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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE FIJI ISLANDS}{\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }{\b\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 AT SUVA}{\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par 
\par Criminal APPEAL CAV0004 of 2007
\par (Fiji Court of Appeal No AAU0038 of 2004)}{\b\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }{\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par BETWEEN:
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 SAMUELA LEDUA}{\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par Petitioner
\par 
\par AND:
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 THE STATE}{\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par Respondent}{\b\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
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\par Coram:}{\insrsid14121994  }{\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The Hon Justice Keith Mason, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice Kenneth Handley, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice Ronald Sackville, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par Hearing:}{\insrsid14121994  }{\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Wednesday, 23rd July 2008, Suva
\par 
\par Counsel:}{\insrsid14121994  }{\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Mr F. Vosarogo for the Petitioner 
\par Mr }{\insrsid14121994\delrsid4736487\charrsid14567408 . }{\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 A. Elliott for the Respondent
\par 
\par Date of Judgment:}{\insrsid14121994  }{\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Friday, 17th October 2008, Suva
\par 
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\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [1]\tab On 25 February 2008 a differently constituted Supreme Court granted limited special leave to appeal in this matter.
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\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [2]\tab On an amended information presented by the Acting Director of Public Prosecutions on 24 February 2004, the appellant was charged with the following offences:}{
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\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 1.\tab }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 INCEST}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
: Contrary to section 178(1) of the Penal Code, Cap 17.
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\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Particulars of Offence
\par 
\par SAMUELA LEDUA}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  on the 30th day of September 2003, at Nasinu in the Central Division, had carnal knowledge of }{\b\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
Talica Waqa Ledua}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  who was to his knowledge his daughter. 
\par 
\par 2.\tab }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 ATTEMPTED MURDER:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  Contrary to Section 214(a) of the Penal Code, Cap 17.
\par 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Particulars of Offence
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 SAMUELA LEDUA}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
 on the 02nd day of October 2003 at Nasinu in the Central Division, attempted unlawfully to cause the death of }{\b\caps\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Talica Waqa Ledua.}{
\b\caps\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\b\caps\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [3]\tab After a trial in the High Court before Winter J and assessors, the appellant was convicted of incest with his daughter and of her attempted murder.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 He was sentenced to six years imprisonment for the incest offence, to be served concurrently with ten years 
imprisonment for the offence of attempted murder.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par [4]\tab On 15 July 2004 the appellant lodged an appeal against the convictions and sentences in the Fiji Court of Appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
His letter set out some 20 grounds of appeal, many of which overlapped.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 On 24 Nove
mber 2006 the Court of Appeal allowed his appeal against the conviction for incest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
That conviction was quashed on the basis that it had not been satisfactorily proved that the requirements imposed by s 181 of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Penal Code}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  Cap 17 had been met.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 That section reads: 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li720\ri737\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin720\itap0\pararsid11553504 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 No prosecution for an offence [of incest] shall be commenced without the sanction of the Director of Public Prosecutions.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [5]\tab The appeal against the conviction and sentence for attempted murder was dismissed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [6]\tab The grant of special leave to appeal was limited to the following grounds:\tab 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14121994 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 1.\tab Whether the conviction should be quashed on the basis that the appellant was not legally represented at trial.
\par 
\par 2.\tab Whether the decision of the Court of Appeal quashing the appellant\rquote 
s conviction on the count of incest has the consequence that the admission of evidence relating solely to that count caused the trial on the count of attempted murder to miscarry.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li720\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11553504 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 3.\tab Whether the sentence imposed upon the appellant properly took account of the time spent in custody pending trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [7]\tab 
Directions were given in consequence or which Mr Ledua (the appellant) came to be granted legal aid and represented by Mr F Vosarogo who is the Director of the Legal Aid Commission.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The State was represented by Mr A.G. Elliott.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
The Human Rights Commission, represented by Dr S Shameem and Ms B Devi, provided written and oral submissions as amicus curiae.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
Submissions were also filed on behalf of the Interim Attorney General.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
The Court is grateful for the considerable assistance it has received in this matter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Factual and Procedural Background}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [8]\tab The appellant was a 37 year old professional soldier, married with three daughters, but separated from his wife and family.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 It was not disputed that on 2 October 2003 he went to the residence occupied by his wife and daughters.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 He carried a bayonet.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 He was seen entering the house.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Shouts were heard and he was then seen leaving the house carrying a knife.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 His fourteen year old daughter was found lying on a bed inside bleeding from a wound to her chest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 She was taken to hospital and emergency surgery performed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
She was hospitalised for seven days.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [9]\tab There was unchallenged evidence from a police witness that the app
ellant came to the police station that day and told the policeman that he had come to give himself up as he had just killed his daughter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
He presented a bag containing a bayonet.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 He was then taken into custody.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par [10]\tab The reasons for judgment of the Court of Appeal record that in July 2004 the appellant filed 20 grounds of appeal against conviction and sentence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Additional grounds were filed in May 2005, at which time the appellant first raised the question of compliance with s 181 of the Penal Code in relation to the incest conviction.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
In July 2005 a further 65 pages of closely written submissions were received. They were characterised by the Court of Appeal as largely argumentative and repetitive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The appellant was self-represented.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par [11]\tab The Court of Appeal took the view that there were only two substantially arguable grounds raised, apart from the s 181 ground relating to the incest charge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The first was the appellant\rquote s complaint that he was not legally represented.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The second was that confessions he made to the police were wrongly admitted in evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 These were the only grounds of appeal upon which the appellant addressed the Court of Appeal at the hearing. 
\par [12]\tab In relation to the lack of legal representation at trial
, the Court of Appeal was told by the appellant that he had tried to obtain counsel privately but had not been able to afford the fees. The reasons for judgment also record (at [25]) that the appellant\rquote 
s application for legal aid had been declined. There i
s, however, no independent evidence of the truth of the latter statement, despite leave having been reserved by us for supplementary material addressing this matter to be put forward by the appellant and his present legal representative. The matter record
ed in the next paragraph gives no support to the assertion, and we have concluded that it cannot be accepted as established. It follows that the appellant was not unrepresented after exhausting his rights under the }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Legal Aid Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 .
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [13]\tab On the morning 
of the trial the judge asked whether he wanted to apply for an adjournment to enable him to get a lawyer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 He is recorded as having said:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid10764287 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li720\ri737\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin720\itap0\pararsid14121994 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Sir, if I can get bail to get a lawyer but if not I think its okay for me now.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  [sic]}{\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764287 {\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10764287 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
When seeking special leave to appeal to this Court in February 2008 as a self-represented party the appellant denied  that this remark meant he was happy to proceed to trial without representation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Unfortunately, no greater light was cast on the matter in the written submissions filed on his behalf for the appeal hearing.
\par 
\par [14]\tab Some additional information was also supplied in a supplementary submission on behalf of the respondent that drew upon High Court file records.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The following account draws on that information.
\par 
\par [15]\tab The appellant
 applied for bail on 11 December 2003. It was refused by Shameem J on 30 December 2003. The incest charge was laid on 10 February 2004. Following various mentions, there were further unsuccessful applications for bail. Disclosures were served in April 200
4. The trial took place between 7 and 11 June 2004.
\par 
\par [16]\tab The appellant told Shameem J on 30 December 2003 and early 2004 that he was trying to secure the services of a private lawyer and did not wish to apply for legal aid. On 5 March 2004 he told her Lady
ship that he needed bail to visit his brother in Lautoka in order to borrow money from him to pay a lawyer. One of his grounds for an unsuccessful bail application made to Winter J on 15 March 2004 was that he needed bail in order to instruct counsel to p
repare his defence. Winter J rejected this, pointing out that he could contact family and others while on remand by telephone, letter and by having them visit him in gaol.
\par 
\par [17]\tab As the respondent points out in its supplementary submissions, these records sh
ow that the appellant was aware of his right to seek legal aid during the course of the pre-trial hearings and that he declined to do so. He merely pressed for bail. The statement made at the opening day of the trial about getting bail to get a lawyer, bu
t if bail was refused, about representing himself was entirely consistent with this stance.
\par 
\par [18]\tab The appellant submitted to the Court of Appeal that, had he been represented, many inconsistencies in the evidence would have been exposed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 He would have been advised to give sworn evidence which would have carried more weight with the assessors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 He also contended that the admissibility of the confessions would have been challenged more effectively, possibly leading to their exclusion.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The Court of Appeal viewed these and many other arguments in the context of what it found to have been }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 a very strong, indeed overwhelming prosecution case}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
The Court of Appeal was unable to accept the suggestion that the fact he was not represented deprived him of a prospect of acquittal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
This conclusion, with which we agree, is extremely significant to the application of the proviso in s23(1) of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Court of Appeal Act}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14121994 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [19]\tab In connection with the admissibility of the records of interview, the appellant has never denied giving the interviews as recorded.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 He contended, however, that his state of mind was such that his answers were worthless.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The trial judge rejected that submission on a }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 voir dire. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The appellant evidently did not allege any improper or unjustified conduct going to the voluntariness of his confession.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 On the question whether the balance of his mind was so disturbed that his answers were completely unreliable, the Court of Appeal said (at [28]):}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li720\ri737\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin720\itap0\pararsid11553504 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 While the Appellant was clearly much affected by what had occurr
ed on the morning that his daughter was injured, there is nothing to suggest that he was unfit to be interviewed or that his answers were in any way unreliable.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 They were, in fact, largely consistent with his unsworn statement.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 

\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [20]\tab In relation to the appeal against sentence, the Court of Appeal held that a sentence of ten years imposed on a man who had attempted to murder his daughter with a bayonet was }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 clearly not excessive}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Nothing indicates that any point was taken in the Court 
of Appeal as to the appellant having spent some nine months in custody awaiting trial. 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Legal assistance and legal representation}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 21]\tab The first ground of appeal invokes s\~28(1)(d) of the }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Constitution}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Sections 28 and 29 of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Constitution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  r
elevantly provide as follows:
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li720\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 28.(1)\tab 
Every person charged with an offence has the right:
\par \'85
\par (a)\tab to be presumed innocent until proven guilty}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 according to law;
\par 
\par (b)\tab to be given details in legible writing, in a language that he or she understands, of the nature of and reasons for the charge;
\par 
\par (c)\tab to be given adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence, including, if he or she so requests, a right of access to witness statements;
\par 
\par (d)\tab to defend himself or herself in person or to be represented, at his or her own expense, by a legal practitioner of his or her choice or, if the interests of justice so require, to be given the services of a legal practitio
ner under a scheme for legal aid.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par 29.\tab }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Every person charged with an offence has the right to a fair trial before a court of law.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [22]\tab 
A party has the right to self-representation under s\~28(1)(d) of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Constitution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 It is nevertheless usual
ly in the interests of both parties, the court, and the administration of justice generally that litigants facing serious criminal charges have access to legal assistance and representation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 But the provision of legal services has a cost which may mean that a party cannot afford such services or may choose (reluctantly) not to engage them.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [23]\tab The }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Legal Aid Act 1996}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
 established the Legal Aid Commission with the duty to provide, subject to the resources available to it, legal assistance to impoverished persons (s.6(1)).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 A person shall be deemed to be impoverished if he or she is unable to reasonably afford the cost of legal services (s.6(2)). 
\par [24]\tab Section 7 and 8 provide:
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li720\ri0\sb180\sa180\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 7. \endash  (1)}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
The Commission may provide legal assistance by
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
arranging for the services of private legal practitioners to be made available to legally assisted persons;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
making available the services of appropriately qualified employees of the Commission;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 providing or arranging for the provision of du
ty lawyer services at sittings of Courts and tribunals;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
undertaking educational programmes for the benefit of the public or sections of the public;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
such other means as the Commission may from time to time consider appropriate.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The Commission may provide legal assistance \endash }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 free of charge;}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 subject to the payment by the legally assisted person of a 
contribution;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
by contributing towards the cost of legal services obtained by legally assisted persons; or}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 by such other means as the Commission considers appropriate.
}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
Where a contribution is imposed on a legally assisted person pursuant to this Section, the contribution-}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
may be fixed in relation to a class of matters, vary according to the individual legally assisted person\rquote s circumstances, or be fixed by reference to published scales of costs or some other criteria;}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
may be required to be paid at the beginning during, or upon finalisation of proceedings as the Commission considers appropriate;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
shall be paid to the Commission, or, with the approval of the Commission retained by the legal practitioner providing legal services to the legally assisted person;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
may be required, as a condition of approval of legal assistance, to be secured over such property and in such manner as the Commission considers appropriate.
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li720\ri0\sb180\sa180\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 8.\endash (1)}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The Commission shall from time to time formulate and make available to the public guidelines to be applied \endash 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
in determining the types of matters in which legal assistance will be provided;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
in determining the eligibility of persons to receive legal assistance;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
in determining whether or not a contribution shall be required from legally assisted persons and if so, the extent of such contribution; and}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
in determining the extent (if any) to which the Commission will pay costs awarded against a legally assisted person in any proceeding.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 In determining the eligibility of a person to receive
 legal assistance, the Commission shall take into account all relevant matters which may include \endash }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 the person\rquote s assets and income;}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
the assets of the person which are in cash or readily convertible into cash;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 the person\rquote 
s liabilities and other financial obligations;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
the ability of the spouse of the person, or any other person (including any organisation, company or association) who might reasonably be expected to provide financial support to the person, to assist 
the person to obtain legal services from private legal practitioners;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
the cost of obtaining the legal services sought from private legal practitioners;}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
the availability of private legal practitioners and the cost of necessary travel; and}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (g)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
any other matter affecting the ability of the person to afford the cost of obtaining legal services from private legal practitioners.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 In determining a person\rquote 
s assets, the Commission may disregard the value of the person\rquote s interest in his or her residence.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (4)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
If the applicant is a corporation, then the Commission may also have regard to matters which would be relevant if the application for legal assistance were made by the Directors and members of the corporation.}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (5)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The Commission 
may in special circumstances provide legal assistance to a person in relation to a matter notwithstanding that matter or that person may not be within the guidelines established pursuant to this Section.}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (6)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The Commission shall take into account in de
ciding whether or not to grant aid to an applicant comments made by a judge or magistrate in relation to that applicant.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s17 \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (7)\tab}}\pard 
\s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
The Commission may at any time amend or terminate guidelines formulated pursuant to this Section or formulate new guidelines.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11553504\charrsid14567408 
\par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid14121994\charrsid11553504 [25]\tab 
The 1996 Report of the Fiji Constitution Review Commission (the Reeves Commission) entitled }{\b\i\insrsid14121994\charrsid11553504 The Fiji Islands: Towards A United Future}{\insrsid14121994\charrsid11553504  stated: 
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\b\i\insrsid11553504 
\par }{\b\i\insrsid14121994\charrsid11553504 "7.92\tab The Report of the Commission of Inquiry on the Courts of Fiji (1994) made extensive recommendations about the reform of the existing legal aid system in Fiji. 
A new scheme is now in course of implementation. We consider that a person who is arrested or detained, or is being questioned by the police in a coercive situa
tion on suspicion of having committed a criminal offence, or has been charged, should have a constitutional right to the series of a lawyer under a scheme for legal aid, where he or she does not have sufficient means to engaged a lawyer and substantial in
justice would otherwise result.
\par 
\par 7.93\tab Such a right would allow the state considerable latitude in deciding how best to provide such a person with access to a lawyer on a legally aided basis, and to impose reasonable restrictions on the circumstances i
n which legal aid should be made available. A person should, of course, be informed of the right to legal aid at the time of being informed about the right to consult a lawyer. "
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\insrsid14121994\charrsid11553504 [26]\tab The new scheme for legal aid in course of implementation referred
 to in para. 7.92 of the Report received statutory force with the passing of the Legal Aid Act 1996 which commenced less than two weeks before the Constitution itself.}{\insrsid14121994 
\par }{\insrsid11553504\charrsid11553504 
\par }{\insrsid14121994\charrsid11553504 [27]\tab Mr Vosaroga informed the Court about aspects of the practical operation of the legal aid scheme as it affects persons like the appellant who are facing serious criminal charges. 
We do not understand any of what follows to be contentious.
\par }{\insrsid11553504 
\par }{\insrsid14121994\charrsid11553504 [28]\tab An accused person is informed generally about the availability of legal aid no later than the time of setting down for trial. 
If he or she wishes to be legally represented and is unable or unwilling to pay the costs involved, he or she will approach the Legal Aid Commission.
\par }{\insrsid11553504 
\par }{\insrsid14121994\charrsid11553504 [29]\tab The Commission applies a two-pronged test in considering an application. The grant of legal aid depends upon:
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11553504 {\insrsid14121994\charrsid11553504 
\par (1)\tab the accused person lacking the necessary financial resources; and
\par 
\par (2)\tab  a merits review conducted by the Commission.
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11553504 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [30]\tab The inquiry as to financial capacity is required to pay regard to the statutory definition of impoverishment, any relevant guidelines published under s.8(1) of the }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Legal Aid Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  and the factors mentioned in s.8(2).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Commission may also make a grant of l
egal assistance conditional upon the making of a contribution by the persons concerned. The guidelines do not preclude a grant of legal assistance in special circumstances (s8(5) above).
\par [31]\tab As to the merits factor, we were informed that officers of the Commission examine the matter in light of the case disclosed by the prosecution, coupled with information provided by the accused and obtained on his or her behalf.
\par [32]\tab There is a system for internal review of all decisions referable to legal assistance (Legal Aid Act, ss 14-16).
\par [33]\tab Although it is not presently relevant, we also note the terms of s30 of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Court of Appeal Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
 which enables the Court of Appeal to assign counsel if it appears desirable in the interests of justice. See also s 8(6) of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Legal Aid Act}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  (set out above).
\par [34]\tab It is well-established that s.28(1)(d) of the Constitution does not give an absolute right, in every case, to be given the services of a legal practitioner, paid for by the State; nor an absolute right to a lawyer of one\rquote 
s own choosing (see }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Eliki Mototabua v. The State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  CAV 0004 of 2005S at [37], and the authorities there cited).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Nor does the section use the language of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 equality of arms}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 (Wainiqolo v. The State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  CAV 0007 of 2007S at [35]). 
\par [35]\tab Quite often this Court has been presented with arguments by convicted petitioners raising complaints about lack of representation at trial for the first time on appeal to the Court of Appeal or this Court.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 This
 is most unsatisfactory and we have generally declined to entertain contested allegations on such matters when the factual groundwork has not been laid in the trial court. As we point out below, the proper place for these issues to be raised and addressed
 is by way of a timely application for a stay made during the pre-trial stages of the criminal proceedings.
\par [36]\tab No question arises in this case about the appellant being ignorant of his right to seek legal aid. And we have concluded that the appel
lant declined to do so, despite having been given ample opportunity. His preference appears to have been to secure the services of a private lawyer or to represent himself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 In these circumstances, he has no basis for complaint in this Court about infringement of rights stemming from}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 s. 28(1)(d) of the Constitution.
\par [37]\tab Section 28(1)(d) confers on every person a constitutional right to defend himself or herself in person as well as a constitutional right to be represented, at his or her own expense, by a legal practitioner of his or her choice.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The existence of these primary rights and the qualified terms of the third alternative (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  if the interests of justice so require, to be given the services of legal practitioner under a scheme for legal aid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 ) 
make it plain that a clear evidentiary onus rests upon an accused person if he or she is to establish a breach of the third alternative, and thereby the constitutional guarantee, let alone rely upon it as a ground of appeal after a fair trial according to
 law.
\par [38]\tab The language of s.28(1)(d) leaves no room for the direct application of the common law principles declared by the High Court of Australia in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Dietrich v The Queen}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
(1992) 177 CLR 292. That case held that, for Australian law, it would only be in exceptional circumstances that the trial of a serious crime should proceed without representation against an indigent person who is not self-represented by choice. By contras
t,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
questions about unfairness stemming from the inability to obtain legal assistance must under Fijian law be addressed through the prism of the third arm of the constitutional guarantee.
\par [39]\tab Because the constitutional guarantee speaks by implicat
ion to the circumstances prevailing at the start of the particular trial it follows that the primary mechanisms for its enforcement should remain focussed upon the particular. And they should be adapted to conform with other constitutional guarantees, inc
luding those of fairness. One aspect of fairness in process (to both prosecutor and accused) is that of reasonable despatch. The constitutional right conferred by s 28(1)(d) is not a tool to be exercised on the eve of a trial to force an adjournment.

\par [40]\tab 
Accordingly, the primary tools for addressing disputed claims touching s.28(1)(d) should be those associated with the pre-trial management of criminal trials. An accused person who wishes to assert the threatened breach of the guarantee should appl
y at the earliest opportunity for a stay of the trial on that basis and adduce supporting information and/or evidence about the issues likely to arise at trial, the complexity of the trial, the full legal aid history and any particular disadvantages suffe
r
ed by the accused were he or she to be self-represented. This will ensure that the trial is not unduly delayed, proper findings of fact are made and that all procedural issues are addressed in the context of the particular proceedings that are shortly to 
commence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par [41]\tab It is difficult to imagine circumstances in which a stay application would be entertained before the applicant has exhausted his or her rights under the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Legal Aid Act}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  in a timely manner.
\par [42]\tab Section 41 of the Constitution confers jurisdiction on the High Court to grant }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 redress}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
 in relation to actual or threatened contraventions of Chapter 4 of the Constitution. The High Court (Constitutional Redress) Rules 1998 prescribe procedures for such applications. Nevertheless, s. 4
1(4) of the Constitution arms the High Court with a discretion not to grant relief under that section }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
if it considers that an adequate alternative remedy is available to the person concerned}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The decision of Shameem J in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Singh v The Director of Public Pr
osecutions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
[2003] FJHC 221 that was upheld on appeal (see [2004] FJCA 37) states the applicable principles, following a line of Privy Council cases. An application for constitutional redress is a collateral proceeding that fragments the criminal process. D
isputed questions of fact are to be resolved in accordance with well established common law procedures. It will generally be an abuse of process deserving summary dismissal to launch a free-standing application in the High Court civil jurisdiction in rela
tion to an application for an adjournment and/or stay that could and therefore should be made as part of the pre-trial processes of a criminal prosecution. These principles apply to criminal proceedings in any court. 
\par [43]\tab It will, of course, be op
en to a convicted person to raise issues touching compliance with relevant constitutional mandates as grounds of appeal against conviction. But such an appellant who went into a trial having decided not to press in advance any claim for legal assistance b
ased upon the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Legal Aid Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
 or who made an unsuccessful stay application invoking the constitutional guarantee will face a difficult task. It will be necessary in that event to show that the trial actually miscarried in consequence of s28(1)(d) or some othe
r basis. Merely to argue, as this appellant at times did, that the trial might have been conducted differently had the accused been legally represented will not suffice to establish breach of the guarantee, let alone a substantial miscarriage of justice j
ustifying the setting aside of the conviction as required by s23(1) of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Court of Appeal Act.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [44]\tab The conclusion of the Court of Appeal that the appellant lost no prospect of acquittal by reason of being unrepresented demonstrates why the attemp
ted murder conviction should stand even were there concern about compliance with s28(1)(d) in the present case.
\par [45]\tab No one represented in this appeal has suggested that the existing scheme of legal aid is itself unco
nstitutional in any way. In so observing, we are not ourselves suggesting any conclusion on the matter. It has not been argued that the statutory two-pronged system of financial and merits assessment in itself entails a breach of the constitutional guaran
tee.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par [46]\tab The phrase }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 if the interests of justice so require}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  is frequently encountered in a variety of statutory and non-statutory contexts each of which may give it particular colour that cannot be translated from one context to another.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Its content and application are to be addressed on a case by case basis and on the basis of evidence, not speculation.
\par [47]\tab Nevertheless, some generalisations may be offered.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 They derive from common sense and the terms of the }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Legal Aid Act 1996}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  when the 
Constitution commenced. The interests of justice are not identical to the interests of the accused person. The constitutional provision does not offer a guarantee of State funding in relation to every case or to support the pursuit of any and every concei
vable line of defence. Nor can an impoverished accused person willing to receive legal aid object on the basis that the lawyer assigned is employed by the Commission.
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12923966 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [48]\tab 
The Fiji Human Rights Commission submitted that the phrase }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 interests of justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  in s. 28(1)(d) was a signpost that Parliament was conscious of the need to respect the constitutional separation of powers between the judiciary and the Parliament in this country.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 So much may readily be accepted from this and many other pr
emises. But it does not follow that courts interpreting and applying constitutional guarantees should pay studied disregard to the impact of their decisions upon the resources of the State. The provision of a range of essential services such as education 
and health and the balancing of the financial calls upon even the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  budget mean that caution and mutual respect are called for. 
\par [49]\tab Nevertheless, we are here dealing with a constitutional guarantee that in the final analysis cannot be abrogated by legislation, government practice or want of funds. The Legal Aid Commission\rquote 
s statutory duty to provide legal assistance to impoverished persons is stated to be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 subject to the resources available to it}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  (}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Legal Aid }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Act, s6(1)). But the duty of the Courts in Fiji to oversee the rule of law means that the Commission\rquote 
s resources cannot be the ultimate touchstone of compliance. If a court is satisfied of an imminent breach of s28(1)(d) then the prosecution should be stayed unless and until the constit
utional right is accommodated. This is preferable to a declaration or order commanding the State and/or the Commission to provide a particular level of legal assistance: such an order draws the court into an unnecessary inquiry about the means and other r
e
sources of the accused, and has other potential embarrassments. If the intent of a conditional stay designed to enable appropriate legal assistance to be provided is not met, then the court retains power to stay the prosecution permanently by applying the
 well-known principles about prejudice stemming from delay (see generally }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Mohammed Sharif Sahim v the State.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Unreported, Court of Appeal, Misc Action No.17 of 2007, 25 March 2008.
\par [50]\tab There will undoubtedly be cases that call for a stay of the pro
secution unless the trial can take place fairly and in compliance with specific guarantees such as s. 28(1)(d). In time, a body of jurisprudence will build up, based upon evidence and specific rulings yet expounding more general principles. We note and co
mmend the analysis of Wilson J in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The State v Timoci Silatolu}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
 [2002] FJHC 69 identifying as relevant (but non-exhaustive list) the factors of:
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li720\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12923966 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 (a)\tab 
the seriousness of the offence charged;
\par (b)\tab the length and complexity of the case:
\par (c)\tab the potential sentence involved; and
\par (d)\tab the inability (if it be so) of the applicant to contribute effectively to his or her own defence, if forced to defend in person.
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12923966 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [51]\tab 
The independent constitutional right to a fair criminal trial (s29(1)) means that issues of fairness in procedure require separate consideration. Nevertheless, the terms of s28(1)(d) and the non-applicability of }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Dietrich\rquote s Case}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  in this country mean that a 
trial is not necessarily unfair for want of legal representation. A trial may be fair or unfair whether or not the accused was legally represented.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Fairness to an unrepresented accused will impose certain burdens on a trial judge that are generally well known and do not call to be addressed in this appeal. 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Joinder of Incest Count
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [52]\tab  As indicated, the Court of Appeal quashed the incest conviction because of non-compliance with s181 of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
Penal Code}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 . The appellant submits that the trial
 of the attempted murder count also miscarried because the assessors would have had to consider that count without evidence as to motive if the incest material were absent. This submission entails a fallacy. Evidence as to motive could be led on the attem
p
ted murder count. As the appellant points out in his own submissions on appeal, the evidence about the incest helped demonstrate the motive to kill, since it suggested that the appellant wished to suppress the truth of the relationship that had been uncov
ered.
\par [53]\tab This conclusion reinforces that reached on the earlier ground of appeal. A major plank of the case as to miscarriage stemming from the lack of representation was the contention that the appellant would have kept the damning evidence away
 from the assessors had he been represented and had the s181 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Penal Code}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
 point been taken at trial. That evidence could and would have been properly led in any event.
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Pre-trial Custody and Sentencing
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 [54]\tab 
It is common ground that a sentencing judge is required to give due allowance for time spent in custody pending trial when he or she comes to sentence following conviction. Here there is nothing in the remarks as to sentence to show that this was taken in
to account as a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 mitigating}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408  factor for downwards adjustment of the ten year starting point identified by the sentencing judge.
\par [55]\tab Despite the starting point being generous for a crime of this nature, involving the intention to kill a young child
 in order to suppress her evidence and despite the matter not having been raised in the Court of Appeal, we would uphold this ground in light of the material indicating that the matter was overlooked by the sentencing judge. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 The period of pre-sentence custody was approximately nine months.
\par [56]\tab Accordingly, we made the following orders in the appeal:
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li720\ri0\sb180\sa180\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12923966 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 (1)\tab Appeal upheld in part.
\par (2)\tab Appeal against conviction dismissed.
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li720\ri737\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin720\itap0\pararsid12923966 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 (3)\tab Appeal against sentence allowed.}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
Sentence for attempted murder reduced from ten years to nine years three months.
\par }\pard \s18\qc \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid14121994 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid2558778 
\par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14121994 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
Hon Justice Keith Mason
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Hon Justice Kenneth Handley
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 Judge of the Supreme Court}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 
\par Hon Justice Ronald Sackville
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994 J}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid14567408 udge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14121994 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid2558778 Solicitors:
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid2558778 Petitioner in Person
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10821236 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14121994\charrsid2558778 Office of the Director of Public Prosecution, Suva for the Respondent}{
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid919008\charrsid10821236 
\par }}