprisonment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 fixed \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at 18 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  for each of the Appellants. \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The question on which this Court has granted special leave to appeal, is whether the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Court of Appeal \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
had the jurisdiction and \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 power to \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 pass\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  such\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  a sentence\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  when dealing with the Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
s application for special leave to appeal against the conviction entered, and sentence imposed, by the trial judge, which application it eventually dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309730\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Question of J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 urisdiction\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309730\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ourt 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11883237\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
uring the hearing of the appeal before the Supreme Court, a question of fundamental importance pertaining to the jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal to pass the sentence with a fixed minimum term was highlighted by this Court. The questio
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n was, whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the recommendation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  made by the trial judge when sentencing the Appellants \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 to a life\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  sentence, that 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 each \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of them should \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 serve a minimum term of 17 years \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in prison, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 constituted an\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 appe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8140716\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 llable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
part of the sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  imposed by the trial judge. Sim\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ply put, is the recommendation of the trial judge, appe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8140716\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 llable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ?\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ] In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 answering this question, it will be necessary to examine sections 21 and 23 of the Court of Appeal Act which deal with appeals to the Court of Appeal from conviction and sentence impo\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sed by a High Court. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11883237\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Section 21(a) of the Court of Appeal Act provides for an appeal against a conviction without leave where it is grounded on a pure question of law, and section 21(b) contemplates an appeal against conviction \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
upon the certificate \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of the judge who tried \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the case \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
that it is a fit case for appeal against conviction on any ground of appeal which involves a question of fact alone or a question of mixed law and fact or any other ground which appears to the Court to be a sufficient ground\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 of appea\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 l. Where the appeal is against the sentence passed by the High Court, \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Section 21(c) of the Court of Appeal Act provides for an appeal with the leave of the Court of Appeal, unless }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the sentence \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 is \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 one fixed by law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [16] In the instant case, the\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 applications of the Appellants to the Court of Appeal for leave to appeal against the conviction and sentence pursuant to section 21 of the Court of Appeal Act, Cap 12, were denied by Ward P on 24\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 June 2005, and thereafter the matter came up for conside\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ration before the Court of Appeal \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (Marshall, JA., Sriskanandarajah, JA., and Wikramanayake, JA.,) \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 on 2
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nd\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  November 2011, and that Court, by its judgment dated 25\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 November 2011 refused leave to appeal against conviction and sentence. In the same judgment, \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
having refused leave to appeal, the Court proceeded to substitute for the recommendation of a minimum period of 17 years to be served by the Appellant, a fixed minimum term of imprisonment of 18 years. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [17] First and foremost, the question arises whether\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 the Court of Appeal had jurisdiction to entertain an application for leave to appeal against the conviction, given that the sentence was one of life imprisonment, which is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8140716\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 fixed by law
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  within the meaning of that phrase in section 21(c) of the Court \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
of Appeal Act, the minimum period of 17 years recommended by the trial judge in terms of section 33 of the Penal Code as it existed prior to the Amendment Act of 2003}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8140716\charrsid7482104 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 being a mere recommendation. Secondly, the question arises as to whether the Court of Ap\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
peal acted within the ambit of its jurisdiction as contained in section 21(c) of the Court of Appeal Act, when it purported to substitute a fixed minimum period of 18 years in place of the 17 years that had been recommended by the trial judge as the minim
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 m period to be served by the Appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8140716\charrsid7482104 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  before they become eligible for remission. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [18] Responding to these questions, Mr. Sunil Sharma, who appeared for the Appellants, submitted that the Court of Appeal has been established under the Court of Appeal A\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ct, Cap. 12, and that the said Act has defined the parameters within which it is required to perform its functions. He stressed that since an administrative recommendation made by the sentencing judge is not part of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 passed by him, the Court \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
of Appeal erred in invoking the provisions of section 23(3) of the Court of Appeal Act to quash it, and substitute it with a fixed term. The essence of his submission, as we see it, is that a recommendation made by a trial judge is not a }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sentence}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 which c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 an be varied by an appellate court on appeal.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3481981\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [19] While the submission of Mr. Sharma finds support in the decision of the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Suruj Lal v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , Criminal Appeal No. 61 of 1986 (15\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  September 1987) in which that Court clearly took the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
view that a recommendation of minimum term in terms of section 33 of the Penal Code, was not a constituent part of a sentence, it is necessary to consider Mr. Sharma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
s submission in the light of the definition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  found in Section 2 of the Court \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of Appeal Act, which is quoted below:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
"sentence" includes any order of the Court made on conviction with reference to the person convicted, and any disqualification, penalty, punishment or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 recommendatio\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  made or imposed by the Court.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [20]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 On the face of it, the definition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 in section 2 of the Court of Appeal Act would encapsulate any recommendation made or imposed by a trial judge pursuant to section 33 of the Penal Code prior to the com\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ing into force of the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Penal Code (Penalties) (Amendment) Act No.7 of 2003\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [21] However, that is not a constituent part of the sentence imposed by the trial judge in this case, as in this case, the said sentence was purported to be imposed under section \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
33 of the Penal Code, which provided that whenever }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a sentence of imprisonment for life}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  is imposed on any convicted person,\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the judge who imposes the sentence may recommend the minimum period}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 which he considers the convicted person should serve.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In our vi
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ew, the legislature has clearly seen the life sentence as the essence of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  that a trial judge is called upon to impose for murder, and the trial judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
s recommendation relating to the minimum term of imprisonment as something that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 or
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  may\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  n\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 accompany the sentence, but was not an inherent or indispensible part of it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [22] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Ms. S. Puamau, who appeared for the Respondent, has submitted that the recommendation was part of the sentence imposed by the trial judge, but we find that the decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14090411\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 f the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Court of Appeal of Victoria in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14090411\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ludeman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14090411\charrsid7482104 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14090411\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14090411\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14090411\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [2010] VSCA 333\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, is clearly distinguishable from the instant case, as the f\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ive judge bench of th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 at \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Court\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was interpreting and applying }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14090411\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sections }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14090411\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 278 and \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 80\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of the Victorian }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14090411\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Criminal Procedure Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14090411\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 rea\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d with the definition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14090411\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14090411\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  contained in section 11(1) of the Sentencing Act, which were structured very differently from section 33 of the Penal Code of Fiji. 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [23] In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 our opinion, under section 33 of the Penal Code as it stood prior to the 2003 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Amendment Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , the trial judge had discretion as to whether or not he would make a recommendation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 as to the minimum period a convict should serve in prison}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, and in any case where he chose not to make such a recommendation, the question of the remission of \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the life sentence would be governed by Part XIII of the Prison Act, Cap. 86}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3481981\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . The Prison Act has now been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 repealed and replaced by the Prisons and Corrections Act, 2006}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3481981\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , which }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was brought into operation from 27\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  June 2008, by an order dated 18
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  March 2011\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  made by the Minster under section 1(2) of the said Act, and published in the Gazette dated 25\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 March 2011.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3481981\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 At the time the Appellants committed the offence, as well as at the time of the trial, conviction and sentencing of the Appellants, it was the Pris\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 on Act that was in force.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
[24] In the instant case, as we have seen, the trial judge did exercise his discretion to make a recommendation, but it would appear from the provisions of the Prison Act, particularly section 63 thereof, that the said recommen\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
dation was not intended to be legally binding on the Commissioner or the Minister, who were vested with certain functions and powers in regard to remission of sentence, though in practice such recommendation would not be disregarded lightly by the executi
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 v\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e. In fact, the executive too was conferred certain discretionary powers of remission by Part XIII of the Prison Act, Cap. 86}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3481981\charrsid7482104 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [25] As Lord Bingham of Cornhill noted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
R v The Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Anderson,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [2001] EWCA C
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 iv 1698\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  paragraph 2, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 judges have never in modern times enjoyed any discretion in passing sentence on a convicted murderer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 as until 1965 in UK and until 1979 in Fiji, the sentence was one of death, and thereafter in both countries, it remains as one of im\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
prisonment for life. The only discretion that was enjoyed by the trial judge in both jurisdictions was to make a recommendation to the executive as regards the minimum term the convict should serve before any remission is granted by the executive. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [26] I\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
t is interesting to mention here that the discretion vested in the executive in the United Kingdom to consider the early release of persons undergoing life sentences, was the subject matter of the opinion of the House of Lords in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 R v The Secretary of State\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  for the Home Department, ex parte Anderson,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 supra, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 which focused on the provisions of\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 section 61
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (1) of the Criminal Justice Act 1967\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 section 35(2) and (3) of the Criminal Justice Act 1991\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
section 29 of the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  which sought to r\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 egulate the exercise of the said executive discretion. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [27] The House of Lords }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in its opinion, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 considered the matter in the context of the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 European Convention on Human Rights\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
. The House of Lords ruled in the light of the extensive jurisprudence that has \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 been developed by the courts of the United Kingdom as well as the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 European Court of Human Rights
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , that the exercise of the said discretion by the Home Secretary, \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 violat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and a declaration of incompatibi
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 lity\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in terms of section 4(2) of the Human Rights Act of 1998 should be made.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [28] The aftermath of this decision was that in the United Kingdom the discretion hitherto vested in the executive began to be exercised exclusively by the judiciary, and it w\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
as the trial judge, who was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 more }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 conversant with the facts of the case and the conduct of the convict}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506425\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  than the executive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, who determined the non-parole period of such convict when he or she is sentenced to life imprisonment for murder. The UK Criminal Just\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ice Act of 2003, \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 set out guidelines for how long 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 such offenders shoul\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d spend in prison before being considered for parole\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , but judges \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
are not obliged to follow the guidelines, but must give reasons if they depart from them.\~
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [29] These developments in the\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 turn of the new millennium no doubt had their influence in shaping up the law in other common law countries, and Fiji was no exception, and not only Section 3 of the Penal Code (Penalties) (Amendment) Act of 2003, which amended section 33 of the Penal Co
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
e to introduce a system of fixing by the trial judge of the minimum term a convict has to serve before he is considered for remission, but also the Prisons and Corrections Act, 2006 and the Sentencing and Penalties Decree of 2009, have brought a more rati
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nal and liberal regime to handle convicted persons sentenced to imprisonment.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [30] Coming back to the question whether the Court of Appeal had the jurisdiction to substitute its own sentence for the recommendation made by the trial judge, Ms. Puamau, who \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
appeared for the Respondent, has submitted that the Court of Appeal has purported to make its order in terms of Section 33 of the Penal as amended by the 2003 Amendment Act, on the basis that a procedural amendment would apply retrospectively. She has rel
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ed on the following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 dictum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 of Lord Wright in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Re Lord Athlumney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [1898] 2 Q.B 547, 551\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 :-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
No rule of construction is more firmly established than this; that a retrospective operation is not to be given to a statute so as to impair an existing right or obl\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 igation, otherwise than as regards }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 matters of procedure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, unless that effect cannot be avoided without doing violence to the language of the enactment. If the enactment is expressed in language which is fairly capable of either interpretation, it ought to b\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
e construed as prospective only.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Emphasis added
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
This argument would take us to the main question on which special leave to appeal was granted in this case, in regard to which Mr. Sharma has submitted firstly, that the amendment of section 33 of\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the Penal Code by 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 section 2 of the Penal Code (Penalties) (Amendment) Act No.7 of 2003\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , was substantive and not procedural in nature, and secondly, that in seeking to apply the said Amendment Act
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with retrospective effect, the Court of Appeal not only app\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 lied the wrong law, but it also acted in excess of its jurisdiction conferred by section 23(3) of the Court of Appeal Act [Cap 12]. 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 He also\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  contended that the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 retrospective application of the said Act by \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the Court of Appeal\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  i\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 n any event, inconsistent \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 with Article 28 (1) (j) of the Constitution of Fiji Islands, 1997, and was therefore a nullity.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14122999\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [32] However, for the moment, focusing on the question of jurisdiction, it is necessary to consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14122999\charrsid7482104 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14122999\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 as submitted by Mr. Sharma, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the Court of Appeal ha\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 s in seeking to apply\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
section 2 of the Penal Code (Penalties) (Amendment) Act No.7 of 2003\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  to the sentence imposed by the trial judge and making a declaration in paragraph 42(3) of its judgment that the recommendation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14122999\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 regarding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 minimum term of 17 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14122999\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  the\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Appellant should serve}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  in prison is null and void, and should be quashed, exceeded its jurisdiction \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
conferred by section 23(3) of the Court of Appeal Act\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [33] Section\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  23(3) of the Court of Appeal Act, Cap. 12, as amended by section 3 of the Count of Ap\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 peal Act (Amendment) Decree, No. 7 of 1990, provides that -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 On an appeal against sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, the Court of Appeal shall, if they think that a different sentence should have been passed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
quash the sentence passed at the trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , and pass such other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 sentence w\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 arranted by law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 by the verdict (whether more or less severe) in substitution therefore as they think ought to have been passed, or may dismiss the appeal or make such other order as they think just.\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Emphasis added}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )

\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
[34] It is clear from the above quoted \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
provision, that the Court of Appeal has totally exceeded its jurisdiction in seeking to substitute for the recommendation of the trial judge a fixed minimum period sentence. In our view, there was no jurisdiction for the Court of Appeal to entertain an ap
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 lication for leave to appeal against a sentence that is \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ne }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 fixed by law}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 within the meaning of that phrase in section 21(c) of the Court of Appeal Act and was not appe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14122999\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 llable. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 In any event, the purported }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 appeal against sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  lodged by the Appellants 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was only directed at the recommendation of the trial judge, which was in any event not appealable as it was administrative and not judicial in character, and not binding on a court of law or even on the executive. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [35] Furthermore, the purported applicat\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
ion for leave to appeal had been dismissed by the Court of Appeal, and there was no jurisdiction remaining to declare the sentence imposed by the High Court null and void and to quash the same. The purported quashing of the sentence imposed by the High Co
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
rt being a nullity, the Court of Appeal lacked jurisdiction to substitute its own sentence purportedly under the Amendment Act. Paragraph 42(2) and 42(3) of the impugned judgment of the Court of Appeal did not contain a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
sentence warranted by law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  within t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 he meaning of section 23(3) of the Court of Appeal Act. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695016\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695016\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5250664\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309730\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5250664\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 uestion of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14890921\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Retrospectivity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309730\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5250664\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695016\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [36] In view of our finding that the Court of Appeal had acted without jurisdiction in making }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14890921\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695016\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  orders it did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14890921\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695016\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
paragraphs 42(2) and 42(3) of the impugned judgm\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ent of the Court of Appeal dated\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  2\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nd\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  November 2011}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16207942\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, it is strictly unnecessary to deal with the other matters raised by Mr. Sharma. However, in view of the fundamental importance of these questions, and the extensive submissions made before this Court by l\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
earned Counsel for both parties, we propose to express our views in regard to these questions as well. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4543204\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [37]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885677\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4543204\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Mr. Sharma and Ms. Puamau were at variance on the question whether \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the amendment of section 33 of the Penal Code by 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 section 2 of the Penal Code (P\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 enalties) (Amendment) Act No.7 of 2003\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , was substantive or procedural in nature, as it is generally accepted that in the absence of clear}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6514558\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  language to the contrary in the amending legislation, a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4543204\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 procedural amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6514558\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 would apply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4543204\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 retrospectively, but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6514558\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4543204\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 substa
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ntive amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6514558\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  would only operate prospectively. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16207942\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206049\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [38] There can be no doubt that where an amending legislation related to procedure only, as in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206049\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The King v Chandra Dharma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16206049\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6177980\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6177980\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 1905}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6177980\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ) \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2 K. B. 335\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  it would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 have retrospective effect, unless some clear language i\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
n the legislation excludes that possibility, but the situation will be very different where its retrospective application would in effect take away a vested right, as in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Colonial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Sugar Refining Company}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs22\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Ltd.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs22\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 \~\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 v\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs21\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Irving}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , (1905) A.C. 369\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , or as Lord Alverstone \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 C.J., put it in}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid12871525\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid12871525\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The King v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Chandra Dharma,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  supra at page 338, where a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 new disability or obligation}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12871525\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  has been created by the statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318169\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11879539\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [39] However, the issue has been put at rest, as far as section \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2 of the Penal Code (Penalties) (Amendment) Act No.7 of \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2003\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 is concerned by the decision of the Fiji Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16677698\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Silatolu v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16677698\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  [2006] FJCA 13; AAU0024.2003S (10 March 2006)\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, in which the effect of the identical amendment came up for consideration. After a useful survey of the case law on the subj\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ect, the Court of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8519843\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 concluded that the 2003 Amendment Act will not have retrospective effect, as the prior law was more favourable to the accused.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8519843\charrsid7482104 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [40] It is instructive to note that at paragraph 155 of the judgment in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12786256\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Silatolu v The State\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2319366\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 supra,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8519843\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the Court expressed itself in the following terms;- 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8519843\charrsid7482104 
To apply it in the present case, the section prior to the 2003 amendment was more favourable to the appellants than the section in the amendment. If a minimum period be recommended, it is, obviously, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8519843\charrsid7482104 only a recommendation which the authorities may adopt or may not adopt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8519843\charrsid7482104 
so the Commission on the Prerogative of Mercy has the jurisdiction to advise, if the legal requirements and circumstances otherwise justify, that a prisoner be released before the recommended minimum period has elapsed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8519843\charrsid7482104 
No such discretion can exist under the 2003 amendment. Once a minimum period has been fixed, the Commission has no jurisdiction to recommend the release of an appellant before the fixed minimum period has elapsed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8519843\charrsid7482104 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8519843\charrsid7482104 Emphasis added}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8519843\charrsid7482104 )
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4291681\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [41] We see no reason in the case at hand to differ from the conclusion reached by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4291681\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Silatolu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4291681\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
, not only for the reason embedded in the passage quoted above, but also for the additional reason that in the instant case, the Co\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
urt of Appeal has compounded the situation by substituting for the recommendation of a minimum period of 17 years made by the trial judge, a more onerous fixed minimum period of 18 years to be served by the Appellants in prison. This in effect deprived th
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Appellants of the opportunity of early release prior to the expiry of the said 18 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16207942\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4291681\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309730\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 The Constitutional Issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4291681\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8519843\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102809\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
[42] The only other matter on which this Court had heard submissions involves the Constitutional protections the Appellants have claimed\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  they are entitled to, particularly against the retrospective application of section 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2 of the Penal Code (Penalties) (Amendment) Act No.7 of 2003\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 . Mr. Sharma has contended \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 that the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 retrospective application of the said Act by 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 the Court of Appeal\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 was\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 incons\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
istent with Article 28 (1) (j) of the Constitution of Fiji Islands, 1997\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , which he alleges was in force at the time the Appellants committed the offence for which they have been convicted. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885677\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [43] As noted in paragraph 3 above, the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Appellants were c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 onvict\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ed of having committed the murder of \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
Ami Chand Sharma\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 between 7\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  March 2000 and 11\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  March 2000\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6885677\charrsid7482104 Fiji Constitution Amendment Act 1997 Revocation Decree 2000 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid7482104 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6885677\charrsid7482104 wholly removed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid7482104 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885677\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
the Constitution of Fiji Islands, 1997\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  with effect from 29\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 th\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  May 2000, and he\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
nce the said Constitution was in force at the time the offence was committed. 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885677\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ] \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Article 28 (1) of the Constitution of Fiji Islands, 1997
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  provided that-
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Every person charged with an offence has the right:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-284\li851\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 (j) not to be found guilty in respect of an a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ct or omission unless that act or omission constituted an offence at the time it occurred, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 not to be sentenced to a more}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 severe punishment than was applicable when the offence was committed}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14890921\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14890921\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Emphasis added}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14890921\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102809\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885677\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ] It will be seen at once that the princ\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
iple embodied in the said Constitutional provision is the same as th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12072898\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
e common law rule enunciated in the judicial decisions discussed in paragraphs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid853054\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 38 and 39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12072898\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  of this judgment. Not surprisingly, similar provisions were also included in section 10(4) of the 1\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
970 Constitution of Fiji and section 11(4) of the Constitution of 1990. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885677\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12072898\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ] We have no doubt that the retrospective application of section \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 2 of the Penal Code (Penalties) (Amendment) Act No.7 of 2003
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  was repugnant to the provisions of Article \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 28(1)(j) o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 f the Constitution of Fiji Islands, 1997\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
 in that as pointed out by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12072898\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Silatolu v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1450823\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1450823\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
supra, section 33 of the Penal Code as it stood prior to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1450823\charrsid7482104 the 2003 amendment was more favourable to the Appellants than the section in the amendm
ent.
 This is because the recommendation of the trial judge did not by itself prevent early release by the executive if the conduct of the Appellants justified such release, whereas the fixed minimum period of 18 years had the effect of taking away the disc
retion the executive has to consider early release of the Appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14890921\charrsid7482104 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1450823\charrsid7482104  if so advised. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885677\charrsid7482104 
We are indeed surprised that the Court of Appeal did not give its mind to this important constitutional safeguard at the time it decided to substitute for the recommendati
on of the trial judge, a fixed minimum period exceeding the period recommended by the trial judge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12072898\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1450823\charrsid7482104 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Conclusions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1450823\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1450823\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 47}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
] We are persuaded that for these reasons, paragraphs 42(2) and 42(3) of the impugned judgment of the Court of Appeal dated\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  2\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 nd\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  Novembe\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 r 2011
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  should be quashed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1450823\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
and we hereby make order that the said paragraphs should stand quashed. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
order dismissing the application for leave to appeal lodged by the Appellants found in paragraph 42(1) of the said judgment would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1450823\charrsid7482104 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 , however,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  stand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7170752\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695016\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104\charrsid7482104 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 
H\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 on. Chief Justice, Mr. Justice Anthony Gates
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 President of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Hon. Mr. Justice Saleem Marsoof
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Hon. Mr. Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Sathyaa Hettige
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7482104 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7482104\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Solicitors:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Mr. Sunil Sharma for the Petitioners \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  App\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ellants.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14890921\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7237592\charrsid7482104 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 for the Respondent.
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