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\paperw11907\paperh16840\margl1440\margr1134\margt1361\margb1134\gutter0 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\hyphhotz916\grfdocevents0\aftnnar\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\hyphcaps0\horzdoc\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1701 \dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow0\jexpand\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot7165241 \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 013f}{\*\template F:\\JUDGMENT TEMPLATE.DOT}{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1 \nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2242935 {\*\bkmkstart End_Sel}{\*\bkmkend End_Sel}\chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2242935 \chftnsepc \par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl-20\slmult0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2242935 \par }}{\*\aftnsepc \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2242935 \par }}{\*\aftncn \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2242935 \par }}\sectd \psz9\sbknone\pgnrestart\linex0\headery851\footery851\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10369537\sftnbj\saftnnar {\headerr \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4512\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2242935 \tab - }{\field{\*\fldinst {\insrsid2242935 page \\* arabic}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5260319 20}}}\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj { \insrsid2242935 - \par }}{\footerr \pard\plain \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs28\insrsid2242935 \par }}{\headerf \pard\plain \s16\qr \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2242935 \par \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1 {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1 {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1 {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1 {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1 {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 THE SUPREME COURT}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8013374\charrsid2242935 OF THE}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 FIJI ISLANDS \par AT SUVA \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10181881 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7691808\charrsid2242935 CRIMINAL }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332908\charrsid2242935 APPEAL}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10554851\charrsid2242935 NO}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8013374\charrsid2242935 CAV}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7691808\charrsid2242935 000}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14712526\charrsid2242935 1}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7691808\charrsid2242935 OF 2007}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7691808\charrsid2242935 \par (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8013374\charrsid2242935 Fiji Court of Appeal No AAU0032 of 2006}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7691808\charrsid2242935 ) \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10181881 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800772\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 BETWEEN: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10181881 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14712526\charrsid2242935 SACHIDA NAND MUDALIAR \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16060241\charrsid2242935 Petitioner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10181881 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 AND: \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10181881 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800772\charrsid2242935 THE STATE}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Respondent \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10181881 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Coram:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16060241\charrsid2242935 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Hon Justice }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14712526\charrsid2242935 Keith Mason}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid403118\charrsid2242935 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7800772\charrsid2242935 Judge of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12606429\charrsid2242935 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Supreme Court \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16060241\charrsid2242935 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Hon Justice }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid403118\charrsid2242935 Kenneth Handley}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12606429\charrsid2242935 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Judge of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12606429\charrsid2242935 the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Supreme Court \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16060241\charrsid2242935 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Hon Justice Mark Weinberg}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12606429\charrsid2242935 , }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Judge of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12606429\charrsid2242935 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Supreme Court \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12606429\charrsid2242935 \par Hearing:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14712526\charrsid2242935 Tuesday}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12606429\charrsid2242935 , }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14712526\charrsid2242935 14th October }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12606429\charrsid2242935 2008, Suva \par \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086950\charrsid2242935 Mr J}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969990\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086950\charrsid2242935 Haig}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15360266\charrsid2242935 h}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086950\charrsid2242935 QC and Mr R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969990\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086950\charrsid2242935 Naidu }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14712526\charrsid2242935 for the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10444138\charrsid2242935 Petitioner }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086950\charrsid2242935 Mr A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969990\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086950\charrsid2242935 G}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969990\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086950\charrsid2242935 Elliott }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14712526\charrsid2242935 for }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 the Respondent \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12606429\charrsid2242935 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Date of Judgment:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810250\charrsid2242935 Friday, 17th }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14712526\charrsid2242935 October}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332908\charrsid2242935 2008, Suva}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332908\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 {\*\bkmkstart Media_Neutral_Citation}{\*\bkmkend Media_Neutral_Citation} \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 The petitioner, a medical practitioner who, for many years, practised }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 as an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 obstetric}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 ian}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 and gynaecolog}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 ist}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 , was convicted in the High Court in Suva, in 2006, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 on one count }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 of manslaughter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 He was sentenced to three years imprisonment, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 which sentence he has now }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 served.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 The charges against him arose out an allegation that he carried out an unlawful termination of pregnancy on Poonam Pritika Kumar on 21 March 2003.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 Poonam died shortly thereafter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 The offence of manslaughter is defined in s\~198 of the }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 Penal Code}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 That section relevantly provides: \par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15360266\charrsid2242935 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 Any person who by an unlawful act or omission causes the death of another person is guilty of the felony termed manslaughter \'85}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 The count on which the petitioner was convicted was drafted in accordance with the suggested forms of information in the schedule to the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 Criminal Procedure Code}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 The particulars of offence stated simply that the petitioner:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 between the 21st day of March 2003 and the 22nd day of March 2003, at Suva in the Central Division, unlawfully caused the death of Poonam Pritika Kumar}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 . \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8338146\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\b\insrsid8338146\charrsid3357641 The proceeding before this Court}{\b\insrsid8338146 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 The }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 has before it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 two }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 separate }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 petition}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2313323\charrsid2242935 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 , each seeking special }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid398734\charrsid2242935 leave }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 to appeal from d}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 ecisions of the Court of Appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 T}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 he first }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 of those decisions was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 given on 24 November 2006 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 and will be referred to hereafter as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6717219\charrsid2242935 the fresh evidence judgment}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 The }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 second }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15360266\charrsid2242935 was given }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 on 23}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 \~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 March}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 \~}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 2007}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 and will be referred to as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 the substantive judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid398734\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid398734\charrsid2242935 By }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 the fresh evidence judgment }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid398734\charrsid2242935 the Court of Appeal refused }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 the petitioner }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086950\charrsid2242935 leave }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid398734\charrsid2242935 to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086950\charrsid2242935 adduce }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid398734\charrsid2242935 fresh evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086950\charrsid2242935 at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid398734\charrsid2242935 the hearing of his appeal against conviction} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16011345\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 By the substantive judgment it }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid398734\charrsid2242935 dismissed the petitioner\rquote s appeal against conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\insrsid398734\charrsid3357641 Circumstances surrounding the offence}{\b\insrsid3357641\charrsid3357641 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10966868\charrsid2242935 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 aged twenty-two at the time of her death.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 She was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10966868\charrsid2242935 a university student.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 In March 2003 she }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 found }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 that she was pregnant.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 The father}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 , Abhikesh Kumar, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 was a fellow student.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 The prosecution case was that}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 on Wednesday, 19 March 2003}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 Poonam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 consulted a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 general practitioner, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Hazratwala who }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 after examining her concluded }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 that she was in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 the twentieth week of pregnancy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 According to Dr\~Hazratwala, Poonam wanted a termination.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Hazratwala}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 referred her to the petitioner.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 Later that same day, Poonam and Abhikesh attended at the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 petitioner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 \rquote s surgery}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 According to Abhikesh, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 Poonam made it clear }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9332712\charrsid2242935 to the petitioner }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 that she did not want to have the baby.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 The petitioner prescribed some medication, and told her to return on}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 the following Friday, 21 March}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 2003 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 when, according to Abhikesh, the petitioner }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 agreed that he would }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 carry out an abortion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 According to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 both }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 he and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 went to the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 petitioner\rquote s surgery at about 2\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 pm}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 on 21 March 2003 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 was told that the procedure would take some hours.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 H}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 e left, and returned at about 9\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 pm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 His evidence was that at that stage }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 Poonam\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 clothing was blood stained, and she was unconscious.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 It should be noted that t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 wo receptionists called by the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 State }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 gave a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 n entirely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 different account.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 They said that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 was, at that stage, conscious and able, with their assistance, to walk to the recovery room.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 Their version }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 of events }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 accorded closely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 with that of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15010627\charrsid2242935 the petitioner.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 10\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 said that the petitioner asked him to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 stay with Poonam for about }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 two hours, and then take }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 her }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 home.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 However, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 was unwilling to do so because }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 resided}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 in a hostel which closed at 11\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 pm.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 The petitioner then }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 suggested that Abhikesh should collect}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 Poonam at 7\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 am}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 the following morning}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 It was common ground that t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 he petitioner subsequently left }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14436079\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 on her own in the recovery room of his surgery, locked the premises and went home.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 11\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 returned the following morning at 8 am to find the surgery still locked.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 He telephoned the petitioner and was told to wait for the receptionist to arrive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 When she came, she let }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 ogether they found }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 lying on the bed, dead.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 12\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 Subsequently }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 the petitioner arrived and confirmed that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 Poonam had indeed died}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 According to Abhikesh, the petitioner }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 asked }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 him }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 to tell the police that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 had had a miscarriage.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 That was, in fact, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 what Abhikesh initially told the police when they arrived}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 13\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 medical evidence called on behalf of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 prosecution was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 to the effect that Poonam }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2316275\charrsid2242935 had died from medical shock caused by a haemorrhage resulting from a severe tear in the uterine }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 wall.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 The medical witnesses observed that that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 injury had also led to an air embolism.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 They said that in their opinion th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 embolism }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 resulted from a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 termination }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 which had been badly performed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 14\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 The petitioner\rquote s }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 own }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 case was presented essentially in the form of a lengthy }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 and detailed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 unsworn statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 He called no }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 other }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 witnesses.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 He said that when he first examined }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 on }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 19 March 2003, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 he concluded that she was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13201180\charrsid2242935 about }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 twelve weeks pregnant, but that she was in the process of miscarrying at that time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 He gave her medication to prevent infection and told her to return on Friday.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 By then, according to the petitioner, she had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112742\charrsid2242935 fully }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 miscarried.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 As a result he carried out a procedure, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086950\charrsid2242935 commonly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 known as a curette, to evacuate the product of the pregnancy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 15\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 The petitioner said that when }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112742\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 returned on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112742\charrsid2242935 the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 Friday evening, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112742\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 was conscious and able to walk.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 Unfortunately, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112742\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 refused to take her with him because of the problem at the hostel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 This meant that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112742\charrsid2242935 there was no alternative other to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 allow her to remain in the surgery overnight.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 When the petitioner was contacted by his receptionist the following morning, he immediately went to the surgery.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 However, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112742\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7888274\charrsid2242935 by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112742\charrsid2242935 then }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 already dead.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 The petitioner considered that she had probably died as a result of an air embolism caused by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7888274\charrsid2242935 her }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 having moved her legs.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6972529\charrsid2242935 This meant that air}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9194104\charrsid2242935 had been taken into the uterus, and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7888274\charrsid2242935 had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9194104\charrsid2242935 entered the blood stream.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9194104\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 16\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9194104\charrsid2242935 The opinion of each assessor was that the petitioner was guilty.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9194104\charrsid2242935 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112742\charrsid2242935 trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9194104\charrsid2242935 judge then delivered }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10112742\charrsid2242935 reasons for }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9194104\charrsid2242935 judgment in which he expressed agreement with the assessors, convicted the pe titioner, and gave his reasons for doing so.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9194104 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\insrsid10688274\charrsid3357641 The }{\b\insrsid2236710\charrsid3357641 fresh evidence }{\b\insrsid8338146\charrsid3357641 question}{\b\insrsid5930811\charrsid3357641 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10688274\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 17\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10688274\charrsid2242935 Originally, the petitioner confined his challenge to his conviction, in this Court, to the judgment of the Court of Appeal which dismissed his appeal on 23 March 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 The petition seeking special leave to appeal from that judgment was filed on 2 May 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5930811 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2688824\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 18\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2688824\charrsid2242935 However, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 as recently as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2688824\charrsid2242935 5 September 2008, a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 second }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2688824\charrsid2242935 petition was filed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2688824\charrsid2242935 That most recent petition }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 sought special leave to appeal from what was plainly an interlocutory judgment, when the Court of Appeal, on 24 November 2006, refused the petitioner leave }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2688824\charrsid2242935 to adduce }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 further }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2688824\charrsid2242935 evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 at the hearing of his }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2688824\charrsid2242935 appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2688824 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 19\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 This Court has no power to hear and det ermine any appeal from an interlocutory judgment of the Court of Appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 Section 122(1) of the }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 Constitution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5318856\charrsid2242935 provides that the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 jurisdiction }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5318856\charrsid2242935 of this Court is limited }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771\charrsid2242935 to hearing and determining appeals from final judgments of the Court of Appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1902771 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5318856\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 20\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5318856\charrsid2242935 Nonethel ess, it is well established that where an earlier interlocutory judgment has influenced the outcome of a later final judgment, an appeal against that final judgment may be based on an error in the earlier interlocutory judgment.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1911030\charrsid2242935 See generally }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1911030\charrsid2242935 Crowley v Glissan}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1911030\charrsid2242935 (1905) 2 CLR 402 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1911030\charrsid2242935 and }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1911030\charrsid2242935 Gerlach v Clifton Bricks Pty Ltd}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1911030\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1911030\charrsid2242935 (2002) 209 CLR 478.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5318856\charrsid2242935 The consequence of this is that there was no need for a second petition to be filed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5318856\charrsid2242935 An error on the part of the Court of Appeal in the fresh evidence judgment can form the basis of a successful challenge to the later substantive judgment.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5318856 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5318856\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 21\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5318856\charrsid2242935 There is no doubt that the Court of Appeal has power, for good and sufficient reason, to receive fresh evidence, or what is sometimes termed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5318856\charrsid2242935 new}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5318856\charrsid2242935 evidence}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5318856\charrsid2242935 on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1531590\charrsid2242935 The circumstances in which that power will be exercised have been the subject of numerous statements of principle in the authorities.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2236710 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1531590\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 22\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1531590\charrsid2242935 Before this Court, the petitioner }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15546517\charrsid2242935 relied upon an affidavit sworn }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1531590\charrsid2242935 by him }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15546517\charrsid2242935 on 30}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1531590\charrsid2242935 \~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15546517\charrsid2242935 July 2008 in support of his }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1531590\charrsid2242935 challenge to the fresh evidence judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1531590\charrsid2242935 That affidavit was sworn to support an extension of time f or the filing of the petition relating to that judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1531590\charrsid2242935 As no separate petition was required to challenge}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1531590\charrsid2242935 judgment, there was no need to seek an extension of time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1531590 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8066106\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 23\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8066106\charrsid2242935 In support of his application to adduce fresh evidence in the Court of Appeal, t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15546517\charrsid2242935 he petitioner re}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8066106\charrsid2242935 lied upon }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15546517\charrsid2242935 two previous affidavits sworn by him }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8066106\charrsid2242935 in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15546517\charrsid2242935 October 2006, and}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8066106\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15546517\charrsid2242935 February 2007.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8066106\charrsid2242935 In those affidavits, the petitioner foreshadowed leading fresh evidence from Dr\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4808766\charrsid2242935 Andrew}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860239\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15546517\charrsid2242935 Mackintosh, a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8066106\charrsid2242935 highly qualified }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15546517\charrsid2242935 special}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2236710\charrsid2242935 ist}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15546517\charrsid2242935 gynaecologist}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8066106\charrsid2242935 resident in New Zealand, and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8066106\charrsid2242935 new}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8066106\charrsid2242935 evidence from Dr\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976\charrsid2242935 John}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860239\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15546517\charrsid2242935 W}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860239\charrsid2242935 hittaker,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 a highly qualified }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8066106\charrsid2242935 gynaecologist }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 also resident in New Zealand }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860239\charrsid2242935 who had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8066106\charrsid2242935 given evidence for the State at the petitioner\rquote s }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860239\charrsid2242935 trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860239 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3764304\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 24\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3764304\charrsid2242935 As previously indicated, the State called a number of medical witnesses at the petitioner\rquote s trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3764304\charrsid2242935 In fact there were five such witnesses, including a forensic pathologist, a toxicologist and Dr\~Whittaker. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3764304\charrsid2242935 The defence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 did }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3764304\charrsid2242935 not call any medical witnesses of its own, though the petitioner gave detailed medical evidence in his unsworn statement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3764304\charrsid2242935 It will be recalled that he attributed Poonam\rquote s death to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 an}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3764304\charrsid2242935 air embolism.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 25\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 At trial, Dr\~Whittaker\rquote s evidence was significant.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 He had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 not seen }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126495\charrsid2242935 Poonam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 \rquote s body}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 , but was asked to give his opinion from a number of documents and photographs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 He was principally asked to say whether, in his opinion, the evidence pointed to a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 termination, or whether it suggested a miscarriage leading to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 an evacuation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 His conclusion was that there had been a termination,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 and that it had been }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 carried out quite late in the pregnancy}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 His opinion was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 that as a result of the forceful dilation of the cervix}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 an injury occurred}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 which le}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 d to major blood loss.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 He}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 went on to say that at that point }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126495\charrsid2242935 Poonam}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 should have been transferred to a major hospital.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 However, that did not occur }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 As }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 a result of the absence of good care from that point onwa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 rds, she bled to death.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115475\charrsid2242935 Shock had resulted from }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859\charrsid2242935 major blood loss.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8128859 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 26\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Whittaker\rquote s evidence was plainly very damaging to the petitioner.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 His opinions were squarely at odds with the petitioner\rquote s own account of what had occurred.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 Nonetheless, it was not until a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 fter the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 trial had been completed that the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 defence sent the papers in the case to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Mackintosh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4808766\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 seeking }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4808766\charrsid2242935 his opinion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4808766\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 27\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4808766\charrsid2242935 Dr\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 Mackintosh, in his affidavit, explained that he had been provided with copies of the documentary evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 led }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 at the trial, and also the evidence of ten of the witnesses}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 who testified.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 These included }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 all }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 medical witnesses.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 He }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 said that he }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 had discuss}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4808766\charrsid2242935 ed the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 case with Dr\~Whittaker, whom he knew, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 and with other }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 specialist }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 obstetricians and gynaecologists}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 He had also spoken to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 anaesthetists }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 experience in this area.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 Indeed, he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 said that he }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 had also spoken to a coroner.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4808766\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 28\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4808766\charrsid2242935 Dr\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 Mackintosh\rquote s conclusion was that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 there had been no }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 termination of pregnancy.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 He }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 said that he considered it }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 more likely that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 there had been }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 a curette after a partial miscarriage.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 In his }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 opinion, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 the most probable cause of death }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 wa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 s respiratory failure caused by a number of factors including }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 what he described as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 the synergic effects}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 of the medi}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1993898\charrsid2242935 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 ations given.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 29\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 There was also before the Court of Appeal an application to adduce further evidence from Dr Whittaker.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 He had not at that stage, in the available time, been able to prepare an affidavit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260\charrsid2242935 However, he had written}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 a letter setting out the nature of the evidence he now wished to give.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 That letter commenced:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15926260 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 I have looked at additional written material pertaining to the trial of Dr}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976\charrsid2242935 \~}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 Mudaliar at which I was employed as an expert witness for the prosecution.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 This material was not available to me at that time and after discussing the material with Dr\~ Mackintosh I do agree that there are some areas of uncertainty that were not apparent to me at the time of the trial.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114150\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 30\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal observed that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Whittaker had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 no}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 t explained in his letter }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 what the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 additional written material}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 to which }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 he had }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 referred consisted of, and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 had provided }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 no explanation of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 what he meant by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 pertaining to the trial}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 In the remainder of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 letter he }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 merely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 pointed out that he was no}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114150\charrsid2242935 w}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 uncertain, or had doubts about the conclusions he had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 earlier }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506\charrsid2242935 expressed at the trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9049506 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3292209\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 31\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3292209\charrsid2242935 The application to adduce }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 further }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3292209\charrsid2242935 evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 before the Court of Appeal was based upon s \~28 of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 Court of Appeal Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3292209\charrsid2242935 That section relevantly provides that the Court of Appeal may, if it thinks it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3292209\charrsid2242935 necessary or expedient in the interest of justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3292209\charrsid2242935 receive}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 such }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3292209\charrsid2242935 evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3292209 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 32\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal referred to several authorities in dealing with this application.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 It cited }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 Ladd v Marshall}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 [1954] 3 All ER 745 where Lord Den ning stated that there were three preconditions to the reception of such evidence on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 These were:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls48\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 the evidence could not have been obtained prior to the trial by reasonable diligence; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}it must be such as could have had a substantial influence on the result and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484\charrsid2242935 it must be apparently credible.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13897484 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 33\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 Their Lordships next referred to }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070\charrsid2242935 Waiske Tuimereke and Anor v State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070\charrsid2242935 [1998] Cr App AAU 11/97, 14 August 1998 in which }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 the Court of Appeal considered the principles governing the reception of fresh evidence in criminal matter}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 They referred }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 to }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 Ratten v R}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 (1974) 131 CLR 510 and }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 Lawless v R}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 (1979) 142 CLR 659, two of the leading High Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 of Australia }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 authorities }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 in which }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070\charrsid2242935 the subject of fresh evidence in criminal matters w}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 as}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070\charrsid2242935 canvassed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 In b}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070\charrsid2242935 oth }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070\charrsid2242935 Ratten}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070\charrsid2242935 and }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070\charrsid2242935 Lawless}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070\charrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 the High Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070\charrsid2242935 focussed upon the expression }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070\charrsid2242935 miscarriage of justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070\charrsid2242935 in the context of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 intermediate appellate courts dealing with criminal matters.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 34\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 Ratten}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 , Barwick CJ observed that there would be a miscarriage of justice if the jury did not have before it evidence not available to the appellant at the time of his trial which, if believed by the jury, was likely to lead to an acquittal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 His Honour added, however, that there would be no miscarriage of justice simply because evidence which was available to the appellant}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 actually or constructively}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 was not called, even though it might appear that if that evidence had been called, and believed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5184677\charrsid2242935 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 a different verdict would most likely have resulted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10695070 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 35\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 in the fresh evidence judgment }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 noted that Barwick CJ\rquote s analysis had been accepted in }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 this country }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 by the Supreme Court in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 Swadesh Singh v State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 [2005] CAV 7/05.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 There the Court stated: \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 The well established general rule is that fresh evidence will be admitted on appeal if that evidence is properly capable of acceptance, likely to be accepted by the trial court and is so cogent that, in a new trial, it is likely to produce a different ver dict \'85}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 36\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 Finally, the Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 , in the fresh evidence judgment,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 observed that similar views had been expressed in New Zealand}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 See generally }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 R v Bain}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 [2004] 1 NZLR 638.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 There}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15159929\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 however}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15159929\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 Tipping J }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 had }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367\charrsid2242935 added}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 a caution:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9129367 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 Ordinarily if the evidence }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976\charrsid2242935 could, with reasonable diligence, have been called at the trial, it will not qualify as sufficiently fresh.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976\charrsid2242935 This is not an immutable rule because the overriding criterion is always what course will best serve the interests of justice.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2496976\charrsid2242935 The public interest in preserving the finality of jury verdicts means that those accused of crimes must put up their best case at trial and must do so after diligent }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 preparation.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10181881 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15159929\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 37\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10181881 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal then applied these principles to the facts of this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 It noted that counsel for }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 the petitioner had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 acknowledged that other medical evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 , such as that belatedly obtained from Dr\~Mackintosh, could b}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10638508\charrsid2242935 y}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 reasonable diligence, have been obtained prior to trial.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 The petitioner }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 had sworn that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 the decision not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 to call any such evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 had been taken on the advice of his trial counsel, and suggested that that advice had been i}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 ncompetent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10181881 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 38\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5260319 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 dealt with that suggestion in the following way}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299\charrsid2242935 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14907299 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3357641 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 [24]\tab We must decide wh}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2753405\charrsid2242935 ether the evidence is fresh in }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 the sense that it could not have been ascertained prior to the trial with reasonable }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 diligence}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 With respect to Mr\~Haig}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15360266\charrsid2242935 h}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 \rquote s submission, his suggestion about the competence of counsel tends to negate his suggestion that it is fresh.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 The fact it was not obtained because of the decision of }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 counsel}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 , incompetent or not, demonstrates that such evidence was available before the trial. \par \par [25]\tab The applicant deposes that he discussed this issue with his counsel a number of times in the period of nearly three years between his arrest and the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 trial}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 Counsel\rquote }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15159929\charrsid2242935 s}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 advice, which he accepted, was that the defence should not call any separate medical evidence and should seek instead to discredit the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 prosecution}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 evidence by cross examination. \par \par [26]\tab A further }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 hurdle}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 is that the affidavit makes it clear enquiries were in fact made and }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15159929\charrsid2242935 a report obtained but rejected by counsel because}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 he felt i}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15159929\charrsid2242935 t}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 was unnecessary}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 } {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 It is also relevant that alternative medical }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 opinion}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 could have been obtained from specialists }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 available}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 at the time in Fi ji, two of whom were called by the defence in mitigation. \par \par [27]\tab There could have been a number of reas}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 ons why counsel took that course.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 In the appeal it will no doubt be argued fully and we do not speculate further.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 However, we bear in mind that defence counsel also had the assistance of his own client\rquote s expertise on all professional medical matters whether or not additional witnesses were called.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13241553\charrsid2242935 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 \par [28]\tab The affidavit of Dr\~Mackintosh does not raise any fresh matters of fact.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 It is simply an opinion based on information which was supplied to him and which could equally have been supplied before the trial.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 39\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10817420\charrsid2242935 In dealing with the further evidence sought to be adduced from Dr\~Whittaker, the Court of Appeal reasoned as follows:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3357641 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 [29]\tab Dr Whittaker refers to additional (unspecified) written material.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 He gives no explanation of the actual grounds for his change of opinion; he simply sets out what he suggests are the six components of the two questions he had originally been asked and, in respect of four, states h}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 e}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 is uncertain and in another that he no longer holds the same view. \par \par [30]\tab Where any witness has second thoughts about his evidence based on nothing more than a reconsideration of the same information, we cannot accept that satisfies the test of fresh evidence.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 Mr\~Gibson for the respon}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 dent}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 has told the Court that, should there be a retrial he would not call this witness.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 That is not surprising as the witness is likely to be considered to have been discredited.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 The same problem will face the defence if it should seek to call him instead. \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-823\li1560\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1560\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3894976 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 [31]}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 \tab In }{\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 R v Flower}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 [1965] 1 QB 146 it was stated:}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12136764\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-964\li1701\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1701\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11042479 {\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2753405\charrsid2242935 Witnesses may have second thoughts for a variety of reasons.}{\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2753405\charrsid2242935 Some become emotionally disturbed, others brood on the effect of their evidence, whilst others are subject to more tangible pressures to induce them to depart from the truth.}{\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2753405\charrsid2242935 It is the witness\rquote s state of mind at the trial which matters and this ought to be judged by reference to the circumstances prevailing at the time.}{ \b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2753405\charrsid2242935 It is trite to say that every case depends on its own facts but in our view there is no general requirement for a new trial merely because the witness\rquote s account in this court differs from that given in the court below.}{ \b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2753405\charrsid2242935 So much depends in every case upon the reason, if any, given by the witness for having changed his or her testimony. \'85 [The witness] gives no acceptable explanation of the reasons for her having changed her story and we feel compelled to reject the evidence.}{\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11042479 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2753405\charrsid2242935 [32]\tab T}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 he position where the witness seeking to change his evidence is an expert involves further considerations.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 Clearly any expert may consider that recent professional research or newly formed specialist opinion means that his previous opinion is consequently sus}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6557481\charrsid2242935 pect.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6557481\charrsid2242935 In such a case, the court}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 would be likely to consider that a sufficie}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2753405\charrsid2242935 nt reason for the change and, i}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 f the other tests are satisfied, allow it to be introduced to the appeal.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 But Dr Whittaker\rquote s new evidence does not fall into that category.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 He does not suggest any new facts or advances in medical knowledge since the trial to persuade him away from this earlier opinion.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 He has simply developed doubts.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 That may be understandable in the case of a lay witness but an expert witness is in a special position.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 He has given his professional opinion and any change will only be credible if it is clearly stated to be based on fresh information earlier about the facts upon which it was founded or in the specialist expertise upon which the determination was based.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6904582\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 40\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 It was on the basis of these considerations that the Court of Appeal refused the application to adduce the evidence of Dr\~Mackintosh, or that of Dr\~Whittaker.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7888274 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325894\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 41\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325894\charrsid2242935 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 petitioner submitted }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325894\charrsid2242935 before this Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325894\charrsid2242935 Court of Appeal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325894\charrsid2242935 approached its task, in dealing with the proposed further evidence}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7888274\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325894\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 in}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325894\charrsid2242935 correctly.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 He submitted that the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325894\charrsid2242935 fact }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325894\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Mackintosh}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 \rquote s evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16325894\charrsid2242935 could, with reasonable diligence, have been }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7888274\charrsid2242935 procured }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 before trial was not}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 as the Court below thought, a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 virtually }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 insuperable barrier to its reception on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 He further submitted that Dr\~Whittaker\rquote s evidence, though presented in a sparse and somewhat unsatisfactory manner, ought to have been regarded, if not as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 fresh}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 then }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 at least as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 new}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828\charrsid2242935 , and as warranting consideration in the appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047828 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 42\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4616535\charrsid2242935 t is necessary to say a little more about the contents of the proposed fresh evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4616535\charrsid2242935 Dr Mackintosh\rquote s affidavit, sworn on 18\~ October 2006, commences with a recital of his professional qualifications.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4616535\charrsid2242935 They }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 appear to be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4616535\charrsid2242935 impressive, and nothing }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 more }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4616535\charrsid2242935 need be said about them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4616535\charrsid2242935 There is no suggestion that he is anything other a highly qualified}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 expert in his field}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4616535\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860239 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 43\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 There is no doubt that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4616535\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Mackintosh }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 had available to him a great deal of material relating to the death of Poonam.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 He deposes to having read that material, and to having discussed it with Dr\~Whittaker.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Mackintosh said that he had also discussed the events}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 surrounding Poonam\rquote s death with a number of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 other obstetricians and gynaecologists}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 in New Zealand}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 , and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 with an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 anaesthetist experience}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 d in this general area}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4616535 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 44\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 According to Dr\~Mackintosh t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 he post morte}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 m}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 and toxicology information provided showed that there was blood in the uterine cavity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 There was some air in the cerebral vessels and cardiac chambers, but }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 did not think that this was a major factor in }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 having contributed to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 the death of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid867704\charrsid2242935 the deceased}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 He noted that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 she had also had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 a resolving lung infection.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 45\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Mackintosh comment ed on the confused state of the evidence regarding the gestation of the pregnancy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 and the degree of blood loss.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076\charrsid2242935 He commented that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 as regards gestation, the observations }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 by Dr\~Hazratwala }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 were by abdominal palpation only.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 The most accurate way of assessing the period of gestation was by ultrasound examination, which had not been carried out.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 The second most accurate way was by the patient defining her last menstrual period, or how many menstrual periods she had missed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 In this case, the evidence was that she had missed two periods.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 The third most accurate way was by way of abdominal palpation, but this was not necessarily very accurate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10302076 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 46\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Mackintosh }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 said }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 that there was little doubt that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 had suffered some blood loss at the time of losing he}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 r}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 intrauterine contents}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 He }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 expressed the opinion that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 some of this blood loss }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 may have occurred at home.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 had also given a history of blood loss prior to seeing the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Hazratwala}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 Importantly, t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 here was no evidence of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 significant }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 loss of blood in the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 petitioner\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 surgery.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 47\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934\charrsid2242935 In dealing with the probable scenario, and the sequence of events leading to the death, Dr\~Mackintosh expressed the opinion that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 , based on Abhikesh\rquote s }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 observation that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 she had sustained }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 some blood loss before seei ng }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 Dr Hazratwala}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126495\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 had been }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 threatening to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 miscarry }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 even }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 at that stage.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 The doctor }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 referred to the petitioner\rquote s unsworn }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 statement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 , and concluded that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 what he had told the assessors }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 was consistent with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5980406\charrsid2242935 the external observations made }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 by others.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 According to the petitioner, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126495\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 had told }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 him }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 that she had lost the foetus in }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 her }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 toilet}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 at her home}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 hat meant that the miscarriage was incomplete when she was seen by him in his rooms.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Mackintosh said t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 his would be a common enough event if the pr egnancy were 12 to 14 weeks, as the petitioner claimed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 However}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 it would be un}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 likely if the foetus were 18 to 20 weeks}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 , as Dr Hazratwala had believed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 48\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 Importantly, Dr\~Mackintosh said that there would be some blood los}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 during any curette carried out by the petitioner.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 There was blood seen on her undergarments which, from the description, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 would }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 about }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 the amount expected.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 There was also evidence from }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 supporting }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 this miscarriage }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8680421\charrsid2242935 thesis.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 In Dr\~Mackintosh\rquote s opinion t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 he blood loss theory put forward by the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 State at the petitioner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 s trial }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 was doubtful, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 far less }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 blood }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 having been }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 detected in the surgery than would have been the ca}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 se had there been a termination, as alleged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2257934 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 49\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Mackintosh said that fo llowing a curette, assuming that that was what had occurred, there appeared to have been some bleeding into the uterine cavity as this was observed by the pathologists.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 Clot retention within the uterine cavity following a curette}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 would not be uncommon}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 It could }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 cause the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 uterus }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 to enlarge, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 bring about }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 haemorrhage.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 The blood }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 would be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 retained and }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 would }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 not seep through the cervix}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 into the vagina.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 This }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 too }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 appeared to be consistent with the observations}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 made by the pathologist}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 50\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 Commenting on the medication administered by the petitioner, Dr\~ Mackintosh said that this would produce respiratory depression}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 and a synergic reaction.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 If }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126495\charrsid2242935 Poonam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283335\charrsid2242935 had been }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816\charrsid2242935 recovering from a chest infection (and there was some evidence to suggest that she had a cold at the time) }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 it could well be that the cause of death was, in fact, respiratory failure, primarily caused by the synergic effect of the medi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 ation administered.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 He said that the medication used was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 rather antiquated}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 and, although very effective, no}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 longer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 used in New Zealand because of the risk of respiratory failure}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 and the possibility of a marked synergic effect.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 He commented that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 based on her appearance, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126495\charrsid2242935 Poonam }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 could well have been anaemic.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 That fact, coupled with the blood loss that she had sustained as a result of the curette, the possibility that she may have been recovering from a cold, and the effects of the medication given to her, could well have resulted in respiratory failure which led to death.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11016816 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 51\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 It is unnecessary to spell out in }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 any }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 further detail the contents of Dr\~Mackintosh\rquote s affidavit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 In short, he was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 highly }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 critical of the evidence given by the various medical witnesses called by the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 State }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 at the trial.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684\charrsid2242935 He rejected entirely the proposition that the pregnancy had been of 20 weeks gestation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 H}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 e }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 explained that Poonam, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 having been a thin Indian woman of probably less than 50 kilograms in weight}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 was more likely to have been about }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 12 to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 14 weeks pregnant.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 The assumption that she died from blood loss could not be sustained.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 A much more likely}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 scenario }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 was that she did not lose anything like the two }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 three litres of blood that would have been necessary to result in death from this cause, but }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 rather }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 significantly }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 less than one litre.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 Had there been }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 massive blood loss, the petitioner would }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 certainly }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 have needed to clean up the surgery }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 on the Friday evening, after Abhikesh had left}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 re was nothing to suggest that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 h}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 had }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 done so}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 Moreover, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 here were no instruments }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 found by the police }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 in the petitioner\rquote s surgery }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036830\charrsid2242935 capable of having been used }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 to carry out a termination }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 of a 20 week old foetus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210684 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 52\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 In conclusion, Dr\~Mackintosh }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 reiterated }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 that it was his belief that the petitioner had not carried out an abortion.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 It was more likely than not, in his view, that he had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 simply performed a curette after Poonam had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 partial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4656076\charrsid2242935 ly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 miscarriage}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11224542\charrsid2242935 d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 at home.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 53\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 As previously indicated}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11224542\charrsid2242935 , Dr\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 Whittaker did not swear an affidavit.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 However, by letter dated 9 October 2008, addressed to the petitioner\rquote s senior counsel in Auckland, he reported that he had examined additional material pertaining to the petitioner \rquote s trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 He said that this material had not been available to him at the time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 After discussing the matter with Dr\~Mackintosh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 he agreed that there were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 some areas of uncertainty}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 not apparent to him at the time of the trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 54\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 Having previously }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 sworn at the petitioner\rquote s trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 it was his opinion that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 the petitioner had carried out a termination, he now said that he was uncertain, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 and even doubtful}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681\charrsid2242935 that this was so.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 He accepted that she had not been 18 to 20 weeks pregnant, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 as Dr Hazratwala had said, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 but more likely, based on two missed menstrual periods, about 12 weeks pregnant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 He now accepted that t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 he cervical tear that had previously caused him to conclude that there had been an abortion }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 may have been }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 caused by a curette.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 In answer to the question whether the patient should have been transferred from the petitioner\rquote s rooms}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 in the absence of visible bleeding, he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 now said that he could no longer }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 state that this would be expected, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 at least }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 in Fiji, at the time }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 this incident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 Finally, he resiled from his earlier conclusion that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 Poonam had bled to death.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 He now said }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 bleeding had only been }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 one of several factors that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 contribut ed to her }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 demise.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6837681 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 55\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal considered both the affidavit and the letter, but determined that neither gave rise to any basis }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 for calling }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Mackintosh, or Dr\~Whittaker on the appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 In arriving at that conclusion, their Lordships }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 said that they }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 were }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 greatly }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 influenced by the choice that the petitioner }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 had }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186\charrsid2242935 made, on the advice of his trial counsel, not to seek out and obtain medical evidence to support his case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6568728\charrsid2242935 In that regard the petitioner had adopted a particular course}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 He }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6568728\charrsid2242935 had to bear the consequences of having done so.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7695186 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6568728\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 56\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6568728\charrsid2242935 In addition, the Court of Appeal regarded the letter prepared by Dr\~ Whittaker as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15611849\charrsid2242935 wholly }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6568728\charrsid2242935 inadequate, in the circumstances, to form a basis for granting leave to adduce further evidence from him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6568728 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4606784\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 57\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4606784\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 , having considered mainly Australian authority}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4606784\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 on the subject of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4606784\charrsid2242935 fresh evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11224542\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4606784\charrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 might have referred to High Court decisions more recent than }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4606784\charrsid2242935 Ratten}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4606784\charrsid2242935 and }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4606784\charrsid2242935 Lawless.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 Th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11224542\charrsid2242935 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 cases now firmly establish that at common law, a distinction is drawn between }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 fresh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 evi dence, that is to say evidence which was not known to the appellant at the time of his trial, and which could not have been discovered by him with reasonable diligence, and evidence which is merely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 new}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 See for example }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 Gallagher v The Queen}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 (1986) 160 CLR 392 at 402 and 410; and }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 Mickelberg v The Queen}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 (1989) 167 CLR 259 at 301.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 Evidence which was either available, or could with reasonable diligence have been discovered, before trial is not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 fresh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 58\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 Mallard v The Queen}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 (2003) 28 WAR 1 the Western Australian Court of Appeal discussed the application of this distinction in criminal cases.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 The Court observed (at [14]): \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 ... as was noted in Ratten, the accused person in the case of a criminal trial is afforded considerable latitude, becau se of the difficulty of the accused's position and the discrepancy between the resources perceived to be available to the Crown and to the accused. Evidence not actually available to an accused will often be treated as fresh evidence, notwithstanding that it could on a narrow view have been discovered by diligent inquiry. That is something which falls to be evaluated having regard to the circumstances of each case.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 59\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 Strictly speaking, if evidence is not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 fresh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 but merely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 new}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 an appellate court will q uash a guilty verdict only if that evidence either shows the appellant to be innocent, or raises such a doubt about his or her guilt in the mind of the court that the verdict should not be allowed to stand.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 60\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 A less stringent threshold applies to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 fresh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 evidence.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 As }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 Gallagher}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 explains, where there is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 fresh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 evidence, an appellate court will conclude that the trial involved a miscarriage of justice if the court considers that there is a significant possibility that the jury, acting reasonably, would hav e acquitted the appellant if that evidence had been before it at the trial: at 399 per Gibbs CJ and at 402 per Mason and Deane JJ.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 61\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 Plainly, a decision }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid97763\charrsid2242935 deliberately taken by an accused }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6624432\charrsid2242935 not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6624432\charrsid2242935 adduce }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6624432\charrsid2242935 of a particular kind }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 at trial will weigh heavily against its reception on appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6624432\charrsid2242935 However, n}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 o invariable rule concerning the failure to call }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6624432\charrsid2242935 such }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5116531\charrsid2242935 evidence can or should be laid down}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6624432\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6624432\charrsid2242935 The discretion conferred upon the Court must be exercised judicially, but having due regard to the interests of justice, above all else.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4606784 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6624432\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 62\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6624432\charrsid2242935 Having given this matter careful consideration, we are not persuaded that the Court of Appeal erred, in the exercise of its discretion, in rejecting the petitioner\rquote s application to adduce the evidence of Dr\~Mackintosh, and that of Dr\~ Whittaker, in the subst}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641 antive appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6624432 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3357641 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3357641\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\insrsid10369537\charrsid1118771 T}{\b\insrsid12596266\charrsid1118771 he }{\b\insrsid6624432\charrsid1118771 original petition}{\b\insrsid12596266\charrsid1118771 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 63\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal, in its substantive judgment, grouped the grounds of appeal into five main topics.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 The first point taken was that the indictment was bad for duplicity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 The Court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 of Appeal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 rejected that ground, and an associated complaint of latent uncertainty.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 Although these points were taken again in the petition to this Court,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 Mr\~Haig}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15360266\charrsid2242935 h}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 QC, on behalf of the petitioner, conceded that any}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 problems there may have been with regard }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 to these matters had been }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 overcome}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 by the trial judge\rquote s reasons for judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 The ground was not pressed before us, and nothing more need be said about it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 64\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 The next matter raised before the Court of Appeal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 , and repeated in the petition to this Court,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 concerned the failure on the part of the trial judge to}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 provide to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 the assessors an accomplice warning.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 The petitioner\rquote s case }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 is, and always has been}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11224542\charrsid2242935 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 that Abhikesh was an accomplice, and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 that the trial judge was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 therefore }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 obliged to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 have warned the assessors of the dangers of convicting on his evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 , in the absence of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 corroborat}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 ion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 The}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 State has always taken the position }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 that Abhikesh was not an accomplice, and that no such warning was required.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 65\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal observed, correctly}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 that the evidence of Abhikesh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 was of central importance to the prosecution case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 It was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 who described }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 what }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 had occurred when }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126495\charrsid2242935 Poonam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 saw Dr\~Hazratwala.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11224542\charrsid2242935 Dr\~Hazratwala }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 had little, if any, recollection of having seen }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126495\charrsid2242935 Poonam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 , or examined her.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 It was Abhikesh }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 who }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126772\charrsid2242935 said that Dr Hazratwala had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 stated Poonam was about }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 20 weeks }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 pregnant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 It was }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 who }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 described what had occurred }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 at the petitioner\rquote s surgery on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 19 March 2003, and again two days later.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 It was he who }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 described }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126495\charrsid2242935 Poonam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 \rquote s condition as being consistent with the prosecution case, and in direct contrast to the petitioner\rquote s account.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 It was Abhikesh who gave evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 that he had withdrawn }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 sum of $950 from the bank}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 to pay for what he said was a termination}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 though as the trial judge properly pointed out to the assessors, that sum could just as well have been required to meet the expenses incurred through the performance of a curette.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 66\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 It was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 no doubt in order to make the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 of Abhikesh }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 available }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 to the State }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 that he was granted }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 total }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 immunity from prosecution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15618497\charrsid2242935 He could of course, on his own admission, have been charged with counselling or procuring, or aiding or abetting, an unlawful abortion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 67\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 C}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 ourt of Appeal concluded that Abhikesh was not an accomplice within the meaning of that term}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 as }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 explained by the House of Lords in}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 Davies v DPP}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 (1954) 38 C App }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 R }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 at 11.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh was not }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 particeps criminis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 in the offence of manslaughter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 He was only involved}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 , if at all,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 in the carrying out of the abortion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 As such}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 no warning as to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 dangers }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 convicting upon his evidence in the absence of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 corroboration was necessary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12596266 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 68\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 In arriving at that conclusion the Court of Appeal had regard to s\~ 21 of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 Penal Code}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 That section could, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 in theory,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1262476\charrsid2242935 have rendered Abhikesh an accomplice to the charge of manslaughter}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 However, as the Court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 of Appeal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 noted, it would be difficult to accept that an abortion performed by }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 experienced gynaecologist, such as the petitioner, would }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 probably}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 have }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 led to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126495\charrsid2242935 Poonam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 \rquote s death}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 Accordingly, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 so the Court of Appeal held, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh could not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 properly }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 have been regarded as an accomplice to manslaughter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 69\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 Having }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid793330\charrsid2242935 arrived at that conclusion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 , the Court of Appeal went on to observe that the trial judge had still acted correctly in directing the assessors t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610\charrsid2242935 o scrutinise the evidence of Abhikesh with care.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610\charrsid2242935 His Lordship had told them to approach that evidence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610\charrsid2242935 with caution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610\charrsid2242935 He had directed them t o look for items of evidence independent of the evidence of Abhikesh that would confirm parts of his account.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610\charrsid2242935 Regrettably, in their Lordship \rquote s view, even after giving these directions, the trial judge had then watered them down, to some degree, by adding:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610\charrsid2242935 Although it is not entirely clear how his position would be improved by saying that it was an abortion procedure rather than an attendance to}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11224542\charrsid2242935 a miscarriage, it is possible he}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610\charrsid2242935 may have wished to please the police rather than to tell the truth.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11224542\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 70\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11224542\charrsid2242935 The trial judge}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610\charrsid2242935 did }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 remind the assessors that Abhikesh had been granted immunity from prosecution}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2444610\charrsid2242935 He }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873\charrsid2242935 told them that this related to his possibly having been implicated in the abortion itself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1192141\charrsid2242935 What he failed to do was to explain to the assessors precisely why Abhikesh\rquote s evidence may have been tainted by an improper motive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1192141\charrsid2242935 That is a fundamental aspect of any accomplice warning, but it applies with equal force to those cases in which, though technically an accomplice warning is not required, a warning closely analogous thereto should be given.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8003873 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1192141\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 71\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1192141\charrsid2242935 The matter is dealt with at some length in Archbold }{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1192141\charrsid2242935 Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1192141\charrsid2242935 2007 at par 4-404n.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1192141\charrsid2242935 In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1192141\charrsid2242935 R v Beck}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3374809\charrsid2242935 [}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1192141\charrsid2242935 1982}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3374809\charrsid2242935 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1192141\charrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3374809\charrsid2242935 1 WLR 461 Ackner LJ giving the judgment of the Court of Appeal, referred to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3374809\charrsid2242935 the obligation upon a judge to advise a jury to proceed with caution where there is material to suggest that a witness\rquote s evidence may be tainted by an improper motive}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3374809\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3374809\charrsid2242935 Beck}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3374809\charrsid2242935 has been repeatedly applied in England.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 Chan Wei-keung v R}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 [1995] 2 C}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11224542\charrsid2242935 r}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 App 194 the Privy Council stressed that where a witness has potential ulterior motives, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11224542\charrsid2242935 such }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 as the hope of obtaining a discount in proceedings against himself, it is important that those ulterior motives should be put squarely before the jury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 Recently, a similar approach was taken in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3374809\charrsid2242935 Benedetto v R}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3374809\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3374809\charrsid2242935 [2003] 1 WLR 1545, dealing with confessions made to fellow prisoners.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1192141 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 72\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 It is not sufficient for a trial judge simply to warn assessors of the need for caution before acting on disputed evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 As will become clear }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh had a strong incentive to make his }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 evidence }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 of what had occurred conform to the pr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 osecution theory that Poonam had}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 attended the petitioner\rquote s surgery for a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 n abortion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 His initial account}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 was, of course, quite different, and}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 accorded with the petitioner\rquote s defence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 He }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 later }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 changed his story, and was granted immunity.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 The warning given by the trial judge in this case fell well short of what was required, and the Court of Appeal recognised that fact.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 Indeed, their Lordships described the trial judge\rquote s directions to the assessors as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 sparse to the stage of inadequacy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 73\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal also noted that the trial judge had incorrectly told } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2036546\charrsid2242935 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 assessors}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2036546\charrsid2242935 that a condition of the immunity }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 granted to Abhikesh }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2036546\charrsid2242935 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14636949\charrsid2242935 that he }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2036546\charrsid2242935 tell the truth.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2036546\charrsid2242935 Rather, the immunity was couched in the usual terms, namely it was given on the basis that Abhikesh would give evidence for the State in accordance with an earlier statement he had provided}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 That statement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2036546\charrsid2242935 implicated the petitioner.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10682399 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 74\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 O}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264013\charrsid2242935 f particular importance, the conditional nature of the immunity granted to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264013\charrsid2242935 carried the risk that he would adhere to his earlier statement to the police, whether or not it was true, because of the fear that he would face prosecution if he did not.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13264013 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 75\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 To make matters worse, the trial judge }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 directed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 the assessors that the petitioner\rquote s counsel }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 had not suggested }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 to Abhikesh that he had been press}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 ur}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 ed by the police}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5118902\charrsid2242935 That direction was}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 , unfortunately, incorrect.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 76\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 Despite these }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 significant }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 errors on the part of the trial judge, t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 he Court of Appeal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 ultimately concluded that the failure to give the assessors appropriate warnings regarding the evidence of Abhikesh had not led to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 a miscarriage of justice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 The}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 y did not invoke the proviso.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 77\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 ir Lordships reasoned as follows.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 Trial counsel }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 for the petitioner }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 failed to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 tak}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 e any }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 exception to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 the trial judge\rquote s }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 directions regarding }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 the way in which the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 assessors }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 should approach Abhikesh\rquote s evidence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 Counsel for the State }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 had raised that issue prior to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 closing addresse}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 s, and submitted that no accomplice warning should be given.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 Counsel for the petitioner }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 said that he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 had nothing to add.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 t the conclusion of the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 trial judge\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 summing up, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 counsel for the petitioner }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 took a number of exceptions, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 but }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 said nothing about the failure to give an adequate warning.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 78\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 obviously suspicious of all this.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 The record showed that, immediately after sentence, when }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 trial }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 counsel sought bail pending an appeal, he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10954608\charrsid2242935 submitted }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7159228\charrsid2242935 that the failure to give an appropriate warning would be one of the grounds that would be argued in any such appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 This suggested to the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 ir Lordships that trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 counsel }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 had }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 deliberately kep}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 the point for appeal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 rather than }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 raising it }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 to ensure a fair trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 79\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 With respect, this seems a somewhat harsh finding.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 There was a significant time lag between the date on which the accomplice issue was raised by counsel for the State,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 on 25\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 April 2006, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 and the date on which the petitioner }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 sentenced}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 on 17\~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 May 2006}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 His Lordship }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 summ}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 ed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 up to the assessors on }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 15\~May 2006.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 It is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 possible }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799651\charrsid2242935 that trial counsel failed to take exception }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 to the summing up, not as a deliberate ploy, but}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131\charrsid2242935 simply}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 in ignorance of the law on this subject.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 80\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 The earlier reference to the need for a warning had been made almost in passing, and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131\charrsid2242935 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 dealt with in less tha n one page of transcript.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 The main point of State counsel\rquote s submission was to persuade }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 the trial judge }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 that Abhikesh was not an accomplice, and that the fact he had been granted immunity should not attract a full corroboration warning.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 It may be that trial counsel }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 finally }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 realised, by the time that he made the bail application on behalf of his client}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14185454\charrsid2242935 that the warning had in fact been deficient.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 81\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 In any event, if the failure to give an appropriate direction in relation to Abhikesh\rquote s evide}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131\charrsid2242935 nce }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 led to}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131\charrsid2242935 a possible }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 error }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 on the part of the assessors, an}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131\charrsid2242935 d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 indeed, on the part of his Lordship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6758119\charrsid2242935 as well}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126903\charrsid2242935 because it failed to bring out }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 the dangers associated with acting upon that evidence, it would take a good deal to convince us that failure to take the exception }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126903\charrsid2242935 should be regarded as }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 fatal in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 Abhikesh was fundamental to the prosecution case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 His credibility was of critical importance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 The account that he gave dif}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131\charrsid2242935 fered starkly from}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131\charrsid2242935 that of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170\charrsid2242935 the petitioner.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 That suggests that the petitioner }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126903\charrsid2242935 may have }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 suffered serious prejudice by reason of a warning that was, in the circumstances, q}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131\charrsid2242935 uite inadequate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 82\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 The failure to give an adequate warning regarding corroboration wa}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131\charrsid2242935 s not the only error that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 the Court of Appeal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131\charrsid2242935 found }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126903\charrsid2242935 the trial judge\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 summing up to the assessors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 Counsel for the petitioner raised a number of matters, including defects in the directions regarding the burden of proof, which the Court of Appeal accepted as having been established.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 Some of these}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16279131\charrsid2242935 defects}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 might be seen as being of greater significance than}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 others.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 In any event,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 the Court of Appeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 concluded that none of this mattered.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 T}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 hough}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 it }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 describ}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 ed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 the}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 se various misdirections }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 unfortunate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 , the Court of Appeal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 concluded that the trial judge had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 cured the problem}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 because he had directed himself }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 correctly }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 in his reasons for judgment,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 once the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 assessors had }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 stated their opinions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 83\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 We shall return to whether that was a correct approach for the Court of Appeal to have }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 adopted }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 shortly.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 It is first necessary to identify }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 some of the specific}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 er}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 rors which the Court of Appeal concluded}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 had been made.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 84\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 Importantly, t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 heir Lordships }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 held }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 that the trial judge had failed adequately to summarise the evidence to the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 assessors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 The summary was of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 particular importance in this case because of the unfortunate fact that, at the conclusion of counsels \rquote closing addresses, the Court adjourned for eighteen days before his Lordship summed up.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 It was clear that the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 j}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 udge had arranged to go abroad, and the t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 rial }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 clearly took longer than anticipated.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal described this delay as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 unfortunate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2695656\charrsid2242935 in a trial with assessors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 With respect that seems an understatement}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6580170 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 85\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 concluded}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 that the trial judge had not adequately put the defence case}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 to the assessors}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 Apart from cross-examination, that case was presented entirely in the petitioner\rquote s own statement from the dock.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 Their Lordships }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 observed at par [55] }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 of their reasons for judgment }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 that in such a case }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 the judge should always ensure that the accused\rquote s statement is put clearly to the assessors, if necessary by reading it to them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 The} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 y}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 observed }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 that the medical evidence in this case }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9122830\charrsid2242935 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 of critical importance.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 The petitioner }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid149988\charrsid2242935 had given a detailed account of various medical matters in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 his unsworn statement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid149988\charrsid2242935 which, incidentally, ran for some thirteen pages of single space text in the record of the Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid149988\charrsid2242935 Although some weeks had passed from the time the unsworn statement was made to the date of the summing up, the trial judge did not remind the assessors of wh at the petitioner had said save in one or two brief paragraphs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid149988\charrsid2242935 He made no mention whatever of the medical matters to which the petitioner had directed much attention.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 This led the Court }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid149988\charrsid2242935 of Appeal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 to observe }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid149988\charrsid2242935 that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 it would undoubtedly have been better if the judge had repeated and explained their significance}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 86\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 By contrast with the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid149988\charrsid2242935 way in which the trial judge summarised the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 defence case, the prosecution was said}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid149988\charrsid2242935 , by the Court of Appeal,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 to have }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 fared better}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 Having }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid149988\charrsid2242935 first }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 reminded the assessors of the evidence given by Abhikesh and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid149988\charrsid2242935 by Dr\~Hazr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 atwala}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid149988\charrsid2242935 , his Lordship }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 set out in considerable detail a summary of the evidence given by the prosecution experts which ran, in transcript to five and a half pages of t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 ext}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 Following that there was no analysis o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 f}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 the technical }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 aspects }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 of the petitioner\rquote s account.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 87\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 Overall, their Lordships concluded that whatever the trial judge had said to the assessors, it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 clearly did not amount to a fair summary of the appellant\rquote s medical explanation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 88\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 Court of Appeal found other defects as well}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 It was contended on the part of the petitioner, and accepted by the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 ir Lordships}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 , that the trial judge gave an incorrect account to the assessors of the legal effect of s\~234 of the }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 Penal Code}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 That section provides}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9519286\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10369537\charrsid2242935 A person is not criminally responsible for performing in good faith with reasonable care and skill a surgical operation upon any person for his benefit, or upon an unborn child for the preservation of the mother\rquote s life, if the performance of the op eration is reasonable, having regard to the patient\rquote s state at the time and to all the circumstances of the case.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10369537\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 89\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 The trial judge }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 told the assessor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771 s, regarding that section, that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10369537\charrsid2242935 I}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 t is not part of the defence case}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10369537\charrsid2242935 that the accused made any attempt t o bring on a miscarriage or to carry out an abortion, so you are not concerned to consider whether such operations are done in good faith or in the interests of the health and life of Poonam.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li90\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin90\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 90\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li90\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin90\itap0\pararsid1118771 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal found that this direction was incorrect.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 The defence case was that }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8126495\charrsid2242935 Poonam}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 had already miscarried and so the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 procedure }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 that the petitioner performed was simply}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 a curette}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 That was a surgical }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 procedure}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 for the benefit of Poonam, and therefore a matter to which s\~234 was relevant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 His Lordship should have directed the assessors on the need to consider that, if what was performed was a curette, and not an abortion, the section might apply }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 if the acts done }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126903\charrsid2242935 were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 carried out in good faith, and were reasonable.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 In the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 language of the Court of Appeal:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li90\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin90\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 Those were clearly matters which should have been left for the assessors to consider and the manner in which the judge dealt with them amounted to a misdirection.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li90\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin90\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 91\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li90\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin90\itap0\pararsid1118771 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 There were other points raised, but it is unnecessary to address them here.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 It is sufficient to say simply that the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 Court of Appeal expressed a number of concerns about his Lordship\rquote s directions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 Their Lordships said at par [67]:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li90\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin90\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 We accept that the form of the summing up and the individual directions give cause for disquiet.}{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12668133\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9130124\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 92\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 One might have thought that in the light of th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 observation the Court would have gone on to consider whether, notwithstanding the errors that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126903\charrsid2242935 the trial judge }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 had made, the proviso could be invoked to save this conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 However, the Court did not approach the matter in that way.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 Rather }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6425328\charrsid2242935 their Lordships }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 said there were two answers to the petitioner\rquote s case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 93\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 The first was the procedure under Fijian law whereby the judge has the sole responsibility to determine the verdict.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 After referring to s}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10369537\charrsid2242935 \~}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 299 of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 Criminal Procedure Code}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 their Lordships noted that in the present case the trial judge had concurred with the assessors\rquote opinions and did not, under s\~299 have to provide any reasons beyond his decision.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 However, his Lordship had done so and, in those reasons, explained how he reached the verdict that he had.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6774443\charrsid2242935 According to the Court of Appeal:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6774443 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6774443\charrsid2242935 Many of the problems with the summing up are cured by his reasoning in his judgment and we consider they must be taken by this Court as the basis for the ultimate finding of guilt.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083244\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li90\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin90\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6774443\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 94\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li90\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin90\itap0\pararsid1118771 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 The second factor that led the Court of Appeal to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 find}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 that there had been no miscarriage of justice was essentially as follows.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 However the assessors }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 may have been }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 directed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 the unchallenged evidence of the manner in which a qualified doctor left an indisputably seriously injured woman alone, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16126903\charrsid2242935 who }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 died as a result, as the trial judge found}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 was sufficient in itself to justify a conviction of manslaughter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6774443 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\insrsid12124331\charrsid1118771 Disposition of the petition \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 95\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 We have already indicated that we are not persuaded that the Court of Appeal, in the fresh evidence judgment, erred in its refusal to allow the evidence of Dr\~Mackintosh, and that of Dr\~Whittaker to be adduced on appeal.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 96\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 The decision of the Court in the substantive appeal is an altogether different matter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 Section 7(2) of the }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 Supreme Court Act 1998}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 requires this Court to be satisfied that one or more of the conditions set out therein is made out }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 before }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 special leave can be granted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 In our view, this application raises a question of general legal importance, as well as a substantial question of principle affecting the administration of criminal justice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12124331 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 97\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 The point of principle involved is whether the Court of Appeal correctly approached its task when considering whether there had been a miscarriage of justice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 Put simply, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 determined that whatever }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 errors}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 trial judge may have made in his }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 summing up to the assessors, these }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 of no consequence}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 That was because }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 the ultimate decision that the petitioner was guilty was made by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 his Lordship}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 , and not by the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 assessors, and in his reasons for judgment the errors were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 cured}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4788492 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 98\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 At one level that is a surprising }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 proposition}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 Both the Court of Appeal, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 and this Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 have traditionally focussed upon the directions given by trial judges to assessors, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 when considering whether to permit a conviction to stand.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 If the approach taken by the Court of Appeal in this case were to be followed generally, it would scarcely be necessary to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 have regard to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 the adequacy, or otherwise, of a summing up.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 Any deficiencies, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 even }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 serious}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2949678\charrsid2242935 ones}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 , could be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 cured}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 if the trial judge elected to give reasons, and indicated that he had directed himself or herself correctly.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 99\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 Th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 is}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 seems }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 quite w}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 rong in principle.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5053830\charrsid2242935 t common law the position is clear.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5053830\charrsid2242935 An}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 accused person is entitled to a trial}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5053830\charrsid2242935 in which the relevant law is correctly explained to the jury and the rules of procedure and evidence are strictly followed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 Mraz }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13968515\charrsid2242935 v R }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5053830\charrsid2242935 (1955) 93 CLR 493 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 Fullagar J said at }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5053830\charrsid2242935 514:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5053830 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1118771 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1118771 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5053830\charrsid2242935 If there is any failure in any of these respects, and the appellant may thereby have lost a chance which was fairly open to him of being acquitted, there is, in the eye of the law, a miscarriage of justice.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5053830\charrsid2242935 Justice has miscarried in such cases, because the appellant has not had what the law says that he shall have, and justice is justice according to law.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 100\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 Not only does the approach taken by the Court of Appeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5053830\charrsid2242935 in this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 case }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5053830\charrsid2242935 seem contrary to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 principle, it also}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 runs }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13860662\charrsid2242935 directly contrary to authority.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 We refer in particular to }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 Baharat v }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 T}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 he Queen}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 [1959] AC 555 in which the Privy Council delivered a judgment on appeal from the Court of Appeal of Fiji.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1118771\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 101\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 The facts of }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 Baharat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 were as follows.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 At the trial of the appellant on a charge of murder, at which he gave evidence which raised issues of self-defence and provocation, the judge wrongly directed the assessors t hat on the issue of provocation the burden of proof rested upon the accused.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 He also misdirected the assessors as to what amount}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 ed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 in law to provocation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 Each assessor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 gave his opinion that the appellant was guilty of murder.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 The judge subsequently gave judgment to the same effect.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal of Fiji dismissed the appellant\rquote s appeal against his conviction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 102\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 The advice of the Privy Council was given by Lord Denning who said at 539-40:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s42\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4527244 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 What is the consequence of the misdirection given by the judge to the assessors?}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 According to section 24}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 6}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 of the Criminal Procedure Code the trial is by the judge }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 with the aid of }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 assessors}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 .}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 " }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 The judge is not bound to conform to their opinions, but he must at least take them into account.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 If they have been misdirected on a vital point, their opinions are vitiated.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 Take this very case.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 Suppose the assessors had been properly directed, is it not possible that one or more of them might have been of the opinion that the appellant was guilty of manslaughter only?}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 If the majority of them had given such an opinion, the judge might possibly have accepted it in preference to his own.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 At any rate he could hardly have rejected it without saying why he did so.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 He has, in truth, by his misdirection, disabled the assessors from giving him the aid which they should have given; and thus in turn disabled himself from taking their opinions into account as he should have done.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 This is a fatal flaw. \par \par On behalf of the Crown it was said that the misdirection did not matter, because the judge disbelieved the appellant\rquote s story altogether, and there was thus no foundation on which an issue of provocation could be raised.}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 Their Lordships cannot accept this contention.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 Apart altogether from the appellant\rquote s evidence, there was some evidence of a struggle having taken place.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 Their Lordships think this was clearly a case where the question of provocation should have been considered:}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 see }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 Bullard v The Queen }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 [1957] AC 635; [1957] 3 WLR 656.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457\charrsid2242935 The failure of the judge to direct the assessors properly upon it, or to consider it himself in his summing-up, means that the judgment cannot stand.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2048457 \par }\pard \s42\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 103\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 It is difficult to reconcile the reasoning of their Lordships in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 Baharat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 with that of the Court of Appeal in th}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 In } {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 Baharat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 the assessors and the trial judge were misdirected.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 That same is true in the present case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 } {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 Indeed, the trial judge made that plain.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 At the commencement of his reasons for judgment he stated the following }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 I direct myself in accordance with my summing up.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 " }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 He did not, in any way, correct his misdirection to the assessors regarding the evidence of Abhikesh.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 As we have said, s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 omething }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 close }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 to an accomplice warning}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 was required in this case and his Lordship failed to provide it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 104\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 The same could be said of }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 the trial judge\rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 failure }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 adequately }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 to put the defence case to the assessors, by reason of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 the somewhat }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 cursory treatment }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 given to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 the petitioner\rquote s unsworn statement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 in the summing up}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3356538\charrsid2242935 We need hardly cite authority for the proposition that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 a judge }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 must }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 ensure that the defence case is adequately presented}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 The case}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 are set out in Archbold at par 4-36.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 105\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 Mr Elliott, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 who appeared before this Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 on behalf of the State, conceded}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 very fairly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 , that on its face, }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 Baharat }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168\charrsid2242935 appeared to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 run directly counter to the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 view}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 taken }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 in the case }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 by the Court of Appeal }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 that defects in the summing up could be cured by the ultimate judgment of the trial judge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 He accepted that the Privy Council had clearly articulated the very point which concerned this Court, in argument, that by reason of his own misdirection, the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 judge may not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 have }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 obtain}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 ed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 the }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3411585\charrsid2242935 properly formed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 opinions of the assessors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1969168 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 106\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 Mr Elliott submitted}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 however}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 that this was not the end of the matter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 He submitted that whilst it was best that there be no misdirection when summing up to the assessors, the question in the present case was whether, the judgment being that of the judge, a series of misdirections to the assessors could be cured if the reasons supporting the verdict were expressed correctly.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 107\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 Mr Elliott sought to distinguish }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 Baharat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 by arguing that this particular point had not arisen for determination in that case.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 That was because the judge in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 Baharat}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 despite having given a reasoned judgment, still did not deal with the question of provocation, upon which he had plainly misdirected the assessors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 It followed that the judge and the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 assessors were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid2242935 both }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 misdirected in that case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 108\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 According to Mr Elliott that was a sufficient basis for allowing the appeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 Baharat}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 The Privy Council need not have gone further.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 Their Lordships had}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid2242935 , however, done so, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 considering the effect of s\~246 of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 Criminal Procedure Code}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 and holding that a misdirection to the assessors disables the judge from}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 taking their opinions in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338\charrsid2242935 to account as required by that section.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 Put simply, Mr\~Elliott submitted that what their Lordships had decided in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 Baharat}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 regarding this wider point was dicta, and not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid2242935 form any }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 part of the ratio of the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120338 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 109\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 We are no}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 persuaded by that submission.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 The reasoning of the Privy Council, which underpinned its decision, had as its }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 most critical }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 feature the passages regarding the disabling of the assessors, and the disabling of the judge, to which we have referred.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 Of course this Court is not bound by decisions of the Privy Council.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 However, a considered judgment by that Court, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 n appeal from Fiji, would not li}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 ghtly }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315353\charrsid2242935 ignored}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 110\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 Mr Elliott had a second string to his bow.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 He noted that s\~246 of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 Criminal Procedure Code}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 was repealed in November 1961.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 The original language of the section required trials before the Supreme Court to be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 with the aid of assessors in lieu of a jury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 That language }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 wa}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 s not replicated in s\~299}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8939325\charrsid2242935 (1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 of the }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 Criminal Procedure Code}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8939325\charrsid2242935 which simply requires the judge to sum up, and th en ask each of the assessors to state his opinion orally}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11799202\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8939325\charrsid2242935 Section 299(2) provides that the judge shall then give judgment, but in doing so shall not be bound to conform to the opinions of the assessors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8939325\charrsid2242935 The sub-section goes on to provide that where the judge\rquote s summing up of the evidence under sub-section (1) is on record, it shall not be necessary for any judgment, other than the decision of the court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid2242935 ,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8939325\charrsid2242935 which shall be written down, to be given.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8939325\charrsid2242935 The excepti on is that when the judge does not agree with the majority opinion of the assessors he must give his reasons for differing with that opinion, and in every such case the judge\rquote s summing up and the decision of the court, together with, where appropriate, the judge\rquote s reasons for differing with the majority opinion of the assessors, is deemed to be the judgment of the court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8939325 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8939325\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 111\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8939325\charrsid2242935 Mr Elliott submitted that s\~299 was on the statute books at the time }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8939325\charrsid2242935 Baharat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8939325\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 was decided }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8939325\charrsid2242935 as s\~281 and (apart from the proviso in sub-section (2)) in substantially the same form as it now stands.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 He submitted that the language of s\~299 leads intractably to the conclusion that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 in Fiji }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 the judge, quite separately from the assessors, decides the case}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 and the role of the assessors is nothing more than advisory.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 He therefore submitted that }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 Baharat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 is o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid2242935 f}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 no assistance to the petitioner.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 In his own words,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 unsatisfactory as it may seem}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 s\~299 requires an appellate court to disregard defects in a summing up if the judge\rquote s reasons make it clear that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 t}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 he }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 judge }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 has applied the law correctly.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid4527244 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 112\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 In our view this variant of the argument should also be rejected.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 Despite the repeal of s\~246, assessors }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 continue to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 play a vital role in the administration of justice in Fiji.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15690249\charrsid2242935 That role}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003600\charrsid2242935 was considered by the Privy Council in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 a case from Swaziland,}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003600\charrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003600\charrsid2242935 Maklikilili Dhalamini & Ors v The King}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003600\charrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003600\charrsid2242935 [1942] AC 583}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 Their Lordships observed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003600\charrsid2242935 at 588 that the giving of opinions by }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 those who were, for practical purposes }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 assessors}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 was part of the proceedings of the High Court, and had to be carried out in open court.}{ \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13003600\charrsid4527244 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx90\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 113\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx90\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 The Privy Council wen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244 t further and stated at 589-90:}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid4527244 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx90\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s42\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2242935 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 It must, further, be remembered that the provision of giving the judge, at his request, the assistance of a native assessor cannot be regarded solely from the point of view of aid given to the judge.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 It operates, and no doubt is intended to operate, as a safeguard to natives accused of crime, and a guarantee to the native population that their own customs and habits of li}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid2242935 f}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 e are not misunderstood.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 From this point of view the importance of publicity is manifest.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 Under the present practice, judging by the present record, it is not made known to the public whether any opinion was given at all by the assessor, or what it was.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 The High Commissioner alone is informed in the judge\rquote s report.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 So far is it kept secret that it was not until this appeal was opened and a special request for information addre}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid2242935 ssed by their Lordships to the P}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 rotectorate that the facts were made known for the purpose of appeal.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 There seems, therefore, no reason for refusing to give to the sections in the proclamation the meaning which the words clearly indicate. \par \par What, then, should be the result of the failure to comply with the proclamation and to hold the whole of the proceedings in public?}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 In this country the omission would be a fatal flaw entitling a convicted criminal to have the conviction set aside.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 An analogous case is where the judge has either pronounc}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid2242935 ed sentence or altered sentence}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 in the absence of the accused:}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 see }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 Lawrence v The King }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 [1933] AC 699, where a judge in Nigeria had altered sentence both in the absence of the accused and when sitting in chambers.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 Prima facie, the failure to hold the whole of the proceedings in public must amou nt to such a disregard of the forms of justice as to lead to substantial and grave injustice within the rule adopted by this Board in dealing with criminal appeals.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 There may, no doubt, be cases where the guilt of the accused is so apparent that in spite o f the disregard of this essential need for publicity this Board would not consider it right to grant leave to appeal, but the present is not such a case, as a particular native custom formed an important consideration on which it was essential that the pr oclaimed necessity for publicity should be observed.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 For these reasons their Lordships came to the conclusion that they should recommend to His Majesty that the appeals should be allowed.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 114\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13056451 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 These observations remain apposite to Fiji today.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13056451 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 115\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13056451 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 Had the Court of Appeal}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 had its attention drawn to }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 Baharat,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 it would not}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 , in our view, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 have approached this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 case}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 in the way that it did.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 Errors in summing up to assessors cannot be overlooked simply because the trial judge has gone on to give reasons for decision }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 in }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 which }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 those errors are not replicat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid2242935 ed}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 It would be contrary to }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 all }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 justice if }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508837\charrsid2242935 a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid2242935 summing up contain}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508837\charrsid2242935 ing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid2242935 serious errors }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508837\charrsid2242935 could be largely ignored by the Court of Appeal provided that the trial judge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8587048\charrsid2242935 , }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508837\charrsid2242935 in his reasons for judgment, given after the assessors had expressed their opinions, happened to state the law correctly.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 Public confidence in the administration of criminal justice }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508837\charrsid2242935 in this country }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 would }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508837\charrsid2242935 be diminished }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 if assessors were }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950672\charrsid2242935 relegated to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508837\charrsid2242935 such an inconsequential role}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7932944 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 116\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14817789\charrsid2242935 In }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477\charrsid2242935 the present case, the trial judge:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477\charrsid2242935 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls50\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4527244 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477\charrsid2242935 misdirected the assessors on significant issues which left the Court of Appeal uneasy, and concerned; a}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244 nd}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477\charrsid2242935 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls50\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4527244 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477\charrsid2242935 stated in his own reasons for judgment that he was directing himself in accordance with the summing up, delivered the previous day, and which contained, as the Court of Appeal itself found, a number of significant errors.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 117\tab}}\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477\charrsid2242935 Notwithstanding the conclusion of the Court of Appeal, recorded at par [68] of its substantive judgment, it is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508837\charrsid2242935 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477\charrsid2242935 correct to say that the problems revealed in the summing up were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477\charrsid2242935 cured}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477\charrsid2242935 by the trial judge\rquote s reasons for judgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8740477 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 118\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 In our opinion, the Court of Appeal erred in allowing the petitioner \rquote s conviction to stand.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 We }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 say that fully cognisant of the se}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508837\charrsid2242935 cond factor that influenced that Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 in arriving at its decision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508837\charrsid2242935 W}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 hether there was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508837\charrsid2242935 indeed }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 gross negligence on the part of the petitioner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14508837\charrsid2242935 , and whether that negligence led to Poonam\rquote s death, were questions that} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 could not be considered in isolation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 The credibility of Abhikesh was critical to th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 ose }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 issue}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 s.} {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 The trial judge }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 found that Abhikesh was a truthful and reliable witness.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 However}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 , he did so having }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 failed to d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 irect himself }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 properly }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 as to how }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 the evidence of that witness should be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 approach}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 ed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 119\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 Having regard to the errors in the summing up that were identified by the Court of Appeal, with whose judgement we agree in that respect, we consider that there was a miscarriage of justice in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 The Court of Appeal ought to have ordered that there be a new trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 120\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 We note that the petitioner has served his sentence in its entirety.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 We understand that a key witness for the prosecution would no longer be available to give evidence if there were a retrial.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 In addition, the State would have to contend with the evidence of Dr\~Mackintosh and Dr\~Whittaker.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 Although we have rejected the contention that their evidence ought to have been received by the Court of Appeal as fresh evidence, we are cognisant of its possible effect on a retrial of this matter.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 121\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 So too was Mr\~ Elliott, who fairly conceded that if there were to be a retrial, he would urge that it be confined to a case of manslaughter by gross negligence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254507\charrsid2242935 That of course was not the basis upon which the trial }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16724885\charrsid2242935 in this matter }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 was conducted}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16724885\charrsid2242935 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16724885\charrsid2242935 Gross negligence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 , though left to the assessors as an alternative basis upon which they could find manslaughter, }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16724885\charrsid2242935 was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150\charrsid2242935 very much a secondary aspect of the prosecution case}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 .}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982150 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16724885\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 122\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16724885\charrsid2242935 Whether }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12406032\charrsid2242935 there }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16724885\charrsid2242935 is in fact to be a retrial must be a matter for the Director of Public Prosecutions.}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6366273\charrsid2242935 We can }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16724885\charrsid2242935 do no more than }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6366273\charrsid2242935 suggest that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16724885\charrsid2242935 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14966737\charrsid2242935 most careful consideration be given to whether the public interest requires that a retrial be held.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2242935 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16724885 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s25 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14966737\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 123\tab}}\pard \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pndec\pni0 \pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14966737\charrsid2242935 The orders of the Court are as follows:}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14966737 \par }\pard \s25\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4527244 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244\charrsid2242935 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14966737\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls52\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4527244 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14966737\charrsid2242935 Special leave to appeal be granted. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14966737\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}The appeal be allowed and the judgment of the Court of Appeal be set aside. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14966737\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}The conviction on the count of manslaughter be quashed and the sentence set aside. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5909637\charrsid2242935 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5909637\charrsid2242935 There be a new trial, at the election of the Director of Public Prosecutions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14966737\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \s25\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2242935 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6366273\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4527244 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Hon Justice }{ \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14712526\charrsid2242935 Keith Mason}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659146\charrsid2242935 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5665782\charrsid2242935 Judge}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 of }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10444138\charrsid2242935 the }{ \b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Supreme Court}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Hon Justice }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid659146\charrsid2242935 Kenneth Handley}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4527244 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Judge of }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10444138\charrsid2242935 the }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Supreme Court \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 \par Hon Justice Mark Weinberg}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10828411\charrsid2242935 \par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Judge of }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10444138\charrsid2242935 the }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 Supreme Court \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid2242935 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2242935 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid4527244 Solicitors: \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2040303\charrsid4527244 \par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810250\charrsid4527244 Naidu Law, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14712526\charrsid4527244 for the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10444138\charrsid4527244 Petitioner \par Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, Suva for the Respondent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980125\charrsid4527244 \par }}