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\f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE FIJI ISLANDS
\par AT SUVA
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\par (Fiji}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 Court}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034\charrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 of}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 Appeal No. AAU00}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12461850\charrsid12473034 31}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034  of}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034\charrsid12473034  }{
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\par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 BETWEEN:
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 RATU RAKUITA VAKALALABURE
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 Petitioner
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\par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 THE STATE
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 Respondent
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\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 Coram:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 
The Hon Justice Daniel Fatiaki, President of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice Kenneth Handley, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice Michael Scott, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid351798\charrsid12473034 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 Hearing:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 Tuesday, 18 October 2005, Suva
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid351798\charrsid12473034 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 Counsel:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 Petitioner in Person
\par Mr }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6301209\charrsid12473034 D.C. }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 Frearson, SC}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 \tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6301209\charrsid12473034 \tab ]}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034\charrsid12473034 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6301209\charrsid12473034 Ms A. Prasad \tab \tab }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 \tab }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6301209\charrsid12473034 ]\tab for the Respondent
\par Ms Lagilevu}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6301209\charrsid12473034 \tab \tab \tab ]}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6301209\charrsid12473034 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 Date of}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5001085\charrsid12473034 Judgment:}{
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\par 
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\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Shortly after noon on 20 May 2000, the day after the Speight coup at Parliament House, the petitioner was sworn in
 as Minister for Justice and Attorney General in the purported Speight Government in a ceremony in Parliament House in front of television cameras.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The petitioner was one of six charged with offences contrary to s.5(b) of the Public Order Act of taking engagements in the nature of an}{
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\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 to}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 commit a}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 capital offence in that, not being compelled to do so, they 
each took an engagement in the nature of an oath purporting to bind themselves to commit treason.
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The six accused were tried in the High Court before Shameem J. and five Assessors.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
The trial commenced on 28 June 2004, and on 5 August the Assessors found five of the accused guilty, in the case of the petitioner and two others, by a majority of four, and the sixth was found not guilty.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The Judge agreed with the assessors and entered verdicts accordingly.}{
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\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Appeals by the five to the Court of Appeal were dismissed on 3 November 2004.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Three of the five applied to this Court for special leave but two withdrew leaving Rata Rakuita Vakalalabure as the sole petitioner.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 4.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Two grounds were argued in the support of the petition, the ostensible bias of one of the assessors, and the effect of t
he two year limitation period for charges of treason under s.54 of the Penal Code which had expired before this prosecution was commenced.
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \b\f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9785167\charrsid12473034 
\par }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Ostensible bias
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 5.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The claim that the trial was vitiated by the ostensible bias of one of the assessors is without substance.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
The facts, which came to light after the trial, were that Mr Sharma, counsel for the fourth accused, who was acquitted, represented one of the assessors in divorce and matrimonial proceedings before and during the trial.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 This provides no basis for challenging the assessors\rquote 
 majority opinion that the petitioner was guilty as charged.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
The decision of the Court of Appeal to reject this claim was clearly correct and special leave should not be granted for a further appeal on this point.
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \b\f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid351798\charrsid12473034 
\par }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Effect of time bar for treason
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9785167\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 6.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Section 50 of the Penal Code, as in force on 20 May 2000, defined the crime of treason as follows:
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6301209\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Any person who compasses, imagines, invents, devises or intends any act, matter or theory, the compassing, imagining, inventing, d
evising or intending whereof is treason by the law of England for the time being in force, and expresses, utters or declares such compassing, imagining, inventing, devising or intending by publishing any printing or writing or by any overt acts or does an
y act which if done in England, would be deemed to be treason according to the law of England for the time being in force, is guilty of the offence termed treason and shall be sentenced to death.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 7.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Section 54 imposed a two year time limit for prosecutions for breach of s.50}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6301209\charrsid12473034  of }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6976895\charrsid12473034 t}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6301209\charrsid12473034 he Penal Code in }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6976895\charrsid12473034 t}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6301209\charrsid12473034 he following relevant terms:}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6976895\charrsid12473034 
\par 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6976895\charrsid12473034 A person cannot be tried for treason,\'85..unless the prosecution is commenced within two year\rquote s after the offence is committed.}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 8.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Section 5 of the Public Order Act passed long after the Code provides:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Any person who }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-687\li2127\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin2127\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (a)\tab 
administers, or is present at or consents to the administration of, any oath, or engagement in the nature of an oath, purporting to bind that person who takes it to commit murder or any offence punishable by death; or
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-687\li2127\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin2127\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (b)\tab takes any such oath or engagement, not being compelled to do so; 

\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to imprisonment for life.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 9.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The petitioner, who is legally q
ualified, submitted that the Court of Appeal erred in failing to hold that the proceedings were either an abuse of process or incompetent because in substance he was charged with conduct amounting to treason in a prosecution commenced when a prosecution f
or treason was time barred.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 10.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
The legal problems that arise when a prosecution is brought for an offence which could have been charged as a different offence but for the effect of a time bar, have engaged the attention of appellate courts in New Zealand \endash  }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 R v Blight}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
(1903) 22 NZLR 837, Australia \endash  }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Saraswati v The Queen}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (1991) 172 CLR 1, and the United Kingdom \endash  }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Regina v J}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 [2005] 1 AC 562.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid351798\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 11.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Prosecutions for unlawful sexual intercourse with an underage female were time barred, but were brought on the sa
me facts for indecent assault (New Zealand and the United Kingdom) or for committing an act of indecency (Australia).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 12.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Regina v J}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
[2005] 1 AC 562 the prosecution for indecent assault was based on unlawful sexual intercourse with an underage female.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Lord Bingham referred to the prosecutor\rquote s written case summary at the trial (p 566), and the Judge\rquote s direction to the jury who left to them (p 567) as }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 the sole issue \'85 are you satisfied \'85 that the defendant had sexual intercourse with [C]?}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The charges did not relate to what Lord Bingham described as }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 an independent act, not inherent in or forming part of the sexual intercourse which took place between them}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "
 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (pp 567, 574).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
He said that the accused was being prosecuted for }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 the same conduct}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
under one section (p 572) that could no longer be charged under another section of the same Act which dealt directly with that conduct.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The prosecution was contrary to the statute because }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Parliament has ordained that conduct of a certain kind shall not be prosecuted otherwise than within a certain period}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (p 574), and the Court }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 must seek to give effect to all the provisions of a statute}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (p 571).
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 13.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Lord Steyn said that the question was whether the prosecutor could charge }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 conduct}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 covered squarely (p 
575) by one section under another section of the Act }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 for the sole purpose of avoiding the time limit}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (p 576).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Lord Clyde said that the act of sexual intercourse was }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 the essence of the complaint}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (p 579), and the appropriate charge must be governed by the predominant facts of the case (p 579).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In that case the facts disclosed }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 nothing more in the way of assault than the act of unlawful sexual intercourse}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (p 579).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 He concluded that }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 it would be a misapplication of the statute to allow a case which neatly and comprehensively falls within}
{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 one section to proceed under another.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Once the time limit for the true offence had passed }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 it is not possible to present the same facts as an offence}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 under a different section (p 580).
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid351798\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 14.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Lord Rodger of Earlsferry held that the case turned on the construction of the section under which the prosecution was brought }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 in the context of the 1956 Act as a whole}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (p}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16143138\charrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 584).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
He said that the critical question was one of }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 the construction of the Act}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (p 584).
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 15.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The appeal was allowed by majority and the convictions for indecent assault were quashed.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 16.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Saraswati v The Queen}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
(1991) 172 CLR 1 the appellant had been convicted on charges of committing acts of indecency with an underage female contrary to s.61E(2) of the 
Crimes Act (NSW) for conduct that constituted an indecent assault within s.61E(1), or carnal knowledge of an underage female within s.71.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The charges were brought after the time limit in s.78 for prosecutions for those offences had expired.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 17.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The High Court, by majority, allowed the appeal and quashed the convictions.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Gaudron J, one of the majority, said at p 18:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 \'85 although, by force of s78, the applicant could not be charged with carnal knowledge and indecent assault, his prosecution under s61E(2) 
required him, as a matter of practical reality, to answer those very charges.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 18.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Her Honour considered that when the statute was read as}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14961834\charrsid12473034  a}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  whole the expression }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
act of indecency with or towards a person}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 in s.61E(2) did not include an act that constitute
d indecent assault, carnal knowledge or attempted carnal knowledge.
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12204032\charrsid12473034 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 19.\tab }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 McHugh J, with whom Toohey J agreed, said (p 19) that t
he question before the Court was whether a person could be charged under s.61E(2) on evidence which established an offence of indecent assault or carnal knowledge but no more.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 He held (pp 27}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
31) that the accused could not be convicted of an act of indecency if that act }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
was part of sexual intercourse or an indecent assault}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 .}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 He treated as material the fact that the relevant sections appeared in the same statute (pp 23, 23}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 4, 24, 28, 30).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 That case, like }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Regina v J}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 , had been fought at the trial as one of carnal knowledge and indecent assault although each offence had been given the label }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 act of indecency}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (p 31).
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 20.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The majorities in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Saraswati v The Queen}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 and }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
Regina v J}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 followed the majority decision in }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 R v Blight}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
(1903) 22 NZLR 837.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 21.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 These decisions are applicable where the conduct could be prosecuted under different sections of the same Act but the time limit for a prosecution under one section has expired.}
{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 They establish the following propositions relevant to this case:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (1)\tab The effect of such an
 Act is that the same conduct cannot be prosecuted under another section to avoid the time bar.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (2)\tab 
A prosecution can be brought under a different section for independent conduct which was not merely part of the conduct which constituted the time barred offence.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (3)\tab 
The appropriate charge depends on the predominant facts of the case.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (4)\tab 
In those cases the indecent assaults, or acts of indecency charged, were the acts of unlawful sexual intercourse, or attempted unlawful sexual intercourse, and the former could not be proved without proving the latter.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 22.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 These cases do not deal directly with the situation where the offences are created by different statutes, and the accused has been charged with an offence under the later one.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In the even
t of inconsistency the later statute will prevail and impliedly repeal or amend the earlier to the extent of the inconsistency, but there is a strong presumption that Parliame}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 
nt intends both to be in force.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 23.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The petitioner submitted that the oath he to
ok when he was sworn in as a Minister in the purported Speight Government, in the circumstances recorded on the TV video, was an overt act of treason.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The prosecution therefore proved the taking of an engagement in the nature of an oath that was not indep
endent of the offence of treason but part of his conduct that constituted that offence.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 24.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Treason by the law of England, and thus of Fiji, is an exceptional crime because as s.50 of the Penal Code provides, it criminalises merely }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 compassing, imagining, inventing, devising or intending}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
acts which would be treason if and when committed such as levying war against the Government and usurping the powers of Government.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The information in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The State v Ratu Timoci Silatolu}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (High Court of Fiji, 26 March 2002), 
which Wilson J refused to quash, included among the overt acts of treason alleged }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
(3) the unlawful formation of an illegal Government; \'85 (5) the unlawful promulgation of various enabling Decrees under which the two accused, together with George Speight an
d others, purported to appoint a President, a Prime Minister and other Ministers and others under the \lquote Taukei Civilian Government\rquote ; \'85 (8) the unlawful breaching of their duty of allegiance to the lawful Government}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 .}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 25.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 There is no doubt that spoken words may constitute an overt act of treason.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In the }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Trials of The Regicides }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (1660) 5 State Trials 986, 988}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
9 the Lord Chief Baron directed the grand jury as follows:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In no case else imagination, or compassing, without an actual effect of it, was punishable by our law \'85
 But in the case of the King, his life was so precious, that the intent was treason by the common law; and declared treason by this statute \'85 This compassing and imagining the cutting off the head of the King is known by some overt act.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Tre
ason is in the wicked imagination, though not treason apparent; but when this poison swells out of the heart and breaks forth into action, in that case it is high treason.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Then what is an overt act of an imagination or }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid351798\charrsid12473034 compassing of the King\rquote s death?}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  Truly it is any thing which sh}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9785167\charrsid12473034 o}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
ws what the imagination is. Words, in many cases, are evidences of this imagination; they are evidence of the heart \'85 so \'85 if two men do conspire to levy war against the King \'85 then \'85 there is another branch of this statute,
 the levying of war is treason.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 26.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The fact that words may be an overt act of high treason was confirmed in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 R v}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Rosewell}{
\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (1684) 10 State Trials 269, 295}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 
-}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 6.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Again in }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 R v Frost}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
(1793) 22 State Trials 575, 580 it was said, quoting Foster\rquote s Crown Law:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Loose words, therefore, not relative to any act or design, are not overt acts of treason, but words of advice or persuasion, and all consultation for all \'85
 traitorous purposes \'85 are certainly so, they are uttered in contemplation of some traitorous purpose, actually on foot or intended, and in prosecution of it.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 27.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Although a treasonable oath will generally be an overt act of treason, it cannot be }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14961834\charrsid12473034 
a capital offence}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  for the purposes of s.5(b) of the Public Order Act [}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034  }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 see}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 : }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 para 8}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034  above}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 ].}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
This construction is necessary to avoid the absurdity of reading s.5(b) as applying to the taking of an oath or engagement by a person binding him to take that oath or engagement.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The oath or engagement made punishable by s.5 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14961834\charrsid12473034 in a case of treason }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 must refer to some overt act or acts of treason other than the taking of the oath or engagement itself.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 28.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The oath taken by the petitioner bound him to give his counsel and advice as Minister for Justice and Attorney General to the interim President, and to
 be a true and faithful Minister.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 29.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The decisions in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Regina v J}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 and }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
Saraswati v The Queen}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 [}{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 see}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 : }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 
para 10 ff}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16143138\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16143138\charrsid12473034 above}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
] were not explicitly based on principles derived from the defence of autrefois acquit but similar principles were applied.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 If the accused in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Regina v J}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
had been charged within time with unlawful sexual intercourse and acquitted, he could not have been charged with indecent assault based on the same facts, and the position was the same in }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Saraswati v The Queen}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The plea of autrefois acquit was
 not available in those cases because charges for the more serious offences had not been brought, and would not have been available if prosecutions brought out of time failed for that reason.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 30.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Situations where a person is not criminally responsible for a crime because he was acquitted, are analogous to those where }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 he is}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  not criminally responsible because a time bar prevents a prosecution.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The abuse of criminal process involved in a prosecution 
barred by autrefois acquit is mirrored in that involved in charging the same facts as another offence to avoid a time bar.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 If the petitioner having been acquitted of treason on a prosecution brought within time could still have been prosecuted under s.5(b
) of the Public Order Act, he would be amenable to such a prosecution after the two year time limit for treason has expired.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 31.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The defence of autrefois acquit was considered in depth in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Connelly v DPP}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 [1964] AC 1254 and Lord Morris of Borth}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 y}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Gest formulated the law in a series of propositions.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Those relevant for present purposes are (at 1305}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 6):
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (6) that on a plea of autrefois acquit \'85 a man is not restricted to a comparison between the later indictment and some previous indictment or to the records o
f the court, but that he may prove by evidence all such questions as to the identity of persons, dates and facts as are necessary to enable him to show that he is being charged with an offence which is either the same, or is substantially the same, as one
 in respect of which he has been acquitted \'85 (7) \'85 what has to be considered is whether the crime \'85 charged in the later indictment is the same or is in effect or is substantially the same as the crime charged \'85 in a former indictment and \'85
 it is immaterial that the facts under examination or the witnesses being called in the later proceedings are the same as those in some earlier proceedings.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 32.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 He developed these propositions and said at 1307}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 8:
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid351798\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
The principle seems clearly to have been recognised that if someone had been \'85 acquitted of an offence he could not later be charged with the same offence or with what was in effect the same offence.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In determining whether or not he was being so charged [the] reality of the matter was to be ascertained.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 That, however, did not mean that if two separate offences were committed at the same time \'85
 an acquittal in respect of one would be any bar to a subsequent prosecution in respect of the other.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
It was the offence or offences that had to be considered.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Was there in substance one offence \endash 
 or had someone committed two or more offences?}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 33.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 He relevantly concluded (at 1309}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 10):

\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 It matters not that incidents and occasions being examined on the trial of the second indictment are precisely the same as those which were examined on the trial of the first.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The court is concerned with charges of offences or crimes.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
The test is, therefore, whether such proof as is necessary to convict of the second offence would establish guilt of the first offence \'85 Applying to the pr
esent case the law as laid down, the question is whether proof that there was robbery with aggravation would support a charge of murder or manslaughter.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 It seems to me quite clear that it would not.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The crimes are distinct.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
There can be robbery without killing.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 There can be killing without robbery.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Evidence of robbery does not prove murder or manslaughter \'85
 Nor does an acquittal of murder or manslaughter necessarily involve an acquittal of robbery \'85 That the facts in the two trials have much in common is not a true test of the availability of the plea of autrefois acquit.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
Nor is it of itself relevant that two separate crimes were committed at the same time so that in recounting the one there may be mention of the other.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12204032\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 34.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 This analysis suggests that the objection sustained in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Regina v J}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 and }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
Saraswati v}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The Queen}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
should not depend on the offences being created by the same statute, although the objection will be easier to sustain where that is the case.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 35.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 It is evident that the elements of the offences created by s.50 of the }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 Penal }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Code and s.5(b) of the Public Order Act are }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 not}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  the same.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
The offence of treason requires proof of a treasonable intent and a relevant overt act or acts.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
The offence under s.5(b) only requires proof that the requisite oath or engagement was taken voluntarily.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 It does 
}{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 not }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 require proof of treasona
ble intent or proof that the act or acts of treason referred to in the oath were ever committed.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
As demonstrated above the taking of the oath itself cannot be an act of treason for this purpose.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11161433\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11161433\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 36.\tab }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
The information did not charge the petitioner with treason.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Regina v J}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
[paras 12}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 14}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034  above}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
] the accused had in fact been tried for unlawful sexual intercourse on an indictment for indecent assault, so that proof of the crime as charged proved the other offence, and this was also the case in }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Saraswati v The Queen}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 [paras 16}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 19}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034  above}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 ].}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
In those cases the prosecution made no attempt to prove an indecent assault that was independent or severable from the unlawful sexual intercourse, and the majority in the House of Lords and two of the majority in the High Court 
held that the facts would not have supported such a charge.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 37.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The test for a plea of autrefois acquit formulated by Lord Morris of Borth}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 y}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Gest was [}{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 see}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 : }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 para 33}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034  above}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 ] }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 whether such proof as is necessary to convict of the second offence would establish guilt of the first}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
It is clear that a conviction on this information would not establish that the accused were guilty of treason.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
However the indictments in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Regina v J}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 and }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Saraswati v The Queen}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 would also have passed that test.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  
}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 38.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The question must also be considered as a matter of substance.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Regina v J}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 and }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
Saraswati v The Queen}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
the conduct proved at the trial which formed the basis of the indecent assault and indecency charges established the time barred offences of unlawful sexual intercourse.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 It is therefore necessary to examine the underlying conduct of the petitioner that was proved at the trial to determine whether it established treason.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 39.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Mr Tedeschi SC in opening the State\rquote s case to the Assessors, focussed on the elements of the offence under s.5(b) and made it clear that the State did not allege}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 that}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 the}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 accused}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 had committed treason and it was not necessary for the State to do so.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 He said }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 the State has to prove the elements of the charge.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Nothing more than that and nothing less}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Later in his opening he said:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 \'85 it is not necessary for the State to prove that treason was committed.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 It is not even necessary for the State to prove that each of the accused intended to do these acts which would have amounted to treason.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 This whole case is about looking at the actual oath itself \'85
 The State does not suggest that [the] accused went on to perform any acts as rebel President or Ministers.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 They
\rquote re charged with taking the oath.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 That\rquote s the beginning and end of the offence that\rquote 
s alleged against them \'85 It\rquote s not necessary for the prosecution to prove that the accused did any acts in pursuance of their oaths \'85 they are not charged with treason.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 40.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The petitioner\rquote }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9787942\charrsid12473034 s}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  edited record of interview }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 [}{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 see}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 : Vol. 6 pp 1496}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 15}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 12}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034  appeal record]}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  covered the events on 19 and 20 May }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 2000}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  and later but contained no admission of treasonable activity other than the taking of the oath.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 He did not claim during that interview that he took the oath under compulsion or duress.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The evidence for the prosecution included a video of the second press conference given by Mr Speight on 19 May during which the petitioner made st}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16143138\charrsid12473034 atements in Fijian and English [}{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16143138\charrsid12473034 see}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16143138\charrsid12473034 : Vol 5 pp }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 1485}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16143138\charrsid12473034 /}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 6}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16143138\charrsid12473034  appeal record]}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  a
nd a transcript.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 During this press conference the petitioner was held out as the Home Affairs Minister.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
The video of the oath taking ceremony was also in evidence, together with a transcript but the latter is not in the record.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12204032\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 41\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In his closing ad
dress Mr Tedeschi again told the Assessors that it was not necessary for the prosecution to prove that the accused intended to commit treason or did other treasonable acts because the essence of the offe}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 nce was the taking of the oath [}{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 see}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 : Vol 5}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16143138\charrsid12473034 p 1256}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034  appeal record]}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 He dealt at length with the defence of compulsion and the facts relevant to that defence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 He said that the fact that Mr Speight chose the accused, including the petitioner, and allowed them}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 to}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 leave}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 the Parliamentary complex and that they came back later showed that there was no compulsion (}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 P1}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 257}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034  ibid}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 ).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
He said that the prosecution case against the petitioner revealed (}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 P}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 1259}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034  ibid}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 ):
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid351798\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 \'85
 not only was he a willing, voluntary participant in the swearing}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 in ceremony, but that after the take}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 over of Parliament he assumed a major role on the 19th and 20th
 of May, in what was happening around the Parliament.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 His role was more than just taking the oath.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 He was one of the }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10516822\charrsid12473034 gang of three}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 \'85involved in organising what was happening.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11161433\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 42.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In relation}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 to}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 the video of the press conference Mr Tedeschi told the Assessors (}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 P}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 1261}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034  ibid}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 ) }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
you only have to look at the video to realise, this was not something which he was doing under any force or compulsion or threat.}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 He was one of a gang of three at this stage}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
He also referred to evidence that had been given of meetings of the Parliamentary representatives of the Fijian Association Party, who}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 included}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 the}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 petitioner, on 19}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 and}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 20}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 May and said (}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 P }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 1262):
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 His actions on that day, the day before the swearing}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 in show that he was acting in an entirely voluntary way, nobody was forcing him to do anything.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 43.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The video of the oath taking ceremony was shown again and the Assessors were invited to find that the petitioner was an active willing participant.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
Mr Tedeschi referred to his record of interview and reminded the Assessors that the petitioner had not claimed then that his oath was a sham or that he had acted under compulsion.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 44.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The evidence of other e
vents on 19 and 20 May and later was properly led by the prosecution to negative the defences that the oath was a sham and the petitioner had taken it under compulsion.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 45.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
In her summing up the trial Judge told the Assessors that an intention of committing treason was not an element of the offence and the prosecution did not have to establish that intention, or that the accused intended to be bound by their oaths}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16143138\charrsid12473034 [}{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16143138\charrsid12473034 see}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16143138\charrsid12473034 : }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2968561\charrsid12473034 S}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 umming }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2968561\charrsid12473034 U}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 p }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 p 6).}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 She}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 told}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 the}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Assessors}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 that}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13790110\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
they needed ask themselves whether the oaths appeared to bind those taking them to take positions in the unlawful Speight Government (pp 7}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 8}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034  ibid}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 ).}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 46.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 She told the Assessors that because some of the accused, including the petitioner, said they were forced to take part in the ceremony, they had to look close}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 ly at the surrounding events (p}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 12}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034  ibid}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 ).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In the course of summarising the petitioner\rquote s defence she told them that they had to decide (p 26}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034  ibid}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 ) whether t
hreats of death or grievous bodily harm were made to him before he took the oath, whether those threats in fact compelled him to take the oath, whether a reasonable person would have succumbed to the pressure, and whether he had an opportunity to escape.}
{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 She told them that in considering these questions they were entitled to take into account the videos and the}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 evidence}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 of}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 other}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2968561\charrsid12473034 invited}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  
Parliamentarians who avoided taking part in the ceremony by refusal or deception.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 47.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 No redirection or further direction was sought by counsel for the petitioner at the conclusion of the summing up.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 48.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The evidence against the petitioner was not limited to the oath taking ceremony itself, but covered other events which tended to establish overt acts of treason and t}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14961834\charrsid12473034 reasonable activity.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
 This evidence was properly led to negative his defences that he took the oath under compulsion and it was a sham or charade.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The petitioner was not charged with any offence based on these events, and the Assessors were directed to consider them only for the purpose of dete}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11161433\charrsid12473034 rmining whether }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14961834\charrsid12473034 the prosecution had negatived }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11161433\charrsid12473034 his defences}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 .
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 49.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 On the whole of the material the Court can safely find that the petitioner was not charged, tried, or convicted of any offence other than that charged in the information.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
More importantly he was not tried or convicted of treason in proceedings commenced after the time bar for that offence had expired.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 50.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Given this finding the petitioner can only succeed if s.5 of the Public Order Act, when constr
ued with the Penal Code, either has no application to an oath or engagement to commit treason, or no application once the time for a prosecution for treason has expired.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 51.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 There could be a basis for either view if the offences were created by different sections of the same Act.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
There is no basis whatever for those views when the offence of treason, and its limitation provision, were created by the Penal Code in 1944 and the offence for which the petitioner was convicted was created by a separate Act in 1969.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
An earlier Act cannot amend a later one or affect its construction unless the later Act expressly amends the earlier or requires the two Acts to be read together.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 This conclusion is put beyond all possible doubt by s.2(a) of the}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034  Penal }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Code which provides:
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-687\li2127\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin2127\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 2\tab Except as hereafter expressly provided nothing in this Code shall affect }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-567\li2694\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin2694\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (a)\tab the liability, trial or punishment of a person for an offence \'85
 against any other law in force in Fiji other than this Code.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 52.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 This section applied to legislation in force when the Penal Code took effect.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 It could not fetter the law making powers of the legislature of Fiji, and it has no direct application to later legislation other than amendments to the Code.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 If the Code, in accordance with s.
2(a), was not intended to affect existing legislation creating criminal offences, there is no basis for thinking it affects later legislation such as the Public Order Act. 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 53.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In written submissions filed by leave after the hearing the State referred to a number of Privy Council and other decisions on the equivalent of s.2 of the Penal Code.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 None are directly in point but in }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Zakos v The Queen}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 [1956] 1 WLR 1162, 1168 Viscount Simonds said:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 At the time when the Criminal Code came into operation, other le
gislation creating offences remained in force and it must have been contemplated that further legislation dealing with particular offences might be passed.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The purpose and effect of section 2(a) was merely to provide that the Criminal Code should not be regarded as exhaustive.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 54.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The challenges to the decision of the Court of Appeal to affirm the petitioner\rquote s conviction fail and in this respect the petition is dismissed.
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 55.\tab }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
In considering whether the petitioner was charged and tried for treason this Court looked closely at the evidence in the course of the trial before concluding, as it has, that he was properly tried and convicted for taking an oath binding himself to commi
t treason.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 However in doing so the Court became concerned that the petitioner may have been sentence}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11161433\charrsid12473034 d}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  for treasonable conduct for which he was not charged or convicted.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The trial Judge in her remarks on sentence said of the petitioner:
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 \'85 much of the pla
nning for the Speight Government was done by you \'85 You also had some input into the choosing of Ministers for various portfolios.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 You yourself earlier accepted a position as Home Affairs Minister before you swore the oath to be Attorney General.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  
}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 To reflect your greater culpability, I choose a starting point of 8 years imprisonment.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 54.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 This conduct was properly before the Court on the issues raised by the petitioner\rquote s defences of compulsion and sham, but was }{
\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 not}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  before it for any other purpose.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The petitioner might have been charged with treason in respect 
of these overt acts but of course any such charge was time barred.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
Moreover those events preceded the taking of the oath that was the subject of the charge.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 55.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 This point was not taken in the petition and was not raised before the Court of Appeal.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
However it is a fundamental principle of our criminal law, inherited from England, that a person must not be punished except for offences for which he has been tried and convicted.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 It is a necessary corollary of this principle that a convicted person must not be sentenced for uncharged offences or matters of aggravation.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 It applies with special force where a prosecution for those uncharged matters would be time barred.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 56.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 These principles are well established.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The King v Bright}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
[1916] 2 KB 441 the accused pleaded guilty to two counts of attempting to elicit information with regard to the manufacture or war material.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The trial Judge sentenced him on the basis that he did these acts in order to assist the enemy.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
If this had been charged and proved he would have been liable to a sentence of death, but he had not been so charged and the offences to which he had pleaded guilty attracted a maximum sentence of life imprisonment.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Darling J, giving the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeal, said at 444}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 5:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 \'85 the judge \'85 must not attribute to the prisoner that he is guilty of an offence with which he has not been charged \endash 
 nor must he assume that the prisoner is guilty of some statutory aggravation of the offence which might, and should, have been charged in the indictment if it had been intended that the prisoner was to be}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 dealt with on the footing that he had been guilty of that statutory aggravation.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6060935\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 57.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 This decision was followed by the High Court of Australia in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The Queen v De}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Simoni }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
(1981) 147 CLR 383 where Gibbs CJ said at 389:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 \'85 the general principle that the s
entence imposed on an offender should take account of all the circumstances of the offence is subject to a more fundamental and important principle, that no one should be punished for an offence of which he has not been convicted \'85
 a judge, in imposing sen
tence, is entitled to consider all the conduct of the accused, including that which would aggravate the offence, but cannot take into account circumstances of aggravation which would have warranted a conviction for a more serious offence.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 58.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Subsequently in }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Kingswell v The Queen}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 (1985) 159 CLR 264 at 278 Gibbs CJ, Wilson and Dawson JJ referred again to }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 R v Bright}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
and said:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 \'85 ever since that time textwriters have regarded the statement by Darling J as correctly stating the practice to be followed.}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12204032\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 59.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The joint judgment then referred to }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Halsbury\rquote s Laws of England}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 , }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Archbold\rquote s Criminal Pleading Evidence & Practice}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 , and New Zealand and Canadian decisions in which }{\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 R v Bright}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 had been followed.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 60.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The passages from the Judge\rquote s remarks on sentence quoted above demonstrate that}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 the}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 petitioner}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 has}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 been}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 sentenced}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 for}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 conduct}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
for which he was not and could not be charged.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 As Sir John Beaumont said in }{
\b\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Joseph v The King}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 [1948] AC 215 at 220, in an appeal from Fiji:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12473034 \f1\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 In the result the appellant has been \'85 sentenced by a judge who had not convicted him.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 " }{
\b\i\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid16009366 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 61.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The point is so fundamental and so important that this Court should take the exceptional course of intervening.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Special leave should be granted, the decision of the Court of Appeal confirming the sentence should be set aside, and in lieu}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 ,}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034  the appeal to that Court should be allowed and the sentence quashed.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The petitioner must be re}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 sentenced by this Court.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard\plain \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 \f1\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 62.\tab }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 The trial Judge, having taken into account the matters which had not been charged, said that: }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 to reflect your greater culpability I choose a starting point of 8 years imprisonment}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 "}{
\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
She then took into account mitigating factors and reduced this }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 by half }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
to four years but then properly took into account other matters of aggravation, such as the betrayal of his oath as a parliamentarian, and the }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14683429\charrsid12473034 e}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 ffect of his taking the oath in lending credibility to the Speight Government.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 Having regard to these aggravating factors she }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 added two years and }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 imposed a sentence of six years imprisonment. }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 63.\tab }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 
The proper practice in sentencing co}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 
offenders is to adopt a common starting figure to reflect the objective gravity of the offence, and to adjust this for each offender}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034  by taking into account}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034  matters of aggravation and mitigation and any other subjective features.
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 64.\tab }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 
In the case of the former V}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 ice}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
President of Fiji }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 the trial Judge }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
adopted a starting point of six years but in the case of the other three who were convicted }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 with the Vice}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034 -}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 President, }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 her starting point was four years}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 . This }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 latter }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 
figure was not affected by impermissible matters of aggravation and should be adopted as the starting point for the petitioner as well.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 If this is done and the other findings and reasons of the trial Judge are applied to it the result is a sentence of four years imprisonment.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 This should be substituted for that imposed by the trial Judge.
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366 65.\tab }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 
The following orders are made:
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16262788 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3939362\charrsid12473034 (1)\tab S}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 pecial leave grant}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3939362\charrsid12473034 ed to appeal from the sentence.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034  Petition}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12473034  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 otherwise dismissed.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14356617\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \s36\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16262788 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 Sentence of 6 years imprisonment imposed by the trial Judge is quashed.
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s36 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}\pard \s36\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16262788 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 In lieu thereof}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11880117\charrsid12473034 ,}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16132281\charrsid12473034 
 the petitioner is sentenced to 4 years imprisonment to date from 6 April 2004.
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11037700\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid12473034 Hon. Justice Daniel Fatiaki
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid12473034 President of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid12473034 Hon Justice Kenneth Handley
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid12473034 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid12473034 
\par }\pard \s36\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid12473034 Hon Justice Michael Scott
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid12473034 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \s36\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12473034 {\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid16009366 
\par }{\b\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid12473034 Solicitors:
\par }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid11143760 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid11143760 Petitioner in Person
\par Office of the Director of the Public Prosecutions, Suva for the Respondent
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16009366\charrsid11143760 
\par }\pard \s36\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16009366 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8545308\charrsid11143760 CAV0003U.04S}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7864821\charrsid11143760 
\par }}