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{\listlevel\levelnfc1\levelnfcn1\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'0aArticle \'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'09;}\hres0\chhres0 \jclisttab\tx1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc22\levelnfcn22\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
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{\title Judgment Template }{\author seddon2j}{\operator Talevakarua Laniana}{\creatim\yr2008\mo10\dy21\hr16\min53}{\revtim\yr2008\mo10\dy23\hr9\min46}{\printim\yr2008\mo10\dy2\hr10\min29}{\version9}{\edmins88}{\nofpages25}{\nofwords10279}{\nofchars58593}
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI ISLANDS
\par AT SUVA
\par CRIMINAL JURISDICTION}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 PETITION FOR SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL NO CAV0017/2007S
\par 
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\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 THE STATE}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061 Petitioner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
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\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 LI JUN}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061 
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\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The Hon Justice Keith Mason, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice Kenneth Handley, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice Ronald Sackville, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par Hearing:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 22 July 2008
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  Ms A Prasad }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 for the Petitioner}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Ms B Malimali}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 for the Respondent 
\par Ms T Leweni
\par 
\par Judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 13 October 2008
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\par }{\b\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 SACKVILLE J
\par }{\insrsid9728061 
\par 1. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The petitioner (\lquote State\rquote ) seeks special leave to appeal to this Court from a judgment of the Court of Appeal given on 25 June 2007.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
The Court of Appeal quashed the respondent\rquote s convictions on four counts of murder by reason of what it held were errors in the summing up at the trial and ordered a new trial on each count.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The respondent had been convicted after a trial before Gates J and three assessors, which was held over six hearing days from 17 November 2003 to 26 November 2003.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061 
\par }{\insrsid9728061 2. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The charges against the respondent arose out of events that took place on 14 June 2002 at 21 Lekutu Street, Samabalu, in the Central Division.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 On that day, Li Lianzhan, his wife (Wei Zhongyun), their son (Li Chung) and their niece (Wei Lan) were stabbed to death at their home, the ground floor flat at 21 Lekutu Street.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }{\insrsid9728061 
\par 3. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The respondent did not dispute that he had stabbed each of the deceased.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
His case at trial was that he acted in self-defence and that he should therefore be acquitted on each of the four counts of murder. In the alternative, the respondent raised the issue of provocation in relation to the count of murdering Li Lianzhan.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Towards the end of the trial the respondent\rquote s counsel also relied on what Gates J described as }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
non-insane automatism when he started to lash out wildly with the knife}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }{\insrsid9728061 
\par 4. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 After a trial held over six hearing days from 17 to 26 November 2003 before Gates\~J and three assessors, the assessors found the respondent guilty on each of the four counts.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Gates\~J concurred in the unanimous opinion of the assessors.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He directed}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
himself in terms of the summing up given to the assessors and rejected the pleas of provocation and self-defence, as well as any suggestion of non-insane automatism. He sentenced the respondent on each count to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 17
 years, each sentence to be served concurrently.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061 
\par }{\insrsid9728061 5. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The grounds of the State\rquote s petition are that the Court of Appeal erred in finding that the summing up:}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-22\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7163372 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 1.\tab \'85 did not adequately direct the assessors on the transaction as it affected the accused and each of the deceased persons.
\par 
\par 2.\tab \'85 did not direct the assessors precisely and separately on the possible verdicts on each count.
\par 
\par 3.\tab \'85 placed too much emphasis on provocation and not enough on self-defence.
\par 
\par 4.\tab }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \'85 confused the burden of proof.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-22\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9728061 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9728061 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid13326341 The Evidence}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }{\b\insrsid13326341 Background}{\b\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13326341 {\insrsid13326341\charrsid13326341 
\par }{\insrsid13326341 6. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 The respondent, who was born in 1957, is a Chinese citizen who arrived in Fiji on 8 February 2000.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 
The respondent married shortly after his arrival, but that relationship apparently soon broke down.
\par }{\insrsid13326341 
\par 7. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 In about February 2002, some three or four months before the killings took place, the respondent moved in with Li Lianzhan and his family at 21 Lekutu Street.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 At that time, the respondent was apparently short of money.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 
\par }{\insrsid13326341 
\par 8. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 The premises at 21 Lekutu Street comprised a double storey building.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 
The top flat was occupied by the owner of the building, Mr Nand, and his family.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 Li Lianzhan rented the ground floor flat.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 According to a plan admitted into evidence, the ground floor flat consisted of bedroom 1 (with one double bed), bedroom 2 (with two single beds), a sitting room (including a single bed), a kitchen area and a bathroom.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 The respondent slept in the sitting room.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 Mr and Mrs Li shared bedroom 1 and their son and niece shared bedroom 2.
}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 The layout of the ground floor flat assumed some importance at the trial.
\par }{\insrsid13326341 
\par 9. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 The respondent was introduced to Li Lianzhan, who came from the same province in China, by a mutual acquaintance.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 
At the time, Li Lianzhan was conducting an electrical business.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 
The arrangement made between the respondent and Li Lianzhan involved the respondent assisting Li Lianzhan in selling certain products associated with the business.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 Both Li Lianzhan
\rquote s wife and niece worked in the business.
\par }{\insrsid13326341 
\par 10. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 According to the respondent\rquote s record of his interview with the police conducted four days after the killings, in May 2002 Li Lianzhan asked the respondent to leave the flat.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341 
 }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 Nothing came of this request, but two or three days before the killings, Li Lianzhan renewed his request for the respondent to leave.
\par }{\insrsid13326341 
\par 11. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 At about 7 pm on 14 June 2002, during dinner at the flat, Li Lianzhan asked the respondent whether he had found somewhere else to live.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 
Apart from the respondent, Li Lianzhan and Li Lianzhan\rquote s family, two other people, Mr Zhu and Mr Pan were present in the flat at this time.
\par }{\insrsid13326341 
\par 12. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 After dinner, the respondent lay on his bed, which was in the sitting room.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 The two visitors left the house some time after dinner.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 They were farewelled by the four family members and by the respondent.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid13326341  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid13326341 
The family members and the respondent then returned to the flat.
\par }\pard\plain \s2\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9728061 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13326341 

\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11284661 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid13172899\charrsid11284661 Record of Interview}{\b\insrsid13172899 

\par }{\insrsid11284661\charrsid11284661 
\par }{\insrsid11284661 13. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid11284661 In his record of interview, the respondent claimed that as he was lying on his bed after the visitors had left, Li Lianzhan came out of his room and asked the respondent }{
\i\insrsid9728061\charrsid11284661 "}{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid11284661 what [he] was not [sic] satisfied?}{\i\insrsid9728061\charrsid11284661 "}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid11284661  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid11284661 
According to the respondent, he answered \lquote nothing\rquote  and then Li Lianzhan said:}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid11284661\charrsid11284661 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-22\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7163372 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Don\rquote t play tricks with me, you better behave yourself}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I replied, \lquote I don\rquote t play trick with you and I have nothing.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 If you want me to move I will move out\rquote .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Li Lianzhan said, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Don\rquote t talk rubbish to me}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061  and gave me a slap on my left cheek}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061  (Punctuation added.)
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11284661 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13172899\charrsid11284661 
\par }{\insrsid11284661 14. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid11284661 The record of interview continues as follows (grammatical errors have not been corrected):}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid11284661\charrsid11284661 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-22\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7163372 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 63}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Then what happened next?
\par 
\par A.\tab I punched him [Li Lianzhan] on the chest below the throat.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
[Then] Li Lianzhan pushed me to the floor and held my both hands.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I managed to turn around and put him on the floor and tried to stand up but he pulled me down and we rolled.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q64}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Then what happened when you and Li Lianzhan were on the floor?
\par 
\par A.\tab The wife of Li Lianzhan rushed towards me and tried to chop me, then I kicked her on the stomach with my right leg.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
The knife dropped and I managed to grabbed the knife.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q65}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Then what did you do>
\par 
\par A.\tab I saw Weilan [the niece] rushed towards me with a sharp knife holding with both hands.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I raised the chopper with my right hand to strike her and someone grabbed my right hand from behind and the chopper dropped.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 My hand was released.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 By t
his time Weilan arrived and I grabbed the knife between the handle and the blade with my both hands.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q66}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Then what happened?
\par 
\par A.\tab I managed to seized the knife from Weilan and strike forward and injured one of them either Weilan or the wife.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I have strike several times I don\rquote t know how many got injured.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
At that time the son was punching me on my side and the other 3 members were surrounding me.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I was striking any how on all directions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I kept on chopping until they fell on the floor.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I saw blood everywhere.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I saw Li Lianzhan was sitting on the floor supported by one hand while Weilan was lying next to him near the main door.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I do not know where the son was but I remember the wife was lying in the kitchen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid9728061 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11284661 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11284661 15. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid11284661 
Later on, the respondent was asked about the knives he had used:
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11284661 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11284661\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-22\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7163372 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q86}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab How}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 many knives did you use to strike and stabbed the family members?
\par 
\par A.\tab 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The wife rushed with a chopper and Weilan rushed with a sharp knife.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I managed to grab the chopper and seized the knife from Weilan.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q87}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Can you describe the chopper?
\par 
\par A.\tab About 8 to 10 inches.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q88}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab How it look like?
\par 
\par A.\tab Fullscap given and he draw the chopper.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q89}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab What about the description of the knife?
\par 
\par A.\tab Fullscap given and he draw the knife.
\par 
\par \tab \'85
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q96}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab These injuries on your right and left small fingers, how did you receive it?
\par 
\par A.\tab I grabbed the sharp knife from Weilan.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q97}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Can you demonstrate the position of the knife when you grabbed it?
\par 
\par A.\tab She held the handle with both hands facing her and the blade facing me.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
So my little fingers were on the sharp side of the knife \endash  demonstrated.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q98}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab At what place in the house when you seized the knife from Weilan?
\par 
\par A.\tab Somewhere in the passage between the sitting room and kitchen.
\par 
\par \'85
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q99}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab What about these small cuts on your left arm near to the elbow?
\par 
\par A.\tab I don\rquote t know.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q101}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab These lines across your chest to the right upper arm, what caused these injuries?
\par 
\par A.\tab I don\rquote t know.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q102}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab The injury on your left leg?
\par 
\par A.\tab I don\rquote t know.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 But when I was treated in the hospital.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I came to know these injuries on my back, hand, chest and leg.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-22\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9728061 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11284661 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11284661 16. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid11284661 
The respondent was asked further questions about the sequence of events:}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid11284661\charrsid11284661 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-22\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7163372 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q112}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab You said that you kept on striking the knife until no resistance from the family members?
\par 
\par A.\tab Yes, I strike and also stabbed them.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q113}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Can you explain what you meant be saying }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Until no resistance from the family members}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .
\par 
\par A.\tab I mean they were all injured and lying on the floor.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q114}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Can you recall who you strike or stabbed first?
\par 
\par A.\tab I can\rquote t remember clearly.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q115}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab 
Is it possible that you strike and stabbed Li Lianzhan and Weilan in the sitting room next to the main door?
\par 
\par A.\tab It is possible.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q116}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Did you at any time pulled Weilan into the sitting room while she was trying to walk out of the main door?

\par 
\par A.\tab Yes, I pulled her back into the sitting room.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q117}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Then what happened?
\par 
\par A.\tab I used the knife but I can\rquote t remember whether I strike or stabbed her.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q118}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab When you pulled Weilan back into the sitting room where was Li Lianzhan?
\par 
\par A.\tab I can\rquote t remember.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q119}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab 
Is it possible that Li Lianzhan was already lying on the floor next to the main door when you pulled Weilan inside?
\par 
\par A.\tab When I pulled Weilan back, Li Lianzhan rushed to me from the back.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I stabbed but I could not remember who.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q120}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Can you recall what place in the house you caused injury to the son Li Chuag?
\par 
\par A.\tab We fought and ended into the bedroom.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He climbed on top of the bed and kneeling face towards me.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 So I stabbed him on the chest.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q121}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Did Li Chuag say anything to you before you stabbed him?
\par 
\par A.\tab Yes, he was asking me why you are hitting my mother.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q122}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Did you say anything to Li Chuag in reply?
\par 
\par A.\tab I never say anything I stabbed him.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q123}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab How many times did you stabbed Li Chuag?
\par 
\par A.\tab More than one time.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q124}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab At this time where was the mother Wei Zhongyun?
\par 
\par A.\tab She was in the kitchen passage.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q125}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab What was the mother doing?
\par 
\par A.\tab I can\rquote t remember but I stabbed the son first came out stabbed the mother and then returned to the bedroom and stabbed the son again.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q126}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Was the mother wearing any clothes?
\par 
\par A.\tab It happened so fast that I can\rquote t remember whether she was wearing any [clothes] or not.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q127}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab After stabbing the mother what did you do?
\par 
\par A.\tab After stabbing the mother I looked around I saw the mother, the husband and the niece Weilan lying on the floor.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I saw the blood on the floor.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I got frightened I got the towel from the sitting roo
m and wiped out the blood in front of the main door outside.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q128}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Why you wiped the blood with the towel?
\par 
\par A.\tab I was frightened that someone may see the blood and notice about the killing.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I also wanted to clean the blood inside.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q129}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Why you did not clean the blood inside?
\par 
\par A.\tab I wanted to clean it but I saw much blood on the floor so I left it.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q130}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Then what did you do next?
\par 
\par A.\tab I took off my trousers and canvas and went into the bathroom where I rinse myself.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I came out picked up t
he knife on the floor near the washing machine, [moved] into the sitting room grabbed hold of my trousers and shirt which was on the chair near the main door and ran out through the main door to the back yard.
\par 
\par \tab \'85
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q140}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Did you call for help?
\par 
\par A.\tab No.
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q141}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab Why not?
\par 
\par A.\tab I was fighting with them and I have no time to call for help.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I was so angry and started striking and stabbing them?
\par 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Q142}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .\tab What was this anger for?
\par 
\par A.\tab Because Li Lianzhan insulted me and slapped me on my left cheek.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid9728061 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11284661 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid13172899\charrsid11284661 Respondent\rquote s Evidence}{
\b\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid11284661\charrsid11284661 
\par }{\insrsid11284661 17. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid11284661 The respondent gave evidence at the trial.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid11284661  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid11284661 The Judge\rquote s notes of the respondent\rquote 
s evidence in chief include the following:
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11284661 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11284661\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-22\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7163372 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 At the beginning relations with the family were very good.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I was not getting any wages.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I got a pair of trousers and shoes from him.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Within \'bd a month we sold the paper.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Going in his van I helped him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I was just helping him.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Later he asked me to drive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He got a drivers licence for me.
\par 
\par After I got the drivers licence, then there was some problem in the shop.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Some Fijians came in and took some goods.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Due to that robbery some policemen went to inspect the incident.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I went away from the shop because I was not meant to work there.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 It happed in May.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The family said they were busy why you go away.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Mr
 Li said nothing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 But his wife was particular about it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I told her if I am mistaken I will correct it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
If you go on like this you will have to move out, she said.
\par 
\par When she mentioned this, I was in a contradictory state.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I had no money left almost.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I also owed them for the driving licence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Mr Li had 2 purposes in getting this licence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I could drive the van and sell his goods in the city.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
When he left for China, I could drive his family members to and from the shop.
\par 
\par He was planning to go to China for a trip.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
He planned to go in April or May, but due to incident in shop he changed his itinerary several times.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
He originally planned for me to stay and to drive the van.
\par 
\par It was about 3 or 4 days before the incident before he told me he wanted to leave his place.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
As I had a little money I tried to look for a cheaper place.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I promised to him I would move out before he left for China.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 On Friday evening he invited Mr Wen and Mr Pan for dinner.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 They arrived with Wei Lan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
Mr Li told me to move out the following day.
\par 
\par I said nothing because if he wanted me to go I would go.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
Mr Chan offered me to stay with him for a few days before I found a suitable place for myself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I said I would like to stay there with him for a while.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I had agreed to move.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 In my heart I was planning to find a place.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I wanted to stay with some of my friends.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I was to move the next day, the Saturday.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Mr Li heard this and knew of our arrangement with Mr Chan.
\par 
\par I knocked off from the shop at 5 pm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 It was around 8 pm when they left.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Only the 2 men left.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Wei Lan stayed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Each of us went to our rooms.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I lay on my bed in the sitting room.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 During that time the family were not happy with me.
\par 
\par I had no contact with the family members before the incident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Li came out and called me.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Li Jun you come I want to talk to you}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He said }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 If I want you to go you must go and don\rquote t play any tricks}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He was very arrogant and angry.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I told him you must have heard what we discussed and I am ready to go.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I do not want to stay one day longer if you do not like me.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Then he was very rude.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He swore at me.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Don\rquote t play tricks on me.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 You can\rquote t do it}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .
\par 
\par He was using abusing words.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I was very angry.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 You son of bitch}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
 he said.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He slapped me on the face.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I fought back.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I had nothing in my hands.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I punched him on the chest.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He was taller and stronger than I.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
He got me on the floor and we rolled.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He was trying to push me on the floor.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I was trying to push him off.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 His family members came out.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He is 2}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061  taller than me.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He is stout and fat.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He weighs more than me.
\par 
\par I was busy struggling with him on the floor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I saw his wife with a knife in her hand say }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 kill him, kill him}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I can recognise the knife she held.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 It was a chopper (shown P4).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 This was it.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 She held it with both hands.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Li Zhan\rquote s wife was trying to chop me and I was trying to free myself from Li Zhan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I pushed him aside I was almost standing up.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
When I stood up they were all in the sitting room.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I could not see what they were holding.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 They were all in the sitting room.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I cannot recall their position or what they held in their hands.
\par 
\par I am clear his wife was holding a chopper and wanted to chop me and I kicked her in the stomach.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I have no special training in martial arts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 When I was 18 or 19 I did do training, horizontal bars, etc.
\par 
\par It was a very short time that this happened.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 After I gave her a kick she fell down and dropped the chopper.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I tried to get the chopper.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I touched it but didn\rquote t grab it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
Li Zhan was behind me.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He was trying to catch the chopper.
\par 
\par I saw Wei Lan holding a long knife and rushed towards me.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I could identify it.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 (shown P2)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 This is it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 She was trying with 2 hands to stab me.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I tried to stop her with my 2 hands.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I step aside and held the knife with both hands.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
She is small.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I remember I seized the knife.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I cannot remember what injuries I received.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 From instinct if I was slow I would have been killed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I could not understand what they said.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
Li Zhan was kicking me.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He is very good at kicking.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Very short time this happened.
\par 
\par They were all there in the sitting room.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 They were there with weapons.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I also try to stab them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Wei Lan went to the kitchen.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 She came back.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I do not know what she did next.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 It all took place in a very short time.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
Only when I saw those 4 people they were not moving.
\par 
\par I was surrounded by those 4 people.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I saw the one facing me.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 A very nervous incident.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I could not see clearly.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 It also means scared \endash 
 nervous.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Who was in front of me I could not see clearly.
\par 
\par I had to be very alert as it was very tense, the struggle, the fight.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 My impression was there were many people attacking me.
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I cannot remember their positions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 All 4 people I found nonetheless on the floor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I could not remember the whole process.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I only remember they were attacking me.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The struggle was fierce.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 When I first saw the chopper I knew they intended to kill me, then the knife and I felt my life was threatened.
\par 
\par When I saw them all quiet on the floor, I asked myself what had happened.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I looked around[;] there was a lot of blood stains.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I felt more frightened.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I was not sure if they would stand up and attack me.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I wanted to leave as soon as possible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I planned to get out and go to a police station.
\par 
\par I first took one towel and tried to wipe.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I found it was blood stains.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I took off my trousers and shoes and I wanted to go out.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I could not control myself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
I took some clothing from the wall.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 My hands and body had blood stains.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I wanted to wash away my blood stains.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 So I did wash.
\par 
\par When I saw one knife on the floor, I took it as I was afraid I might be attacked again.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
After I washed my hands and body I came out of the shower room.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I could not find my clothes.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I was not myself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I took my shirt and my trousers.
\par 
\par Then I ran out.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I went over the fence at the back.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I dropped the knife I stopped in Tawake Street.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I sa
t there. I saw vehicles which I tried to stop.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Later I saw 2 Fijian boys and called them.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I said I am Chinese and I want to go to the police station.
\par 
\par I told the reporter I want to go to the police station.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 They said police will come and take you to hospital.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I had my trousers on but maybe no shirt on.
\par 
\par A police van came and took me to the hospital.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I realized I was injured when I was waiting for the police van.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I did not realise I was injured.
\par 
\par I had injuries to my leg, my back, finders, and a lot of minor injuries on my body.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
When the police came I almost lost consciousness.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I had pain from my injuries.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 I was 1 or 2 days in hospital.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 (Emphasis added.)
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-22\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9728061 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16481208 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid16481208 18. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
In his cross-examination, the respondent denied that he had pulled Wei Lan back into the house and claimed that this was \lquote a creation\rquote  of the police officers.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
He also said that:
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-22\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9728061 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16481208 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-22\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16481208 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
All of them were trying to grab weapons.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 My purpose was to grab the knife.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Wei Lan did not have the weapon after that.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Only Wei Lan had time to get free.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
She was then unarmed.
\par 
\par The fight did not take place in his [presumably Li Chung\rquote s] bedroom only in the passage.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
A little inside bedroom door only.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-22\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9728061 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11284661 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid13172899\charrsid11284661 Other Evidence}{\b\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16481208 {\insrsid11284661\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid16481208 19. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 Evidence was given by Mr Nand, the occupier of the upstairs flat at 21 Lekutu Street.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
He said that at about 9.30 pm on 14 June 2002, he heard noise from the bottom flat.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 He went half-way down the stairs and saw two }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 \lquote 
Chinese males struggling and the lady was naked in the kitchen\rquote }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 .}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 Mr Nand identified the two men as the respondent and Li Lianzhan.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 He said he called the police, who arrived about 20 minutes later.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
Mr Nand told them to follow a man who had run out of the flat.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 Mr Nand also testified that during the brief time he observed the struggle he saw }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
\lquote the lady holding the stool\rquote }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 .
\par }{\insrsid11284661\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid16481208 20. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 A neighbour of Mr Nand, Mr Lagivola, said that shortly after 9 pm on 14 June 2002 he heard a woman screaming in the downstairs flat in Mr Nand\rquote s building.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208 
 }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 He saw a man and woman struggling in the sitting room.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
Although he did not see the woman clearly, he thought that she was trying to get outside the front door of the flat, while the man was trying to push her inside the house.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
The man was holding something but Mr Lagivola could not see what it was.
\par }{\insrsid11284661\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid16481208 21. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 Evidence from police witnesses established that the son\rquote s body had been found on the bed in bedroom 1.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
The naked body of the wife was found in the kitchen, close to the bathroom.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 The bodies of the father and the niece were found in the sitting room more or less next to each other.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 An upturned chair lay on the body of the niece and a chopper was resting on the chair.
\par }{\insrsid11284661\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid16481208 22. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 The deceased all had wounds in the chest area, arms and on their hands.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 The wounds on their hands, according to a po
lice witness, indicated that they were attempting to defend themselves.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 There were signs of a struggle in the sitting room and in bedroom 1, but not in bedroom 2.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 There was a considerable amount of blood throughout the flat, although less so in bedroom 2.
\par }{\insrsid11284661\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid16481208 23. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 The medical evidence indicated that the respondent had deep wounds on his leg and finger that could have been caused by a knife, although the doctor did not regard them as serious.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 There were also bruises and abrasions that, according to the doctor, could have been caused by climbing fences or coming into contact with barbed wire. 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11284661 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11284661\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16481208 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid16481208 SUMMING UP
\par }{\insrsid16481208\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid16481208 24. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 The Court of Appeal and this Court have both had the advantage of a written record of the summing up given by Gates J.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 

\par }{\insrsid16481208 
\par 25. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 His Lordship pointed out that each element of the charge had to be proved beyond reasonable doubt.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
He said that the respondent had been charged with four courts of murder but directed that:
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16481208 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16481208 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 you must consider each of the charges separately, when you examine the case in your deliberations.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 You are not obliged to find the [respondent] guilty either on all of the charges or not guilty on all four.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Look at the evidence as it affects each of the charges separately.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Your opinions about the charge could differ from one to the other, depending on the view you took on each of the charges.
}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16481208 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid16481208\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid16481208 2}{\insrsid3093757 6}{\insrsid16481208 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 Gates J identified four }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
relevant elements that the prosecution [had to] prove on each of these counts of murder}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 .}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
Two of these elements were not in dispute.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 The deaths of each of the deceased on 14 June 2002 were admitted facts.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 Similarly, the respondent had admitted that his acts had caused all four deaths.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
The live issues were therefore whether the prosecution had proved beyond reasonable doubt that:
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16481208 {\insrsid16481208\charrsid16481208 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain 
\s36\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls73\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16481208 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 the deceased
\rquote s deaths were caused by an unlawful act, without justification;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the respondent had killed each of the deceased while acting with malice aforethought.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16481208 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid16481208\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid16481208 2}{\insrsid3093757 7}{\insrsid16481208 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 After briefly recounting the respondent\rquote 
s uncontentious evidence of the events leading up to the dinner on 14 June 2002, Gates J observed that there was little difference between the respondent\rquote s evidence and the record of interview as to what happened next.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 His Lordship read out the answers to Questions 63 and 64 in the record of interview and also read out the bolded passages of the respondent\rquote 
s evidence at the trial, reproduced [17] above}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid16481208\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid16481208 2}{\insrsid3093757 8}{\insrsid16481208 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 Gates J gave directions first on the issue of provocation.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
His Lordship stated that before the assessors considered the question of provocation in relation to what he described as the }{\i\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208 "}{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 murder of Li Lianzhan}{
\i\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 , they had to be satisfied that the State had proved beyond reasonable doubt }{\i\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208 "}{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
all the other elements of murder, including the necessary intent}{\i\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 .}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 He d
id not explain, however, why he addressed the question of provocation before dealing with the respondent\rquote s claim of self-defence.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
As the summing-up later directed, if the assessors were in doubt as to whether the respondent was acting in self-defence, it was their duty to express the opinion that he was not guilty.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid16481208\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 29}{\insrsid16481208 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 Gates J next proceeded to give directions on self-defence.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
He pointed out that a person who acts reasonably in self-defence commits no unlawful act but a person who is attacked may do }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 \lquote only what is reasonably necessary\rquote }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 .}{
\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid16481208\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 30}{\insrsid16481208 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 His Lordship continued:}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid16481208\charrsid16481208 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-22\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9728061 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
Sometimes it would be only sensible to take some simple avoiding action, such as by defusing a situation before it gets out of control, by making a discreet retreat, by not escalating the confrontation.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Nor would it be common sense to retaliate wholly out of proportion to the necessities of the situation.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 A defensive stance may be wiser than an aggressive stance.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 But it is not always easy in a fast moving incident to gauge exactly the correct measure of response.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 A response or a pre-empting move if made should be a reasonable one.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 A person acting honestly in thinking his response appropriate may convince you that o
nly reasonable defensive action had been taken.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
It is for the prosecution to prove to you beyond reasonable doubt that the special form plea of not guilty by reason of self-defence has no basis in this case.
\par 
\par You will have to apply your good sense in asses
sing the two accounts given by the [respondent] here, and in deciding which of them you consider the prosecution have proved to you is closer to the truth, and then go on to consider whether the prosecution have proved to you that the justification of sel
f-defence for these deaths is not made out.
\par 
\par If you are convinced, after considering all of the evidence, the [respondent] is innocent, or if you are in doubt as to whether he was acting in necessary self-defence your duty is to express an opinion that the [respondent] is not guilty.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16481208 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid16481208 3}{\insrsid3093757 1}{\insrsid16481208 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 After warning the assessors to treat the respondent\rquote s evidence with caution because he had }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208 "}{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 related what no one else saw}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 , Gates J noted the following:}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16481208 {\insrsid16481208\charrsid16481208 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain 
\s36\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls74\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16481208 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 the respo
ndent claimed that the wife had tried to hit him with the chopper;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the wife had been naked at the time and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 a person will feel vulnerable, rather than aggressive without clothes}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 ;

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the respondent gave evidence that he had kicked the wife, causing her to drop the chopper which he had then picked up;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the respondent appeared never to have considered leaving the flat;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}
Mr Lagivola gave evidence, vehemently denied by the respondent, that the man inside the flat had been trying to push the niece back inside;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Mr Lagivola\rquote s evidence was important on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 the issue as to whether what [the respondent] did was necessary}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 ; and

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}
it was not clear why the respondent needed to grab the knife from the niece and that, in any event, it was not clear once he had the knife why he needed to do anything more to the niece.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16481208 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid16481208\charrsid16481208 
\par }{\insrsid16481208 3}{\insrsid3093757 2}{\insrsid16481208 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 Gates J directed the assessors that they would have to decide whether the respondent\rquote 
s actions, as described by him in answer to Question 66 of the interview, were \lquote necessary on the part of [the respondent]\rquote .}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid16481208  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid16481208 His Lordship continued:}{\insrsid13172899 

\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16481208 {\insrsid16481208\charrsid16481208 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16481208 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The wife was found lying in a pool of blood in the kitchen, blood being found on the nearby walls.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 This would tend to suggest she received the fatal blows from the knife in that area, not the sitting room.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Similarly the 14 year old Li Chung received his fatal wounds in his parents bedroom to which he must have retreated.
\par 
\par Was it necessary to pursue these two persons away from the sitting room?}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
Could the [respondent] not have made his escape through the open front door?
\par 
\par The prosecution ask you to compare the number and gravity of wounds on the four victims with the slightness and superficiality of the injuries to the [respondent] when considering the plea of self-defence. They also point to the force required
 to inflict such wounds on the victims, and suggest that the evidence of both the pathologist and Dr Hing Hong who examined and treated the [respondent] indicates some of his injuries could have been obtained when running away and climbing the fence.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 You are asked to consider who was the aggressor here, the Lianzhan family or the [respondent].}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 These are all matters for you to weigh.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10494449 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid10494449 COURT OF APPEAL}{\b\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid10494449\charrsid10494449 
\par }{\insrsid10494449 3}{\insrsid3093757 3}{\insrsid10494449 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 There were substantial delays by the respondent in pursuing his appeal against the convictions for murder.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 Ultimately, the President granted leave to appeal, limited to the issues of self-defence and provocation.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 The appeal was heard by the Court of Appeal
 (Ward P, Ellis and Penlington JJA) on 11 June 2007 and judgment was delivered on 25 June 2007.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 As already noted, the Court quashed the convictions and ordered a new trial.
\par }{\insrsid10494449\charrsid10494449 
\par }{\insrsid10494449 3}{\insrsid3093757 4}{\insrsid10494449 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 The Court quoted at length from Gates J\rquote s notes of the respondent\rquote s evidence.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 On the basis of this material, the Court identified the significant features of the defence as being that:
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10494449\charrsid9728061 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain 
\s36\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls75\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
Li Lianzhan started the fight and swore at the respondent;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the wife joined in saying }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 kill him, kill him}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061  and tried to chop him with a chopper w
hich she dropped;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the niece joined in, holding a long knife and rushed towards the respondent;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the respondent grabbed the knife and used it to kill all four deceased.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899 

\par }\pard \s36\ql \li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid10494449 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10494449\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10494449 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10494449 3}{\insrsid3093757 5}{\insrsid10494449 . }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 The Court held that the summing up:
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 {\insrsid10494449\charrsid10494449 
\par }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 was not sufficiently tailored to the facts of this case and the defence evidence in particular and the appellant may well have suffered an injustice as a result.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10494449 {\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 
\par }{\insrsid10494449 3}{\insrsid3093757 6}{\insrsid10494449 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 As the Court\rquote s reasoning is concise, it is convenient to set it out fully:
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 {\insrsid10494449\charrsid10494449 
\par }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 The Judge initially directed the assessors to consider each charge separately.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 
He said the accused claimed he lacked the necessary criminal intent and quoted the accused\rquote s evidence as to how the events started.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 
He then read section 203 of the Penal Code which defines provocation and correctly stated the burden of proof to be on the State to disprove the defence of provocation beyond reasonable doubt, but he said }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449 "}{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 It is for you to decide whether you accept the accused\rquote s account\'85.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 And then repeated the burden of proof correctly.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 The suggestion that acceptance of the accused\rquote s account was necessary to negate the burden of proof on the prosecution may well have confused the assessors.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 Further before anyone was killed Wei Zhongyan (the wife) and Wei Lan (the niece) had already entered the fray with a chopper and a knife.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 We realise that when provocation and self defence are raised in the same incident the Judge faces a difficult task in formulating his summing up.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 
In this case while the provocation started the fight, none was killed until the accused was faced with defending himself against 4 people, two of whom were at the time armed with a chopper and a knife.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 The case turned on the question of self defence.
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
The contents of a summing up was recently addressed by this Court in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Hussein v State }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
[2000] FJCA 1; AAU18.2000 and AAU20.2000 where we quoted the passage from }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 R v Lawrence }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
[1982] AC 510, 519 where Lord Hailsham said:
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10494449 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par \lquote A direction to a jury is not best achieved by a disquisition on jurisprudence or philosophy or a universally applicable circular tour around the area of law affected}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 by the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
The search for universally applicable definitions is often productive of more obscurity than light.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 A direction is
 seldom improved and may be considerably damaged by copious recitations from the total content of a judge\rquote s notebook.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 A direction to a jury should be custom-built to make the jury understand their task in relation to a particular case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Of course it must include references to the burden of proof and the respective roles of jury and judge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 But it should also include a succinct but accurate summary of the issues of fact as to which a decision is required, a correct but concise summary of the evidence and argum
ents on both sides and a correct statement of the inferences which the jury are entitled to draw from their particular conclusions about the primary facts.\rquote 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par We have carefully read the whole of the summing up and we think it does not adequately direct the assessors on the transaction as it affected the accused and each of the deceased.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Further he did not direct the assessors precisely and separately on the possible verdicts on each count.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 It appears he placed too much emphasis on provocation and not enough on self-defence.
\par 
\par Again the Judge confused the burden of proof question when he referred to Mr Lagivola\rquote s evidence mentioned above and told the assessors that the accused denied pulling the woman inside.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 He said \lquote you will have to decide who is accurate in this important issue\rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 That is not correct when the burden of proof is on the State throughout.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi17\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9728061 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10494449 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid10494449 SUBMISSIONS}{\b\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\b\insrsid10494449 
\par T}{\b\insrsid7094802 he State}{\b\insrsid10494449 
\par }{\insrsid10494449\charrsid10494449 
\par }{\insrsid10494449 3}{\insrsid3093757 7}{\insrsid10494449 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 The State submits that the Court of Appeal erred in concluding that the summing up did n
ot adequately direct on the transaction as it affected the respondent and each of the deceased.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 The State argues that special leave should be granted pursuant to s\~7(2) of the }{
\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 Supreme Court Act}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449  because the trial Judge had put the respondent\rquote s case adequately and substantial and grave injustice would otherwise occur.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  
}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 The State also contends that the petition raises a question of general legal importance.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid10494449\charrsid10494449 
\par }{\insrsid10494449 3}{\insrsid3093757 8}{\insrsid10494449 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 According to the State, the only issue at trial was that of malice aforethought.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid10494449  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid10494449 
Within that context, it submits as follows:}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 {\insrsid10494449\charrsid10494449 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain 
\s36\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls76\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
The trial Judge adequately directed the assessors to consider each charge separately, both on the question of self-defence and in relation to the issue of provocation (raised only on Count 1, involving Li Lianzhan).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The State also points out that no redirection was sought by the respondent\rquote s counsel at trial.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10494449\charrsid9728061 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s36\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls76\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The trial Judge placed appropriate emphasis on self-defence and did not over-emphasise the question of provocation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Since the trial Judge had already traversed the facts when dealing with the issue of provocation, there was less need to go over them again.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899 

\par }\pard \s36\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10494449\charrsid9728061 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s36\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls76\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The trial Judge gave adequate directions on the burden of proof and made it clear that the burden never shifted to the respondent.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 His Lordship\rquote 
s reference to the assessors having to decide which witness was accurate related to the issue of credibility, not the burden of proof.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10494449 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10494449\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7094802 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 Respondent\rquote s Submissions}{
\b\insrsid10494449 
\par }{\insrsid7094802\charrsid7094802 
\par }{\insrsid7094802 3}{\insrsid3093757 9}{\insrsid7094802 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 The respondent supports the conclusions reached by the Court of Appeal.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 
He submits that the three defences (provocation, self-defence and automatism) were \lquote thrown together with very little explanation\rquote , with the consequence that the respondent was denied a fair trial.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 The respondent says that no basis has been shown for a grant of special leave to appeal.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid7094802\charrsid7094802 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 40}{\insrsid7094802 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 The respondent identifies the following defects in the summing up:}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7094802 {\insrsid7094802\charrsid7094802 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard\plain 
\s36\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls77\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7094802 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
The concept of malice aforethought was not adequately explained, especially the nature of the intention required for murder.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The trial Judge should have explained the possible verdicts open on each of the counts of murder.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}Since the defence of provocation was raised by the res
pondent in relation only to Count 1, it was inappropriate to rely on the summary of the facts on that issue to provide directions on self-defence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Moreover, such an approach served to confuse the assessors because discrete issues were not addressed separately.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}The burden of proof was not explained clearly and may have confused the assessors.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7094802 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7094802\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7094802 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid7094802 REASONING}{\b\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid7094802\charrsid7094802 
\par }{\insrsid7094802 4}{\insrsid3093757 1}{\insrsid7094802 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 The Court of Appeal did not criticise the directions of the trial Judge insofar as they related to the law of self-defence in Fiji.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 However, in order 
to determine whether the Court of Appeal erred and whether this is an appropriate case for the grant of leave to appeal, it is necessary to set out briefly the relevant principles relating to self-defence.
\par }{\insrsid7094802 
\par 4}{\insrsid3093757 2}{\insrsid7094802 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 The Penal Code, CAP 17, s 1
7, provides that subject to any express law, criminal responsibility for the use of force in the defence of person or property shall be determined according to the principles of English common law.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 The provision does not incorporate the common law of Australia.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 
\par }{\insrsid7094802 
\par 4}{\insrsid3093757 3}{\insrsid7094802 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 At one time there were significant differences between the common law of England and that of Australia in relation to self-defence.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 In particular, under Australian law, an accused who de
fended himself or herself against a threat using more force than was reasonably proportionate to the danger, but who believed that the force used was reasonably proportionate to the danger which he or she believed was present, was guilty of manslaughter, 
even if the accused intended to kill the victim: }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 Reg v Howe}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802  (1958) 100 CLR 448.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 
In England in such circumstances a plea of self-defence was not available and the accused was guilty of murder unless there were circumstances such as provocation, capable of reducing the charge to manslaughter: }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 
Palmer v The Queen}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802  [1971] AC 814; }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 Reg v Clegg}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 [1995] 1 AC 482.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 Since 1987, however, the High Court has in substance adopted the English approach: }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 Zecevic v Director of Public Prosecutions }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 (1987) 162 CLR 645.}{
\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid7094802\charrsid7094802 
\par }{\insrsid7094802 4}{\insrsid3093757 4}{\insrsid7094802 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 While it
 is possible that there are some differences between the common law of self-defence in England and Australia (cf Zecevic v DPP, at 650-651, per Mason CJ), they are not material to the present case.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 As the joint judgment of Wilson, Dawson and Toohey JJ explained in Zecevic, 661, following the Privy Council in Palmer v The Queen, 831-832:
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7094802 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7094802\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-22\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7094802 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The question to be asked in the end is quite simple.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
It is whether the accused believed upon reasonable grounds that it was necessary in self-defence to do what he did.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 If
 he had that belief and there were reasonable grounds for it, or if the jury is left in reasonable doubt about the matter, then he is entitled to an acquittal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7094802 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 
\par }{\insrsid7094802 4}{\insrsid3093757 5}{\insrsid7094802 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 The joint judgment in Zecevic added these observations (at 661-662):
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-22\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7094802 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7094802 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Murder consists of an unlawful killing done with intent to kill or to do grievous bodily harm.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Recklessness may be put to one side as having no apparent relevance in the context of self-defence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Manslaughter also consists of an unlawful killing, but without such an intent.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 A killing which is done in self-defence is done with justification or excuse and is not unlawful, }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 though it be done with intent to kill or do grievous bodily harm.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 However, a person who kills with the intention of killing or of doing serious bodily harm can
 hardly believe on reasonable grounds that it is necessary to do so in order to defend himself unless he perceives a threat which calls for that response.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 A threat does not ordinarily call for that response unless it causes a reasonable apprehension on the part of that person of death or serious bodily harm.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
If the response of an accused goes beyond what he believed to be necessary to defend himself or if there were no reasonable grounds for a belief on his part that the response was necessary in defence of himself, then the occasion will not have been one wh
ich would support a plea of self-defence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
That is to say, the killing will have been without justification or excuse and it will be for the jury to determine how it must be regarded.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 If it was done with intent to kill or to do grievous bodily harm, then unless there was provocation reducing it to manslaughter, it will be murder.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 In the absence of such an intent it will be manslaughter.
\par 
\par When upon the evidence the question of self-defence arises, the trial judge should in his charge to the jury place the question in its factual setting, identifying those considerations which may assist the jury to reach its conclusion.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
In attempting to identify those considerations in any abstract manner here, there is a danger of appearing to elevate matters of evidence to rules of law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
For example, it will in many cases be appropriate for a jury to be told that, in determining whether the accused believed that his actions were necessary in order to defend himself and whether he held that belief on reasonable grounds, it shoul
d consider whether the force used by the accused was proportionate to the threat offered.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
However, the whole of the circumstances should be considered, of which the degree of force used may be only part.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
There is no rule which dictates the use which the jury must make of the evidence and the ultimate question is for it alone.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
The trial Judge should also offer such assistance by way of comment as is called for in the particular case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
No doubt it will often also be desirable to remind the jury that in the con
text of self-defence it should approach its task in a practical manner and without undue nicety, giving proper weight to the predicament of the accused which may have afforded little, if any, opportunity for calm deliberation or detailed reflection.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 (Emphasis added; citations omitted.)
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7094802 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 46}{\insrsid7094802 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 It is important to appreciate that the test stated in }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 Zecevic}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802  is not wholly objective.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 It is the belief of the accused, based on the circumstances as he or she perceives them to be, which has to be reasonable.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 The test is not what a reasonable person in the accused\rquote s position would have believed: }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 R v Conlon}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 
 (1993) 69 A Crim R 92, 99, per Hunt CJ at CL; }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 R v Hawes}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802  (1994) 35 NSWLR 294, 305, per Hunt CJ at CL, with whom Simpson and Bruce JJ agreed.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid7094802  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 It follows that where self
-defence is an issue, account must be taken of the personal characteristics of the accused which might affect his appreciation of the gravity of the threat which he faced and as to the reasonableness of his or her response to the threat: }{
\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 R v Conlon}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid7094802 , 99}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4720575 {\insrsid4720575\charrsid4720575 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 47}{\insrsid4720575 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 Several propositions follow from what has been said so far.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid4720575\charrsid4720575 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 48}{\insrsid4720575 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 
First, it is incorrect to submit, as does the State, that the only issue in the case was one of malice aforethought, if by this the State means that the only issue is whether the respondent intended to kill each of the deceased.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 As the High Court made clear in }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 Zecevic}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 
, a killing in self-defence is not unlawful even if the accused intended to kill.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 Of course, for a plea of self-defence to be available, the perceived threat has to be such as 
to reasonably call for a lethal response.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 
The issue raised by the present case was whether the accused believed on reasonable grounds that it was necessary in self-defence to do what he did to each of the deceased.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid4720575\charrsid4720575 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 49}{\insrsid4720575 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 Secondly, the learned trial Judge\rquote s summing up did not make it clear that this was the issue the assessors had to address.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 Clarity was not served by giving directions on provocation before considering self-defence.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 
As Gates J recognised, the question of provocation (which in any event related only to Count 1) became relevant only if the prosecution proved beyond reasonable doubt that the respondent had not acted in self-defence.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid4720575\charrsid4720575 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 50}{\insrsid4720575 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 More importantly, the summing up did not direct attention to the significance of the respondent\rquote 
s perception of the threat that he faced at various times during the crucial events of 14 June 2002.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 The summing up used objective language when explaining the issue to the assessors.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 They were told, for example, that a person who is attacked }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 \lquote may only do what is reasonably necessary\rquote }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 
 and that they had to decide whether the respondent\rquote s }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 \lquote response was necessary\rquote }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 .}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 
The assessors were not told that the question of reasonableness had to be determined by reference to the respondent\rquote s perception of the threat he faced at a particular time.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 
The respondent\rquote s evidence addresses this question.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 He claimed, for example, that the wife had a chopper in her hands and was saying }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 \lquote 
kill him, kill him\rquote }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 .}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 He also claimed that if he had been slow he would have been killed and that
 his impression was that many people were attacking him.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid4720575\charrsid4720575 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 51}{\insrsid4720575 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 
Thirdly, although the trial Judge told the assessors in general terms that they had to consider each charge separately, the directions on self-defence did not clearly distinguish between the circumstances relating to each of the deceased.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 Despite the admonition to consider each charge separately, the assessors may well have got the impression that the four charges would stand or fall together.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 They were directed, for example, to consider which of the two accounts given by the respondent was closer to the truth and then to consider whether the prosecution had proved that the }{
\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 \lquote justification of self-defence for these deaths is not made out\rquote .}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 The summing up did not explicitly address the facts relatin
g to Count 1 (Li Lianzhan) in the context of self-defence, the only references to those facts being made for the purpose of giving directions on provocation.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 
Similarly, at the conclusion of the summing up, the assessors were asked to consider who }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 was \lquote the aggressor here, the Lianzhan family or [the respondent]\rquote }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 .}{
\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid4720575\charrsid4720575 
\par }{\insrsid4720575 5}{\insrsid3093757 2}{\insrsid4720575 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 
The true question that had to be answered in relation to each of the four counts, was whether the respondent believed on reasonable grounds that it was necessary in self-defence to do what he did.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 One possible view of the facts, if the respondent\rquote s evidence was rejected, was that he had never faced a threat of physical violence.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 
However, on his evidence he faced a threat of lethal violence when attacked by Li Lianzhan and his wife, although whet
her any such threat (assuming it existed) had continued at all relevant times was clearly an important issue for the assessors to consider.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid4720575\charrsid4720575 
\par }{\insrsid4720575 5}{\insrsid3093757 3}{\insrsid4720575 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 The trial Judge was entitled to point to the weaknesses in the respondent\rquote s case, for example, in relation to the son.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 As the trial Judge pointed out, the son was killed in bedroom 1.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 Moreover, on the respondent\rquote 
s own account, he stabbed the son on two separate occasions while the 14 year old was unarmed.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid4720575  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 But the directions, in order to give a fair account of the respondent\rquote 
s case should have drawn attention to the evidence which supported his claim to have feared, on reasonable grounds, that his life was in danger at the time he stabbed Li Lianzhan, the wife and the niece.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid4720575\charrsid4720575 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 54}{\insrsid4720575 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 The duty of a trial judge in common law jurisdictions was explained in the joint judgment of Gaudron A-CJ, Gummow, Kirby and Hayne JJ in }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575 
RPS v The Queen}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid4720575  (2000) 199 CLR 620, 637:}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid4720575\charrsid4720575 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2175579 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 it is as well to say something more general about the difficult task trial judges have in giving juries proper instructions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 The fundamental task of a trial judge is, of course, to ensure a fair trial of the accused.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 That will require the judge to instruct the jury about so much of the law as they need to know in order to dispose of the issues in the case.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
No doubt that will require instructions about the elements of the offence, the burden and standard of proof and the respective functions of judge and jury.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Subject to any applicable statutory provisions it will require the judge to identify the issues in the case and to relate the law to those issues.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 It will require the judge to put fairly before the jury the case which the accused makes.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2175579 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 55}{\insrsid2175579 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 The function of the summing up is to tell the assessors what are the issues of fact on
 which they have to make up their minds in order to determine whether the accused is guilty of an offence: }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 R v Mowatt}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579  [1968] 1 QB 421, 426, per Diplock LJ; cited by McHugh J in }{
\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 Fingleton v R}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579  (2005) 216 ALR 474 [79].}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid2175579  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 While the course of the trial may have c
ontributed to the form of the summing up in this case, a trial judge:}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2175579 {\insrsid2175579\charrsid2175579 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2175579 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 must be astute to secure for the accused a fair trial according to law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 This involves \'85 an adequate direction both as to the law and the possible use of the relevant facts upon any mat
ter upon which the jury could in the circumstances of the casse upon the material before them find or base a verdict in whole or in part.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 

\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2175579 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 
\par }{\insrsid2175579 5}{\insrsid3093757 6}{\insrsid2175579 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 There is no rigid rule governing the extent to which a trial judge should canvass the evidence and its relationship to the factual issues confronting the jury.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid2175579  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 As was said by six Justices of the High Court in }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 Domican v R}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579  (1992) 173 CLR 555, 561:
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2175579 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2175579\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-22\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2175579 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 \'85it is hardly necessary to say that as a reason for granting a new trial, after a conviction in a criminal case, it is n
ot enough that the presiding judge has not mentioned to the jury all the matters which were set up on behalf of the accused as affecting probabilities.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Whether the trial judge is bound to refer to an evidentiary matter or argument ultimately depends upon w
hether a reference to that matter or argument is necessary to ensure that the jurors have sufficient knowledge and understanding of the evidence to discharge their duty to determine the case according to the evidence.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 Consequently, the conduct of the case 
necessarily bears on the extent to which the judge is bound to comment on or discuss the evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061\charrsid9728061  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
Discussion or comment which is justified or required in one case may be neither required }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 nor justified when a similar case is conducted in a different way.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9728061 "}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid9728061 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9728061 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
The Court must examine the particular summing up in the context of the particular trial: }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 King v R [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid9728061 
2008] NSWCCA 101, [81], per Mason P.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2175579 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2175579\charrsid2175579 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 57}{\insrsid2175579 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 
In this case, I am not persuaded that the Court of Appeal fell into error in concluding that the trial Judge did not adequately canvass the evidence insofar as it supported the respondent\rquote 
s case on each of the four counts and did not adequately identify the particular circumstances relevant to each count.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid2175579  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 The trial Judge did not explain the respondent\rquote 
s case on self-defence in relation to the killing of Li Lianzhan, a defect that was attributable, at least in part, to the summing up giving directions on the question of provocation before considering self-defence.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid2175579  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 A similar criticism can be made in relation to the respondent\rquote s case of self-defence in relation to the wife and the niece, although the facts specifically relating to their killings had not been ca
nvassed on the issue of provocation. The respondent\rquote s plea of self-defence in relation to the son had particular difficulties, but the respondent was entitled to have his case fairly put to the assessors in the summing up.
\par }{\insrsid2175579 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 58}{\insrsid2175579 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 It is true that, as the State has pointed out, that no objection was taken at trial on behalf of the respondent to the summing up.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid2175579  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 It is also true that as a general principle it is counsel\rquote s duty at trial to draw the trial judge\rquote s attention to deficiencies in the summing up and that 
a failure to do so may debar the accused from taking the point on appeal: }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 Singleton v Ffrench}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579  (1986) 5 NSWLR 425, 440, per McHugh J; }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 Evans v R}{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579  (2007) 241 ALR 400, 459-460 [236], per Heydon J.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid2175579  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 However, where an appellate court is satisfied that, despite Counsel\rquote 
s failure to object to the summing up, an injustice may have occurred at the trial, it may quash the convictions.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid2175579  }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 R v Glover}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 
 (1928) 28 SR (NSW) 482, 487, per Street CJ (with whom Ferguson and Campbell JJ concurred); }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 R V Kalinowski}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579  (1931) 31 SR (NSW) 377, 382, per curiam.
\par }{\insrsid2175579 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 59}{\insrsid2175579 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 For these reasons I do not consider that the State has satisfied any of the criteria in s 7(2) of the Supreme Court Act for the grant of special leave to appeal to this Court.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid2175579  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 Accordingly, the application for special leave to appeal should be refused.
\par 
\par }{\b\insrsid13172899\charrsid2175579 The Hon Justice Ronald Sackville
\par MASON & HANDLEY JJ
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8866694 {\insrsid2175579\charrsid8866694 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 60}{\insrsid8866694 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 In this matter we have had the considerable advantage of reading the reasons for judgment of Sackville J in draft.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 He has set out the history of the proceedings, the facts and identified the legal principles which apply when provocation and self-defence are relied on by a person charged with murder.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 He concludes that special leave should be granted, but that the appeal should be dismissed so that the order of the Court of Appeal for a retrial of the respondent on all four counts of murder would stand.}{
\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8866694\charrsid8866694 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 61}{\insrsid8866694 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 In our judgment the order for a new trial on the count for the murder of Li Lianzhan (the father) should stand, but the appeal by the State in respect of the other three counts
 should be allowed and the convictions reinstated.
\par }{\insrsid8866694 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 62}{\insrsid8866694 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 As the Court of Appeal emphasised the appeal to that court required leave which was granted by Ward P limited to the issues of self-defence and provocation.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 The Court said ([para 10]) that the case turned on the question of self-defence.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 
\par }{\insrsid8866694 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 63}{\insrsid8866694 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 The appeal was allowed because the Court found that the summing up:
\par }{\insrsid8866694 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8866694 {\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 \'85
 does not adequately direct the assessors on the transaction [ie the events] as it affected the accused and each of the deceased.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 Further he 
did not direct the assessors precisely and separately on the possible verdicts on each count [and] \'85 placed too much emphasis on provocation and not enough on self-defence.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8866694 {\insrsid8866694 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 64}{\insrsid8866694 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 Provocation was only raised in relation to the husband.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 There was no 
evidence of any provocation by Li Zhongyun (the wife), Wei Lan (the niece) or Li Chung (the son).}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 
There were three possible verdicts on the count for the murder of the husband, guilty of murder, guilty of manslaughter (if provocation was not negatived by t
he prosecution, but self-defence was), and not guilty (if self-defence was not negatived by the prosecution).}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 
On the other three counts the only possible verdicts were guilty if self-defence was negatived by the prosecution, and not guilty if it was not.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8866694\charrsid8866694 
\par }{\insrsid8866694 6}{\insrsid3093757 5}{\insrsid8866694 . }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 In our judgment, with respect to the Court of Appeal, there was no need for the trial judge to direct the Assessors }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694 "}{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 precisely and separately on the possible verdicts}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694  on these three counts.
\par }{\insrsid3093757 
\par 66. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 We agree with Sackville J and the Court of Appeal that in relation to the first count for the murder of the husband the judge}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694  "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 
placed too much emphasis on provocation and not enough on self-defence.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694  Indeed the judge did not give any directions on self-defence in relation to the husband.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 However the finding of the Court of Appeal cannot relate to the other three counts where provocation was not raised.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8866694  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 

\par }{\insrsid3093757 
\par 67. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8866694 We do not wish to add anything to the reasons for judgment of Sackville J in relation to the first count, and we agree that the order of the Court of Appeal for a new trial on this count should be affirmed.}{
\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3093757 {\insrsid3093757\charrsid3093757 
\par }{\insrsid3093757 68. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 The summing up dealt with the issue of self-defence generally in paras [38] \endash  [42] and [53].}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 
The Court of Appeal did not identify error in these paragraphs, nor did counsel for the respondent in this Court.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 In our judgment they were accurate and appropriate.
\par }{\insrsid3093757 
\par 69. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 The judge summed up on self-defence in relation to each of the other three victims.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 He did this in relation to the wife in paras [43]\endash 
[46] and [51]\endash [52].}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 In para [43] he referred to the evidence the accused gave about defending himself against her attacks.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 The judge referred to the evidence that she was naked, and her clothes were found in the bathroom.
\par }{\insrsid3093757 
\par 70. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 He referred (paras [45]\endash [46]) to the evidence of the landlord Ishwar Nand who had come 
down the stairs when he heard the noise and saw the husband and the accused struggling and the wife naked holding a wooden stool over her head apparently trying to throw it.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 
This witness said the door of the flat was open.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 The Judge said that the accused never appears to have considered going out of the flat.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 71. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 Later at para [51] he referred to the evidence that the wife was found in the kitchen in a pool of blood with blood on the nearby walls.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 
This suggested that she had received the fatal blows from the knife in the kitchen, and not in the living room.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 
He asked rhetorically (para [52]) whether it was necessary to pursue the wife into the kitchen?}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 Could the Accused have not made his escape through the open front door?
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 72. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 The case of self-defence in relation to the niece was considered in paras [47]-[50].}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 
The Judge referred to the evidence of the next door neighbour Seci Lagivola who came out when he heard the noise and saw a man and a woman struggling in the sitting room close to the door.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 The man was holding something in his hands and pushing it.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 
The witness said it looked as if the woman was trying to get out of the door and the man was trying to push her inside.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid3093757  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid3093757 
The Judge said that this did not suggest any disengagement by the accused or any retreat.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 73. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 He quoted some evidence of the accused and said (para [49]) that it was not clear why he had to grab the knife from the niece.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
The accused said she was a small person.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The pathologist found three defensive wounds on her body but said that she appeared to have put up little fight.
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 74. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The accused said that he took the knife from the niece.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The judge asked rhetorically whether the accused needed to do anything more once h
e had the knife?}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The judge quoted a passage from the evidence of the accused and asked the assessors to consider whether the accused\rquote 
s response referred to in that evidence was necessary.
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 75. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 Finally he came to the son.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The Judge reminded the assessors (para [51]) that this 14-year-old boy received his fatal wounds in his parents\rquote 
 bedroom to which he must have retreated.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The judge asked (para [52]) whether it was necessary to pursue the son away from the sitting room.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 76. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 With respect to the Court of Appe
al it does not appear why they considered that the Trial Judge had not adequately directed the assessors on the relevant events as they affected the accused and the wife, the niece and the son.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 77. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The Court of Appeal also found that the judge had not directed the assessors }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
precisely and separately on the possible verdicts on each count}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 .}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
However the judge told the assessors in the course of summing up on self-defence (para [41]):}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 If you are convinced, after consideri
ng all of the evidence, the accused is innocent, or if you are in doubt as to whether he was acting in necessary self-defence your duty is to express an opinion that the accused is not guilty.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 78. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The whole structure of the summing up made it very clear 
that, in relation to the these three victims, the duty of the assessors was to express opinions that the accused was not guilty unless they formed either of the opinions referred to in para [41] quoted above.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 79. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 He had earlier directed them (para [6]) that they must consider each of the charges separately and look at the evidence as it affected each charge separately.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 He also told them (para [9]) that each of them would be required to state his or her individual opinion orally on each of the charges against the accused.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 80. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 In our judgment the finding below that the judge did not direct the assessors precisely and separately on the possible verdicts on each count was not justified in relation to the last three counts.}
{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 81, }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The Court of Appeal also criticised the judge (para [9]) for some of his directions on the burden of proof.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
They acknowledged that at various places in the summing up he had correctly directed on the burden of proof in relation to provocation and self-defence.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 However they referred to p
ara [47] of the summing up where the judge summarised the critical evidence of the eyewitnesses Ishwar Nand and Seci Lagivola and continued:
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
The accused in evidence vehemently denied that he was trying to pull [the niece] back inside.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 He said that such an idea was the creation of the police.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  
}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 These two witnesses are civilians not police officers.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 You will have to decide who is accurate on this important issue}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 .}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid8726610 82. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
The Court of Appeal were justified in criticising this part of the summing up which could suggest that the accused had to satisfy them that his denial was the truth whereas the prosecution had to establish that it was false.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 83. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The summing up on the onus of proof was as follows.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 In para [4] the assessors were told that the burden of proof was 
on the State, in para [5] that proof must be beyond reasonable doubt, and if they had such a doubt they must acquit.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
The accused did not have to prove his innocence para [7], and the prosecution must prove that there was no justification for the killings para [19].}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
All elements of the charges had to be proved beyond reasonable doubt para [21].}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The State had to prove the absence of provocation para [35].
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 84. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 At para [36] the assessors were told: }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 It is for you to decide whether you accept the accused\rquote s acco
unt that [the father] spoke and acted in this way.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 " }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 At para [37] the judge said:}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 You may answer that question by considering the two versions given by the accused, deciding which \'85 you accept and in deciding whether the accused\rquote s conduct was justified.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 Remember the prosecution has the burden of proving to you that the accused\rquote s conduct was not justified.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid8726610 
\par 85. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The judge returned to this topic in para [40] where he said:
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 You will have to apply your good sense in assessing the two accounts given by the accused \'85 and in deciding which of them \'85 the prosecution has proved \'85
 is closer to the truth, and then go on to consider whether the prosecution has proved \'85 that the justification of self-defence for these deaths is not made out.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid8726610 
\par 86. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 He continued at para [41]:
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 \'85 If you are in doubt as to whether he was acting in necessary self-defence your duty is to express an opinion that the accused is not guilty.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid8726610 
\par 87. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The direction in para [36] that the assessors had to decide whether they accepted the accused\rquote 
s account of the provocation was not happily expressed because it suggested that the accused had an onus in that regard.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
On the other hand the directions in para [37] and [40] were too favourable to the accused because they invited the assessors to decide which of the two versions he had given they would accept, or would find was closer to the truth.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The judge did not tell the assessors they could reject both if they were satisfied that neither was the truth.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 88. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The first statement in para [37] that the assessors had to consider whether the accused\rquote s conduct }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 was justified}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610  suggested that he had some onus, but this was immediately followed by a correct direction, which was then repeated in paras [39] and [40].}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The judge then gave the correct direction, with some emphasis, in para [41] quoted above para [77].
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 89. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 Taking the summing up to this point as a whole, as an appellate court must, we find that the single sentence in para [37], which might suggest there was an onus on the accused, was a slip which the
 judge immediately corrected.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
In the light of the later directions, and his earlier general directions, the assessors could not have been in any doubt at this point that the State had the onus of establishing that the accused was not acting in self-defence.
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 90. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 However they were further problems.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
In para [47], in the passage noted by the Court of Appeal, the judge referred to the evidence of the neighbour that the accused was trying to pull the niece inside the house, which the accused vehemently denied.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 He told the assessors: }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 You will have to decide who was accurate on this important issue}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 , again suggesting that the accused had some onus.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 91. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 Then in para [50], after referring to some evidence of the accused, he told the assessors: }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 You have to decide 
whether this response was necessary on the part of the accused.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 " }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 They should have been told that they had to decide whether this response was unnecessary.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 In para [52] he asked rhetorically whether it was }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 necessary to pursue these two persons away from the sitting room?}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 " }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The correct question was whether the prosecution had established that it was not necessary for the accused to pursue them.
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 92. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 Finally the judge asked, again rhetorically, para [53] }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 Who were the aggressors here, \'85 the family or the accused?}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 " }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The correct question for the assessors was whether they were satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the family were not the aggressors.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 93. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The directions in paras [47], [50], [52] and [53] quoted above were at best ambiguous, and should not have been given in that form.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The assessors were invited to ask themselves various questions without any explicit reference to the onus of proof.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
They were appropriate questions but they should either had been framed to reflect the onus of proof on the State, or they should have been followed by a clear reminder of where the onus lay.
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 94. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 These ambiguous directions followed unambiguous instructions, first general and then specific, in relation to self-defence, about the onus on the State.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The accused was represented at the trial by competent and experienced counsel.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
If his counsel had any misgivings as to the overall effect of the directions on the onus of proof it was his duty to seek an appropriate redirection from the trial judge.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
The onus of proof beyond reasonable doubt which the prosecution bears in a criminal trial, in this and other common law jurisdictions, is not exactly rocket science.
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 95. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 It was also the duty of the public prosecutor to draw any perceived ambiguities in the directions on the onus of proof to the attention of the judge and to seek an unambiguous}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 redirection.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 No redirection was sought by either counsel. Where an appellate cou
rt is satisfied that a miscarriage of justice has occurred the appeal will be allowed, despite the failure of counsel to object.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
However the failure of counsel to object is a relevant factor in deciding whether there has in truth been a miscarriage of justice:}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 Stirland v DPP}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
 [1944] AC 315, 327-8; }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 La Fontaine v The Queen}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610  (1976) 136 CLR 62, 72, 81. 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 96. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 We are comfortably satisfied that the summing up as a whole did not leave the assessors in any doubt as to where the onus of proof lay on the issue of self-defence.
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 97. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The Court of Appeal do not appear to have considered applying the proviso in s 21(6) of the }{\i\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 Court of Appeal Act}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 .}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 This provides that notwithstanding that a point or points raised by the appeal might be decided in favour of the appellant, the Co
urt may nevertheless dismiss the appeal if it was satisfied that no substantial miscarriage of justice had in fact occurred.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 98. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 In our judgment the evidence in favour of the State on the last three counts of murder was overwhelming and properly directed assessors could not have failed to convict.
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 99. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 In the case of the wife the presence of her naked body in the kitchen, the nature of her fatal wounds, the force that the pathologist said was used to inflict them, the existence of wounds received in defend
ing herself (defensive wounds), and the evidence of the landlord established an overwhelming case.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
The front door was open, the accused could easily have escaped, and he had no need to pursue the naked wife into the kitchen in self-defence.
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 100. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The evidence of the two independent witnesses, if accepted, established that the accused prevented the niece escaping through the open door through which he himself could easily have escaped.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 He made the following admissions in his record of interview:
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 Q116\tab }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
Did you at any time pull [the niece] into the sitting room while she was trying to walk out of the main door?}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 A.\tab }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 Yes, I brought her back into the sitting room.
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 Q117\tab }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 Then what happened?
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 A.\tab }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 I used the knife but I can\rquote t remember whether I strike or stabbed her.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid8726610 101. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
The accused had earlier said (Q65) that the niece had rushed towards him holding a sharp knife in both hands, but (Q66) he managed to seize the knife from her and }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 strike forward \'85
 I have strike many times.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 I kept on chopping until they fell on the floor.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 102. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 As the judge told the assessors, having disarmed the niece, and armed himself with a knife he had no further need to defend himself from this unarmed woman.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 He could have escaped through the front door, or allowed her to escape without, in either case, any risk to his personal safety.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
Here again the presence of defensive wounds, the fatal deep wounds, and the force with which the latter must have been inflicted were eloquent circumstantial evidence that she was not killed in self-defence.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 103. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 In the case of the son the presence of his body on the bed in his parents\rquote 
 bedroom, the nature of his seven life-threatening wounds, one of which was in his back, the force that the accused must have used to inflict them, and the presence of a l
ot of defensive wounds established a powerful circumstantial case that he was not killed in self-defence.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The pathologist said that the son put up a good fight.
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 104. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The accused made damaging admissions in his record of interview.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 He did not claim then, o
r in his evidence at the trial, that the son ever possessed a dangerous weapon.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 He only claimed (Q66) that }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 
The son was punching me on my side}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 .}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 He also said (Q125) }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 \'85 I stabbed the son first, came out stabbed the mother and then returned to the bedroom and stabbed the son again}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 .
\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 105. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 At the trial his case on self-defence in relation to the son was that he was fighting four people who had surrounded him and were attacking him.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 

\par }{\insrsid8726610 
\par 106. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The pathologist who examined the accused said in evidence that his own injuries were shallow and superficial, inflicted with moderate force, and not life-threatening.}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{
\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 They were mostly }{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 blunt weapon injuries}{\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610 "}{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 , not consistent with the use of
 either the chopper or the knife in evidence that were used on the victims.}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }{\insrsid8726610 107. }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 For these reasons the prosecution case on the last three counts was overwhelming, and properly directed assessors could not have failed to convict the accused of murder on these counts.}{
\insrsid9728061\charrsid8726610  }{\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 We therefore make the following orders:}{\insrsid13172899 
\par }{\insrsid8726610\charrsid8726610 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 (1)\tab Special leave granted;
\par (2)\tab Appeal allowed in part;
\par (3)\tab Set aside the order of the Court of Appeal for a new trial on all counts and substitute an order for a new trial on the count for the murder of Li Lianzhan;
\par (4)\tab Appeal to the Court of Appeal from the convictions on the counts for the murder of Wei Zhongyun, Li Chung, and Wei Lan dismissed.
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8726610 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8726610 
\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8726610 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13172899\charrsid8726610 The Hon Justice Keith Mason
\par The Hon Justice Kenneth Handley
\par }}