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{\title IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE FIJI ISLANDS}{\author Usha}{\operator blake_r}{\creatim\yr2006\mo6\dy29\hr14\min25}{\revtim\yr2006\mo6\dy29\hr14\min48}{\version6}{\edmins11}{\nofpages21}{\nofwords8601}{\nofchars49026}{\*\company Judicial Department}
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE FIJI ISLANDS
\par AT SUVA
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. CAV0005 of 2005S
\par (Fiji}{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 Court}{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 of}{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 Appeal No. AAU0033}{
\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 of}{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 2003S)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 BETWEEN:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 JOSATEKI SOLINAKOROI
\par }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 Petitioner
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 AND:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 THE STATE
\par }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 Respondent
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 
\par Coram:}{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 The Hon Justice Daniel Fatiaki, President of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice Kenneth Handley, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice}{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 Gordon Ward, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par Hearing:}{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 Tuesday 18 and Thursday 20 October 2005, Suva
\par 
\par Counsel:}{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 Petitioner in Person [Assisted by F. Hannif as Amicus Curiae}{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 ]
\par Mr R. Gibson\tab \tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 ]
\par Mr D. Gounder\tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 ]}{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 for the Respondent
\par 
\par Date of}{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 Judgment}{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089 :\tab Thursday 8 June 2006, Suva}{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid7217266\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 JUDGMENT OF FATIAKI CJ AND HANDLEY J
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 [1]\tab This is a petition for special}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 
leave to appeal from a decision of the Fiji Court of Appeal in the criminal jurisdiction.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 
The Court of Appeal dismissed an appeal by the petitioner from his conviction for murder and sentence of life imprisonment following his trial before Townsley J and Assessors.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 
The petitioner was represented at his trial, but not in the Court of Appeal.}{\insrsid12388291 
\par }{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 [2]\tab The facts and an account of the proceedings at the trial and in the Court of Appeal are set out in paras [39] to [55] of the reasons for judgment of Ward J which we gratefully adopt.}{\insrsid11676089  }{
\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 His Lordship reviews the provisions of the Constitution and the Supreme Court Act which define the jurisdiction of this Court in criminal cases in paras [56] to [66] which we also adopt.
\par 
\par [3]\tab Importantly his Lordship concludes [para 65] that this Court is not limited to consideration of matters that were raised in the Court of Appeal [paras 63,}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 65,}{\insrsid11676089  }{
\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 66], but may intervene in other cases in accordance with s.7(2)}{\insrsid16141267\charrsid11676089 (c)}{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089  of the Supreme Court Act where }{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{
\b\i\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 substantial and grave injustice may otherwise occur}{\b\i\insrsid16141267\charrsid11676089 .}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 We respectfully agree.
\par 
\par }{\insrsid16141267\charrsid11676089 [4]\tab His Lordship considers the issues raised under s.204 of the Penal Code by the defence of provocation that the petitioner\rquote s; counsel foreshadowed at his trial [paras 67}{\insrsid11676089 -}{
\insrsid16141267\charrsid11676089 79] and concludes [paras 80}{\insrsid11676089 -}{\insrsid16141267\charrsid11676089 87] that special leave should be refused and the petition dismissed.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid16141267\charrsid11676089 
We must respectfully differ.}{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid16141267\charrsid11676089 
\par [5]\tab }{\insrsid5913150\charrsid11676089 The trial Judge was not entitled to withdraw the issue of provocation from the assessors at the end of the prosecution case.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid5913150\charrsid11676089 
At that stage he could not know what might emerge during the case for the accused who was entitled to remain silent, to give evidence on oath, or to make an unsworn statement and call witnesses in his defence.}{\insrsid11676089  }{
\insrsid5913150\charrsid11676089 Undoubtedly, the accused had an evidentiary onus but if there was evidence of provocation fit to be submitted to the assessors, the legal onus to negative provocation remained with the prosecution.}{\insrsid11676089  }{
\insrsid5913150\charrsid11676089 The Judge\rquote s pre}{\insrsid11676089 -}{\insrsid5913150\charrsid11676089 emptive ruling was a fundamental irregularity
, affecting the trial, which prevented the accused saying anything, on oath or otherwise, in support of a defence which might have reduced murder to manslaughter.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid5913150\charrsid11676089 
In effect the trial Judge denied the accused the right to be heard in his own defence without any statutory authority under the Criminal Procedure Code for the course he followed.}{\insrsid16141267\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid5913150\charrsid11676089 
\par [6]\tab The definition of provocation in s.204 of the Penal Code, so far as relevant in this case, is:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid5913150\charrsid11676089 The term \lquote provocation\rquote  means \'85 any wrongful act or insult off s
uch a nature as to be likely, when done \'85 in the presence of an ordinary person to another person who is under his immediate care, or to whom he stands in a \'85 fraternal relation\'85
 to deprive him of the power of self control and to induce him to commit an assault of the kind which the person charged committed upon the person by whom the act of insult is done or offered.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid5913150\charrsid11676089 

\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid9992269\charrsid11676089 [7]\tab The critical issue was whether there was evidence fit for the consideration of the Assessors that the uninvited homosexual advances of 
the deceased towards Ulaiasi in the car both on the way to the beach and at the beach were done }{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid9992269\charrsid11676089 in the presence of}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid9992269\charrsid11676089 
the petitioner, and, whether Ulaiasi was }{\insrsid11676089 " }{\b\i\insrsid9992269\charrsid11676089 a person \'85 under his immediate care, or to whom eh stands in a \'85 fraternal relation.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\insrsid12388291\charrsid11676089 

\par }{\insrsid9992269\charrsid11676089 
\par [8]\tab Ulaia
si said in evidence that when the car stopped at the beach he remained in the front seat with the deceased while the petitioner who was told to get out of the car by the deceased, got out from the back seat and sat down in front of the car drinking beer.}
{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid9992269\charrsid11676089 The deceased then continued with his homosexual advances towards Ulaiasi which caused the latter to get out of the car and start running home.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid9992269\charrsid11676089 
This attracted the attention of the petitioner, and according to Ulaiasi the conversation followed that is recorded [para 42] by Ward J.
\par 
\par [9]\tab }{\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 The petitioner told the police that he then dragged the deceased from he car and assaulted him with what turned out to be deadly force.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 
The homosexual advances were plainly capable of constituting provocation to Ulaiasi and had he reacted in he same way that issue would properly have been one for the Assessors.}{\insrsid9992269\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 
\par [10]\tab The trial Judge however, withdrew provodcation from the Assessors because he ruled that Ulaiasi and the petitioner were }{\ul\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 not }{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 
in a fraternal relation}{\b\i\insrsid11676089\charrsid7952277 "}{\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 , and because the wrongful act or insult was }{\ul\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 not}{\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089  done}{
\b\i\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 in the presence of}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\b\i\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 the petitioner}{\b\i\insrsid7952277 "}{
\b\i\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 .}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 Simply being told about it by Ulaiasi was not enough.
\par 
\par [11]\tab On any view he petitioner was nearby and close enough to hear and see what was happening in the car on the way to the beach and even at the beach had he been standing up and looking.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 
His statement to the police }{\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 was not necessarily a complete account of what he heard and saw and further facts may have emerged in the defence case.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 
The trial Judge was not entitled to find that the petitioner could not add to the evidence given by Ulaiasi or to his statement to the police.}{\insrsid5649904\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 
\par [12]\tab The expression }{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 in the presence of}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 
is not a term of art and is made up of ordinary English words. Accordingly, within very broad limits, their meaning and application in any particular case is a question of fact, and thus a question for the Assessors.}{\insrsid11676089  }{
\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 The principles were stated in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 Cozens v. Brutus}{\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089  [1973] AC 854 at 861 by Lords Reid:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 The meaning of an ordinary word of the English language is not a question of law.}{
\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 The proper construction of a statute is a question of law.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 If the context shows that a word is used in an unusual sense the 
Court will determine in other words what that unusual sense is.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 But here there is in my opinion no question of the word \lquote insulting\rquote  being used in any unusual sense.}{
\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 It appears to me, of r reasons which I shall give later, to be}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 intended to have its ordinary meaning.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{
\b\i\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 
It is for the Tribunal which decides the case to consider, not as law but as fact, whether in the whole circumstances the words of the statute do or do not as a matter of ordinary usage of the English language cover or apply to the facts which h
ave been proved.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 If it is alleged that the Tribunal has reached a wrong decision then there can be a question of law but only of a limited character.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{
\b\i\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 The question would normally be whether their decision was unreasonable in the sense that no Tribunal acquainted with the ordinary use of language could reasonably reach that decision.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{
\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 [13]\tab 
It is well established that a confession or hearsay report after the event cannot constitute provocation which reduces unlawful homicide from murder to manslaughter.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 See }{
\b\i\ul\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089 Holmes v. Director of Public Prosecutions}{\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089  [1946] AC 588, 596}{\insrsid11676089 -}{\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089 7, 600.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089 
In }{\b\i\ul\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089 R v Fisher}{\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089  (1837) 8 C & P 182, 186 a father searched for and killed the deceased, after being informed that the deceased had had homosexual intercourse with his son.}{
\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089 Park J ruled that provocation had not been established because }{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\b\i\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089 in all cases the party}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 ;}{
\b\i\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089 must see the act done.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089 In }{\b\i\ul\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089 R v Harrington}{\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089 
 (1866) 10 Cox CC 370 Cockburn CJ left provocation to the jury where the accused had reacted violently on seeing his daughter physically assaulted by the deceased.}{\insrsid2111456\charrsid11676089  
\par }{\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 [14]\tab In }{\b\i\ul\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 R v Terry}{\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089  [1964] VR 248, 250, 251 Pape J held that provocation offered by the deceased to the wife and sister of the accused }{
\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\b\i\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 in his presence}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 could constitute provocation at common law, and this decision was followed in }{
\b\i\ul\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 R v}{\ul\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089  }{\b\i\ul\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 Arden}{\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 
 [1975] VR 449 by Menhennitt J who ruled that a hearsay account to he accused by his pregnant de facto wife that she had been raped by the deceased could not constitute provocation because the conduct of the deceased had not occurred in his presence.}{
\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 Menhennitt J concluded (452):}{\insrsid13385128\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\b\i\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 \'85}{\b\i\insrsid7760758\charrsid11676089  for }{
\b\i\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 there to be sufficient to constitu}{\b\i\insrsid7760758\charrsid11676089 t}{\b\i\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 e provocation, conduct of some kind\'85
 on the part of the person killed must take place in the presence of the accused person.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid14287941\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid7760758\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid7760758\charrsid11676089 [15]\tab In }{\b\i\ul\insrsid7760758\charrsid11676089 R v Quartly}{\insrsid7760758\charrsid11676089 
 (1986) 11 NSWLR 332 the Court of Criminal Appeal held that a hearsay account of the conduct of the deceased towards a young woman with whom the accused had had a sexual relationship could not constitute provocation.}{\insrsid11676089  }{
\insrsid7760758\charrsid11676089 Lee J, giving the judgment of the Court, said at 338}{\insrsid11676089 -}{\insrsid7760758\charrsid11676089 9:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid7760758\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid7760758\charrsid11676089 The view\'85 that provocation req}{\b\i\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 
uires a reaction by an accused to conduct of the deceased which occurs in his sight or}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 hearing, appears to have been accepted in the common law from}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{
\b\i\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 the very earliest times \'85 the policy of the common law has always been that provocation becom
es a factor in a murder trial when the killing can be sensibly related to a reaction by an accused person to some conduct of the deceased of which he personally has experience, even though, as I have said, it need not necessarily in every case be directed
 towards him\'85 The provocative incident relied upon in such cases must still be the conduct of the deceased seen or heard by the accused.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\insrsid7760758\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 [16]\tab The meaning of }{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 in the presence of}{
\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 has also been considered in relation to he common law crime of robbery which involves the theft }{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 of property from the person of }{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 
the victim.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 The courts have held that the crime can be committed }{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 if }{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 the victim is present when the propert}{
\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 y is stolen although it is not }{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 taken from his person.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 In }{\b\i\ul\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 R }{
\b\i\ul\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 v}{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 Selway}{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089  (1859) 8 Cox CC 235 the accused stole a money box f}{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 
rom a shop in the presence of }{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 the shop owner and robbery was left to the jury.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 In }{\b\i\ul\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 R v Langlands}{
\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089  [1932] VLR 450; money was stolen from the till in the shop while the shop keeper was detained in another room behind a closed door.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 Th}{
\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 e Full Court of Victoria held t}{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 hat the evidence}{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089  did not establish the offence of robbery in company because the robbery did not take place }{
\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\b\i\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 in the presence of}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 the victim.}{\insrsid2179215\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 
\par [17]\tab After Ulaiasi got out of the car the petitioner stood up and could have seen both him and the deceased.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 On any view, what then happened took place }{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{
\b\i\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 in the presence of}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 the petitioner.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 
He spoke to Ulaiasi as did the deceased who wanted Ulaiasi to come back to the car.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 The deceased\rquote s request that Ulaiasi ret
urn was capable of being understood as an admission of prior unacceptable conduct as well as a renewed homosexual advance.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 Whether it was such an advance and whether it was also a }{
\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 wrongful act or insult}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 likely to deprive the petitioner of his power of self control were eminently questions for the Assessors.
\par 
\par [18]\tab Thus the evidence in the prosecution case established, without more, a basis for leaving these elements of the defence to the Assessors.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 
If the issue had not been prematurely withdrawn from the Assessors further facts may have emerged in the defence case which stre}{\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 ngthened the existing case for }{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 the p}{
\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 etitioner on those elements of the defence. O}{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 ther facts may also have emerged which provided a wider basis for a finding that provocative conduct had occurred }{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{
\b\i\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 in his presence.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\insrsid1728942\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 
\par [19]\tab The other ground on which the trial Judge withdrew the defence from the Assessors was that there was no relationship between the petitioner and Ulaiasi which could make conduct directed to Ulaiasi provocation to the petiti
oner within s.204 of the Penal Code.}{\insrsid16673013 
\par }{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 [20]\tab The other elements of the defence in this case are whether Ulaiasi was }{\insrsid11676089 "}{\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 under [the] immediate care}{\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 
of the petitioner }{\ul\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 or}{\ul\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 they were in a }{\insrsid11676089 "}{\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 fraternal relation.}{\insrsid11676089 " }{
\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 They were cousins, and the petitioner was the elder.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 
The evidence does not reveal whether they were first or remoter cousins or their respective ages. In his ruling at the end of the prosecution case the Judge held that the relationship between cousins was not within s.204 but he did not refer to the possib
ility that Ulaiasi may have been under the immediate care of the petitioner.
\par 
\par [21]\tab Surprisingly, in view of his ruling, the trial Judge referred to provocation at some length in his summing up.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 He told the Assessors that the relationship between Ulaiasi and
 the petitioner was only that of cousins and added }{\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 See, you can\rquote t no matter what Fiji custom is, you can\rquote t go around saying }{\b\i\insrsid10094038\charrsid11676089 \lquote }{
\b\i\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 Oh!}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 He\rquote s my brother, he\rquote s my brother, he\rquote s my brother\rquote  because you feel kindly or brotherly towards the person.}{
\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\insrsid16673013\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid10094038\charrsid11676089 
\par [22]\tab }{\insrsid12534201\charrsid11676089 However Fijian customary traditions could have been important in determining whether Ulaiasi was under the }{\insrsid11676089 "}{\insrsid12534201\charrsid11676089 immediate care}{\insrsid11676089 " }{
\insrsid12534201\charrsid11676089 of the petitioner.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12534201\charrsid11676089 Certainly Ulaiasi considered that }{\insrsid11676089 "}{\insrsid12534201\charrsid11676089 in Fijian custom}{\insrsid11676089 " }{
\insrsid12534201\charrsid11676089 he was like a younger brother to the petitioner such that the petitioner was bound to protect him from anything untoward that was said or done or him. The petitioner\rquote 
s counsel may also have intended to call evidence on that issue, but was prevented from doing so.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid12534201\charrsid11676089 Had this been done the Judge would have been bound to leave tha
t question to the Assessors, provided there was material which could support the other elements of the defence.
\par 
\par [23]\tab }{\insrsid2574499\charrsid11676089 The petitioner and Ulaiasi were not brothers of the full blood, but s.204 refers to }{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid2574499\charrsid11676089 a conjugal, parental, filial or fraternal relation.}{
\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid7693454\charrsid11676089 The section does not in terms require parties to be lawfully married before they can be in a conjugal relationship and a de}{\insrsid11676089 -}{\insrsid7693454\charrsid11676089 
facto relationship would be sufficient.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid7693454\charrsid11676089 Equally we have no doubt that a person may be in a parental relation to la stepchild, a foster child, and an adopted child.}{\insrsid11676089  }{
\insrsid7693454\charrsid11676089 Children brought up in such a family could fairly be regarded as being }{\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid7693454\charrsid11676089 in fraternal relation}{\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid7693454\charrsid11676089 
although there was no blood relationship between them}{\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 .}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid7693454\charrsid11676089 Furthermore a parental relationship may possibly exist where another child is staying with the family temporarily.}{
\insrsid10094038\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 
\par [24]\tab There is also the possibility of a fraternal relation being recognised where there is neither a blood or extended family relationship.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 
In 2 Samuel 1:26 David, in lamenting the death of Jonathan, who was not his blood brother, says: }{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 I am distressed for you my brother Jonathan.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{
\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 In Shakespeare\rquote s }{\b\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 Henry V}{\b\i\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089  }{\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 the King, addressing his troops before the Battle of Agincourt (}{
\b\i\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 Act IV Scene III), says: }{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\b\i\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 we few, we happy few, we band of brothers; for he that today sheds his blood with me shall be my brother.}{
\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 
\par 
\par [25]\tab In this respect also there is possible scope for the operation of Fijian customary relationships.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 We do not decide that such a relationship, properly proved, would establish }{
\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 a fraternal relation}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 for the purposes of s.204.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 We do no more than de}{
\insrsid1134829\charrsid11676089 cide that such a finding could }{\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 not be ruled out in advance of the evidence.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 This view is supported by }{
\b\i\ul\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 R v Yanda Piaua}{\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089  [1967}{\insrsid11676089 -}{\insrsid13328533\charrsid11676089 68] PNG LR 482, a case under t
he Criminal Code of Papua New Guinea, which contained a definition of provocation indistinguishable from s.204. Mann CHJ said at 488:
\par }{\insrsid1134829\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid1134829\charrsid11676089 
The degree of relationship set out in the definition of provocation in s.268 is not necessarily a direct and specific blood relationship.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid1134829\charrsid11676089 
The words used are words in common and general use and are often used to describe relationships falling outside any strict definition.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid1134829\charrsid11676089 For example, the word \lquote fraternal\rquote 
 has a much wider meaning in common use than could be derived from a reference to a full blood brother.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid1134829\charrsid11676089 The expression \lquote conjugal\rquote 
 of course goes outside any blood relationship and, generally, the use of adjectives in the context with the suffix \lquote al\rquote  in each case tends to give a wider meaning\'85 I can see no reason why s.268 should not extend to the many \lquote 
fraternal\rquote  relationships as subsisting in established native society and which, as a matter of common experience, had led to precisely the same behaviour or response as would be encountered in the case of full blood brothers.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 
 }{\b\i\insrsid1134829\charrsid11676089 Should the evidence of the precise relationship involved be somewhat deficient, I conclude that the onus would be on the Crown to eliminate any deficiency on this score.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid1134829 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid1134829\charrsid11676089 [26]\tab }{\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 
The remaining issue is whether the Court should find that the Judge\rquote s premature ruling occasioned }{\b\i\insrsid7952277 "}{\b\i\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 substantial and grave injustice}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{
\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 within the meaning of s.7(2)(c) of the Supreme Court Act.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 
While this expression must be construed in its context we have no doubt that it was intended to reflect the principles which the Privy Council applied in criminal cases.}{\insrsid1134829\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 
\par [27]\tab Where a substantial and grave injustice might otherwise occur the Privy Council would allow a new point to be taken which had not been raised below even when it was not raised in the appellant\rquote s printed case: }{
\b\i\ul\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 Kwaku Mensah v. R}{\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089  [1946] AC 83, 94; }{\b\i\ul\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 Mohammed Kunjo s/o Ramalan v. Public Prosecutor}{\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 
 [1979] AC 135, 142.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 
A substantial and grave injustice e warranting the intervention of the Privy Council was held to occur where the trial Judge did not leave manslaughter to the jury where there was evidence capable of supporting a defence of provocation.}{\insrsid11676089 
 }{\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 Thus in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 Kwaku Mensah v. R}{\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089  (above) Lord Goddard said at 94:
\par }{\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\b\i\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 \'85
 the direction to the jury that the question of manslaughter could only arise if they accepted the accused\rquote s evidence that the shooting was accidental was wrong.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 
It has resulted in a failure to take the opinion of the jury on}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 a matter which, had they accepted the evidence, might have avoided a conviction for a capital crime\'85
 When there has been an omission to place before the jury for their consideration a matter of such grave importance they were never led to con
sider whether in this respect the prosecution had discharged the onus which lay on them of proving murder as distinct from manslaughter, their Lordships think that they can properly entertain the appeal.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{
\b\i\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 [28]\tab That decision was applied in Bullard v R [1957] AC 635 and }{\b\i\ul\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 Bharat v R}{\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089  [1959] AC 533, 539}{\insrsid11676089 -}{
\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 540.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 Such a miscarriage also occurs where the accused has been shut out from presenting a material part of his case.}{\insrsid11676089  }{
\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 Thus in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 Muhammed Nawaz v King}{\b\i\ul\insrsid11676089 -}{\b\i\ul\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 Emperor}{\insrsid15279518\charrsid11676089 
 (1941) LR 68 Ind App 126, 128 Viscount Simon LC said:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\b\i\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 
Broadly speaking, the Judicial Committee will only interfere where there has been an infringement of the essential principles of justice. An obvious example would be a conviction following a trial where it could be seriously contended that there was a ref
usal to hear the case of the accused \'85 or where he was not allowed to call relevant witnesses.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid1134829\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 [29]\tab This statement of principle was applied in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 
Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor}{\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089  [1956] 1 WLR 965, 972.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 The defence was duress and the trial Judge rejected as he
arsay the evidence of the accused of threats to his life by communist insurgents and he was not allowed to give that evidence.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 The Privy Council said:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 
In this case the appellant has not been allowed to give relevant and admissible evidence, which is a circumstance very similar in its consequences to not being allowed \lquote to call relevant witnesses\rquote  \'85
 Their Lordships feel unable to hold with any confidence that had the excluded evidence, which goes to the very root of the defence of duress, been admitted the result of the trial would probably have been the same.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{
\b\i\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 [30]\tab 
The accused is entitled to be tried according to law and a miscarriage of justice occurs if there has been a substantial departure from the prescribed procedure.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 Thus in }{
\b\i\ul\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 Mahilikilili Dhalamini v R}{\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089  [1942] AC 583}{\insrsid5968392\charrsid11676089 
 on a trial for murder before a Judge and Assessors the latter gave their opinions to the Judge in private, and not in open Court as required by law.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid5968392\charrsid11676089 Lord Atkin said at 590:}{
\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid11753789\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid11753789\charrsid11676089 What, then, should be the result of a failure\'85
 to hold the whole of the proceedings in public?}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid11753789\charrsid11676089 In this country the omission would}{\b\i\insrsid5119278\charrsid11676089  be a fatal flaw entitling a con}{
\b\i\insrsid11753789\charrsid11676089 f}{\b\i\insrsid5119278\charrsid11676089 l}{\b\i\insrsid11753789\charrsid11676089 icted criminal to have the conviction set aside \'85 Prima facie, the failure to hold the whole of the proceedings in pu}{
\b\i\insrsid5119278\charrsid11676089 blic m}{\b\i\insrsid11753789\charrsid11676089 u}{\b\i\insrsid5119278\charrsid11676089 s}{\b\i\insrsid11753789\charrsid11676089 t amount to su
ch a disregard of he forms of justice as to lead to substantial and grave injustice within the rule adopted by this Board i}{\b\i\insrsid5119278\charrsid11676089 n dealing with criminal appeals.}{\b\i\insrsid11753789\charrsid11676089  There ma}{
\b\i\insrsid5119278\charrsid11676089 y, no doubt, be cases where the}{\b\i\insrsid11753789\charrsid11676089  guilt of the accused is so apparent that in spite of the dis
regard of this essential need for publicity this Board would not consider it right to grant leave to}{\b\i\insrsid5119278\charrsid11676089  appeal, but the present is not }{\b\i\insrsid11753789\charrsid11676089 such a case\'85}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{
\b\i\insrsid11753789\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid5119278\charrsid11676089 
\par [31]\tab }{\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089 These principles were applied in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089 Joseph v R}{\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089  [1948] AC 215 where the Chief Justice of Fiji wrongly treate
d the Assessors as a jury and did not give judgment convicting the accused.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089 At 221 Sir John Beaumont said:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\i\insrsid7952277 "}{\b\i\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089 
The appellant was entitled to be tried by the Judge and he has not been so tried and, in the circumstances, the only course open to the Board was to advise his Majesty to allow the appeal and quash the conviction and sentence.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{
\b\i\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid5119278\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089 [32]\tab These principles were again applied in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089 Hemapala v R}{\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089  [1963] AC 859, 868.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089 
The accused had elected to be tried by an English speaking jury but the trial had been conducted in Sinhala.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089 Sir Kenneth Gresson giving the judgment of the Board said:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089 \'85
 their Lordships hold that there having been a departure from the provisions of the Code with no certainty that such a departure did not operate to the disadvantage of the appellant the case must be regarded as one in which there has been a}{
\b\i\insrsid13184294\charrsid11676089  miscarriage of justice necessitating the quashing of the conviction.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid11156962\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid5968392\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid13184294\charrsid11676089 [33]\tab The Privy Council intervened in such cases although there was no certainty that the error had affected the result, and even where it was unlikely that it had done so.}{\insrsid11676089  }{
\insrsid13184294\charrsid11676089 In }{\b\i\ul\insrsid13184294\charrsid11676089 Kwaku Mensah v R}{\insrsid13184294\charrsid11676089  (above) at 94 Lord Goddard said:}{\insrsid11676089  " }{\b\i\insrsid13184294\charrsid11676089 
it is impossible to say what verdict would have been returned had the case been left to the jury with a proper direction.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\insrsid13184294\charrsid11676089 In Joseph v R (above) at 221 Sir John Beaumont said:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid13184294\charrsid11676089 
It is no doubt possible, and even probable, that if the learned Chief Justice had tried the case in accordance with the provisions of the Procedure Code he would have reached the conclusion which the A
ssessors reached, namely, that the accused were guilty of manslaughter.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid13184294\charrsid11676089 This, however, is a matter of conjecture.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid13184294\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 [34]\tab These principles were applied in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor}{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089  (above) at 973; }{\b\i\ul\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 
Bharat v R}{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089  (above) at 539}{\insrsid11676089 -}{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 40; and in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 Hemapala v R}{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089  (above) at 868.
\par }{\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 [35]\tab In }{\b\i\ul\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 DPP v Walker}{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089  [1974] 1 WLR 1090, 1096 Lord}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 Salmon said:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\i\insrsid11676089 "}{\b\i\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 
The proviso can be applied only if the Court of Appeal is satisfied that there is no possibility of any injustice being done.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 This could hardly ever be so if a defence, however w
eak, upon which the accused relies at the trial, or which is supported by evidence (although it has not been expressly relied on) has not been left to the jury.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089  }{\b\i\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 
In such a case it would, as a rule, be manifestly unjust to deprive the accused of the jury\rquote s verdict on that defence.}{\b\i\insrsid11676089 " }{\b\i\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid6375374\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 [36]\tab These principles lead us to conclude that there has been a substantial and grave}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 injustice which requires this Court to intervene.}{\insrsid11676089  }{
\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 The petitioner was not tried according to law, and the withdrawal of the defence of provocation at the end of the prosecution case was a substantial departure from the course prescribed by the Code.}{\insrsid11676089  }{
\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 He has been prevented from presenting a substantial part of his case, and giving evidence, or calling witnesses in support of it.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 There was already ev
idence in the prosecution case which might have supported a defen}{\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 ce of provocation, and but for }{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 the ruling, there may have been more.}{\insrsid11676089  }{
\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 As a result provocation was not properly left to the Assessors and there is no certainty that they or all of them would have rejected the defence, or that, on furthe4r evidence being given, the Judge would have done so.}{
\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 We propose therefore to allow }{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 the appeal and order a new trial.}{\insrsid11676089  }{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 
It will be for the Director of Public Prosecutions, in his discretion, to determine }{\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 wh}{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 ether, in all the circumstances, he will pro}{\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 c}{
\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 eed.
\par 
\par }{\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 [37]\tab We make the following orders:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 (1)\tab Special leave granted limit}{\insrsid5972824 ed to the issue of provocation.}{
\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 (2)\tab Appeal allowed.}{\insrsid11482361\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 (3)\tab The conviction and sentence for murder are quashed.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 (4)\tab 
Proceedings remitted to the High Court for a new trial of the petitioner according to law on a charge of murder or manslaughter.
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 Hon Justice Daniel Fatiaki
\par }{\b\ul\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 President of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\b\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 Hon Justice Kenneth Handley
\par }{\b\ul\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 
\par }{\b\ul\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 Solicitors:
\par }{\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 
\par Petitioner in Person
\par Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, Suva for the Respondent}{\insrsid4920392 
\par }{\insrsid11676089\charrsid11676089 
\par }\pard \qr \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11676089 {\insrsid4920392\charrsid11676089 CAV0005U.05S}{\insrsid4920392 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE FIJI ISLANDS
\par AT SUVA
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. CAV0005 of 2005S
\par (Fiji Court of Appeal No. AAU0033 of 2003S)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 BETWEEN:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 JOSATEKI SOLINAKOROI
\par }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 Petitioner
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 AND:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 THE STATE
\par }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 Respondent
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 
\par Coram: The Hon Justice Daniel Fatiaki, President of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice Kenneth Handley, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice Gordon Ward, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par Hearing: Tuesday 18 and Thursday 20 October 2005, Suva
\par 
\par Counsel: Petitioner in Person [Assisted by F. Hannif as Amicus Curiae ]
\par Mr R. Gibson\tab \tab \tab  ]
\par Mr D. Gounder\tab \tab  ] for the Respondent
\par 
\par Date of Judgment: Thursday 8 June 2006, Suva
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\insrsid8847764\charrsid5252886 JUDGMENT OF WARD J
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [1]\tab This is a petition for special leave to appeal from a judgment of the Court of Appeal.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [2]\tab 
The petitioner was charged with one count each of murder, robbery with violence and unlawful use of a motor vehicle.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 He pleaded not guilty and was convicted of murd
er and unlawful use of a motor vehicle but acquitted of robbery with violence; the judge having accepted the unanimous opinion of the assessors.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [3]\tab 
The facts of the case were that, in the evening of 12 September 1998, the Petitioner and his cousin, Ulaiasi, had been drinking and were under the influence of liquor.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
They met the victim, an Indian man named Naicker, (the deceased), at a local shop and accepted his invitation to accompany him in his car to Saweni Beach in order to continue drinking.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [4]\tab The petitioner was sitting in the back seat of the car and Ulaiasi in the front.}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Ulaiasi told the court that during the drive to Saweni Beach, the deceased touched his thigh.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Ulaiasi pushed his hand away and told him to stop.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [5]\tab When they arrived at the beach, they all sat in the car drinking.}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 After two glasses of beer, the deceased asked the petitioner to get out of the car which he did.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Ulaiasi\rquote 
s unchallenged evidence was that the petitioner sat on the ground in front of the car and continued drinking beer.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
When he was out of the car, the deceased started, once again, to make sexual advances, to him.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 The record of Ulaiasi\rquote s evidence in chief was:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Then the [petitioner] went outside to drink, whilst in the meantime the Indian man was touching my private parts.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 He was pulling my head towards him, for us to kiss.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 In doing so, I then pushed him away.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 And in cross}{\insrsid8847764 -}{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 examination:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 The [petitioner] got out and the Indian man started to make advances to me again.}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 He put his left hand on my penis.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 He got hold of my right arm and put it on his chest.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 This frightened me again.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 I got out of the car and ran away.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Then the [petitioner] called out }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Where are you going?\rquote }{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 I was running away when he called this out.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 I was walking fast not running away.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 I replied to the [petitioner\rquote s] question }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
That one wanted me to fuck his arse}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 .}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 The Indian man then called to me to return and said he would not repeat what he had done.}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 I said }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Fuck you, why are you doing this to me?}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 in English.}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 I then ran home following the tramline. \'85 I did not see what happened with the [petitioner] after I left.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [6]\tab The petitioner described what happened in his interview with the police.}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 He told how Ulaiasi had told him the Indian man had told Ulaiasi }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 to fuck his arse}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
and the interview continued:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Q}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  -}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  Then what you did?
\par A }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 -}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  I pulled him out of the car and started punching him.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid8847764 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Q }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 -}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  Can you tell me how many punch you gave him?

\par A }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 -}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  I don\rquote t know I was drunk.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid8847764 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Q }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 -}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  After punching then what you did?
\par A }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 -}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  When I saw him lying on the ground, I took his wrist watch, golden}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 bracelet, gold necklace and a gold ring from his hand and neck

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid8847764 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Q }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 -}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  After taking all these items then what you did?

\par A }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 -}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  I saw the key still in the car and I drove his car from the Beach towards Queens Road through Saweni Beach road.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [7]\tab The victim was found in the early hours of the morning and taken to hospital.}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 He died on 30 September 1998.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [8]\tab 
At the end of the prosecution case, the record shows that the judge, in the absence of the assessors said:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Now l
et us turn to certain matters of law before the Accused is advised of his options to stay silent or put material before the Court.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Mr Patel [defence counsel] there are two matters I should draw to your attention:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 1.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 whether provocation is not available as
 a reducing factor}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 from murder to manslaughter, and
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 2. }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 whether the defence ought to be allowed to make submissions on the chain of causation.}
{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 This petition is only concerned with the first of these issues.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par [9]\tab Section}{\insrsid8847764  203 of the Penal Code provides:}{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
203. When a person who unlawfully kills another under circumstances which, but for the provisions of this section, would constitute murder, does the act which causes death in the heat of passion caused by sudden provocation as hereinafter defined, and bef
ore there is time for his passion to cool, he is guilty of manslaughter.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par [10]\tab Provocation is defined in section 204:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 The term }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 provocation}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  means, except as hereinafter stated, any wrongful act or insult of such a nature as to be likely, when done to 
an ordinary person, or in the presence of an ordinary person to another person who is under his immediate care, or to whom he stands in a conjugal, parental, filial or fraternal relation, or in the relation of master and servant, to deprive him of the pow
er of self control and to induce him to commit an assault of the kind which the person charged committed upon the person by whom the act or insult is done or offered.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 When such an act or insult is done or offered by one person to another, or in the presenc
e of another to a person who is under the immediate care of that other, or to whom the latter stands in any such relation as aforesaid, the former is said to give to the latter provocation for an assault. \'85}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [11]\tab The case was adjourned to the next day to 
allow counsel to consider the position and, after hearing submissions, the learned judge gave a short ruling.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
In relation to the issue of provocation, he ruled (a) that the petitioner and Ulaiasi did not fall within a fraternal relation and that Ulaiasi was not under his immediate care and (b) that the wrongful act or insult was not done in the petitioner\rquote 
s presence.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 He then concluded:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 \'85
 a Judge takes a heavy responsibility in withdrawing questions of provocation from assessors but I believe I am compelled to do so, in the state of the evidence in the present case.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 I rule that merely hearing of what had been done to the Accused\rquote s cousin accompanied by the deceased
\rquote s offer to behave himself, and calling Ulaiasi to come back, (even if the accused distrusted what would happen if Ulaiasi did return) cannot be left to the assessors as a basis of provocation of the Accused himself.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764 
\par }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [12]\tab When the trial resumed, the petitioner made a short unsworn statement.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 In it he did, in fact, refer to a possible defence of
 provocation in the following passage:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
What the deceased had done to Ulaiasi I was disturbed and angered and that led me to do what I did.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 When Ulaiasi had left immediately after this Indian man had done this, then the Indian man called him back.}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 I knew had Ulaiasi returned, the Indian man would have done the same thing again to Ulaiasi.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 At that time I got angry.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Then I stood up. Then I punched him.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 So when I had punched him I then took something from the India man.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Sir, also Sir, whilst I was punching him and taking those things I was really angry at the time and did not know what I was doing.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Right up till that time, I was angry and took his car and drove it off the road.}{\b\i\insrsid1661196 "}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [13]\tab Although the trial judge had decided that
 provocation was not available in this case, he referred to it in his summing up.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 In a confusing direction he advised them it was not available but still gave a lengthy account of the defence:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Now, provocation is the other thing you might think comes into the case.}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 That what the accused said, or says from the dock when he heard what Ulaiasi had to say, well you know that caused him to not know what he was doing.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 In effect he was so incensed that he pulled the fellow out of the car.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 He wouldn\rquote t have done that if he hadn\rquote t been angry like that.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Well I direct you in law that provocation is not available to this accused as a matter of law.}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Because he is not, he is only a cousin, he is not in one of the relationships necessary for provocation.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 When a wrongful 
act or insult is done to your father or to your son, or to your actual brother or sister, or to a person to whom you have been given the care of, only those people if the insult is done to them, and in your presence, that is if you see and hear it, then a
nd then only can there be a provocation.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 It\rquote s no good if you didn\rquote t see it or hear it and are only told about it afterwards.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 It\rquote s not done in your presence and in this case it\rquote s only a cousin anyway.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 See, you can\rquote t, no matter what Fiji custom is, you can
\rquote t go around saying, }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Oh! He\rquote s my brother, he\rquote s my brother, he\rquote s my brother,}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
 because you feel kindly or brotherly towards the person.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 I mean, that gives you a legal defence which you don\rquote t have.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
You cannot do that.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 The law is very specific saying the relationship must be a fraternal one.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
And its no good being told about the insult, if you didn\rquote t see or hear it, it\rquote s not done in your presence.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
There is an old English case on this topic where a father heard from the landlord of an inn that his boy, his son, was being sodomised by another fellow.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
So the father came to the landlord and said, \lquote Who is he?}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Where can I find him?\rquote }{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
And being given information, he found the fellow and stabbed him to death.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 That was held not to be provocation to the father because it was not done in his presence.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 No good getting angry on a report of something which wasn\rquote t done in front of your eyes.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 That and that only allows you to be looking at provocation.

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 And, you see, was there any provocation directly to the accused?}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Well again, I direct you in law there wasn\rquote t, there\rquote s just no evidence of a wrongful act or insult done to the accused.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 It wasn\rquote 
t done to him at all.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 He only got wind of what had happened to Ulaiasi.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 And he said in his statement from the dock 
that he heard this deceased saying to Ulaiasi to come back, and he thought there would just be more of the same if Ulaiasi came back, and that stirred him up.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Well see, that is not an insult done to him, that is not a wrongful act done to him.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 I hope you understand that.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
That in this case, you cannot let the accused have the benefit of provocation.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 And in any event, in the law provocation only operates to reduce murder down to manslaughter.}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Its not a case of letting the accused off altogether even if there is provocation, which there\rquote s not in law, I direct you.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
So, those are important things for you to realise.}{\b\i\insrsid1661196 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [14]\tab 
It is not apparent why, after his ruling, the judge considered it necessary to refer to provocation at all.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Both counsel, no doubt in deferen
ce to his ruling, appear to have avoided any reference to it in their final addresses to the assessors.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
It would have been better if the judge had done the same and it certainly would have been better than the confused and confusing account set out above.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [15]\tab 
The defences at the trial were, first, that the prosecution had not established malice aforethought because the accused was too drunk to form the necessary intent and that the evidence he only punched the deceased was insufficient to establish that i
ntent and, second, that the cause of death was not the result of his assault.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [16]\tab 
The petitioner was unrepresented in the Court of Appeal and provocation was not included as a ground of appeal.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 However, the Court of Appeal made a short reference to it wh
ile describing the course the trial had taken.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Following a (mistaken) statement that the questions regarding provocation and causation were raised by Mr Patel, the judgment continued, at paragraph 11:

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 After hearing submissions from both counsel the Judge
 ruled that the defence of provocation was not open for consideration by the assessors.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
The basis of his ruling was first, that the words to which the appellant had taken objection were not addressed to a person in any one of the statutory degrees of relationship to the appellant set out in section 204 of the Penal Code.}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Secondly, he ruled that the words were not uttered in the presence of the appellant.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 In our view the ruling was correct.}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 We add that although the words complained of were undoubtedly distasteful we do not consider them to have been of such a}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
violently provocative character as to be capable of providing extenuation (see Holmes v Director of Public Prosecutions [1946] AC 588,600).}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Following delivery of the judge\rquote 
s ruling the appellant gave his unsworn statement.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [17]\tab 
The petitioner was still not represented for the preparation of his petition to this Court and, in his detailed grounds, does not include the issue of provocation.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
However, in his submissions dated 4 August 2005, he does raise provocation and the manner in which the}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 judge ruled on that aspect of the case.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [18]\tab 
At the first hearing of the application, the Court drew attention to this aspect of the case and asked the Law Society to find a lawyer to assist the petitioner.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 We are gra
teful to Mr Hannif for taking the case at short notice and for the obvious care with which he prepared his submissions.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
The court is always assisted by counsel and in a case such as this, where issues of law and procedure are involved, it is particularly important for a petitioner to be represented.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }{\b\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Special leave to appeal
\par }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [19]\tab 
Counsel for the respondent takes the preliminary objection that the Court cannot or should not entertain matters which have not been part of the appeal to the Court of Appeal.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
The Supreme Court is the ultimate appeal court and its functions are stated in the Constitution and the Supreme Court Act.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
It has an advisory function but its jurisdiction otherwise is to hear appeals from the Court of Appeal.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 It is, he suggests, therefore confined to the issues raised in the appeal to the court below.}{
\insrsid8847764 
\par }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par [20]\tab The Supreme Court is established under Chapter 9 of the Constitution.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Section 117 provides that it is the final appellate court of the State.}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Its jurisdiction is stated in section 122:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 122. \endash 
 (1) The Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction, subject to such requirements as the Parliament prescribes to hear and determine appeals from all final judgments of the Court of Appeal.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (2) An appeal may not be brought from a final judgment of the Court of Appeal unless;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (a) the Court of Appeal gives leave to appeal on a question}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 certified by it to be of significant public importance; or
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (b) the Supreme Court gives special leave to appeal.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (3) In the exercise of its appellate jurisdiction, the
 Supreme Court has power to review, vary, set aside or affirm decisions of the Court of Appeal and may make such orders (including an order for a new trial and on an order for award of costs) as are necessary for the administration of justice.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (4) Decisions of the Supreme Court are, subject to subsection (5), binding on the courts of the State.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid15599427 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (5) The Supreme Court may review any judgment, pronouncement or order made by it.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Section 123 describes the Court\rquote s advisory jurisdiction.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [21]\tab Section 2 (1) of
 the Supreme Court Act acknowledges that one of the roles of the Court is to hear and determine appeals from final judgments of the Court of Appeal and Part 3 of the Act deals further with the jurisdiction the Court:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 7. \endash 
 (1) In exercising its jurisdiction under section 122 of the Constitution with respect to special leave to appeal in any civil or criminal matter, the Supreme Court may, having regard to the circumstances of the case}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 -}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid2230991 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (a) refuse to grant special leave to appeal;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid2230991 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (b) grant special leave and dismiss the appeal or instead of}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 dismissing the appeal make such orders as the circumstances}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 of the case require; or}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid2230991 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (c) grant special leave and allow the appeal and make such other}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 orders as the circumstances of the case require.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1008\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1008\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (2) In relation to a criminal matter, the Supreme Court must not grant special leave to appeal unless \endash 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid2230991 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (a) a question of general legal importance is involved;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1661196 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (b) a substantial question of principle affecting the}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 administration of criminal justice is involved; or
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1661196 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (c) substantial and grave injustice may otherwise occur.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Subsection (3) states the grounds for grant of special leave in civil cases.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par [22]\tab Section 14 also provides:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 14.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
For the purposes of the Constitution and this Act, the S
upreme Court has, in relation to matters that come before it, all power and authority of the Court of Appeal and that power and authority may be exercised, with such modifications as are necessary, according to the circumstances of the case.}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [23]\tab It is c
lear from these provisions that the appellate jurisdiction of the Court is limited to hearing and determining appeals from the judgments of the Court of Appeal.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
The question raised by counsel is whether the Court is, in considering whether to grant special leave, limited to matters which formed part of the ratio of the lower court\rquote s decision.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [24]\tab 
The provisions set out above limit the grant of special leave to appeal to cases where there are matters which fall into one or more of the categories in section 7 (2).}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
It is a limiting section and is clearly, in our opinion, intended by the legislature to
 confine, in general terms, the nature of cases that can be brought to the Court to those of importance beyond the specific considerations of an individual criminal case.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
To read the provisions otherwise is, as counsel for the respondent suggests, simply to provide another level of appeal}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
which can be pursued at least to a hearing to seek special leave even if the matter raised has not been considered by the Court of Appeal or where that court, applying, of course, a different test under section 122 (2) (a), has declined to give leave.

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [25]\tab 
As section 7 (2) allows the Supreme Court to give special leave where it considers substantial and grave injustice may occur, the power must extend to any issue which it perceives carries such a risk.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
It would seem that, where the Court of Appeal has made substantial error, such a risk will be apparent.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Mr Gibson challenges whether section 7 (2)}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
means the Court is entitled to consider matters which were not part of the petitioner\rquote s case in the previous appeal.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 The danger 
of such an approach would appear to be that any unsuccessful appellant before the Court of Appeal can seek special leave to raise new matters on which he has not sought the Court of Appeal\rquote 
s judgment or, alternatively, place it all again before the Supreme Court in the hope that the judges, when considering the application for special leave, will find some other ground that has not been considered previously but which carri}{
\insrsid1661196 es a risk of serious injustice.}{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [26]\tab The Supreme Court is the final}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 appellate court 
and, if it does not deal with such matters, there will be no other avenue for the petitioner to avoid injustice.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
The terms of section 7 (2) (c) are not qualified by any specific limitation and we consider there are strong arguments for the view that the duty of the Court is to act whenever it considers}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
there are matters which, unresolved, may give rise to substantial and grave injustice even if they were not part of the previous appeal.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [27]\tab In}{\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Kwaku Mensah v The King}{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  [1946] AC 83, Lord Goddard dealt with a failure to raise the issue of provocation}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 in the lower courts and concluded that }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 the failure to do so on the part of the trial judge and failure to consider it by the Court of Appeal was enough to justify the Board in entertaining the appeal on the grou
nd that there had been a failure of justice in this respect.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 He added, at 94, }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
[Their Lordships] would add that it must be seldom that they consider a matter which was not only not mentioned in the court below, but was not included in the reasons given by the appellant in his case}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 .
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [28]\tab 
I am satisfied this Court is not limited to a consideration of matters already raised in the Court of Appeal but it is only in rare cases that it will grant special leave on such grounds.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 The respondent
\rquote s preliminary}{\insrsid8847764  objection fails.}{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [29]\tab 
As I have pointed out, the test under section 7(2) is not simply that there will be injustice; the risk must be of substantial and grave injustice and the Court must still determine whether the present case does involve such a risk.}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 That will include a consideration of the evidence and the grounds raised by the petitioner and so we shall return to the question of leave after they have been considered.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }{\b\ul\insrsid8847764 The Issues}{\b\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [30]\tab There are three issues raised by the Court\rquote s concern over the manner 
in which provocation was dealt with in the High Court trial, namely, (a) the meaning and effect of the phrase }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 \'85 in the presence of \'85}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  in section 204, (b) the meanings of }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 \'85 under his immediate care\'85}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  and }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 fraternal}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  in the same definition and, (c) the effect of the judge giving his ruling at the close of the prosecution case.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 (a)}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 \'85 i}{
\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 n the presence of }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 \'85}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [31]\tab 
It is a well established rule of statutory interpretation that, where words are unambiguous they should be given their natural and ordinary meaning.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
There is no ambiguity in the use of this phrase in section 204 and the court is bound to apply it.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Counsel assisting the Court suggests that presence is a question purely of physical location and so, in this case, the presence of the petitioner on the ground at the front of the deceased\rquote 
s car at the time the provocative actions took place is sufficient.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 We cannot accept that is the intention of the definition.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Presence must mean informed and knowing presence if it is to be a factor which inflames that person\rquote s anger.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
In the majority of cases the provocative conduct is directed at the person who is provoked and so presence is not in issue.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
However, when the provocation is directed at a third person, it must be shown that the assailant was present and aware of the provocative acts when they occurred.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [32]\tab 
The prosecution evidence in this case was that the petitioner knew nothing of the actions of the deceased to Ulaiasi when they took place.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 He became aware only after}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 they had finished and he asked where Ulaiasi was going.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 The petitioner claimed it was Ulaiasi\rquote s reply coupled with the deceased\rquote 
s admission which provoked his anger and caused him to assault the deceased.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
The petitioner had no other knowledge of the actions of the deceased in the car at the time and so, although he was physically close when they occurred, he was not present in the sense of knowing what was happening.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [33]\tab The record shows that fact was not
 challenged by counsel representing the petitioner at the trial and, on the evidence as it stood at the close of the prosecution case, there was no evidentiary basis for a conclusion that he was present.}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 The judge\rquote s error was to make his decision before the defence had an opportunity to present any evidence.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Until that occurred, he was not in a position to make such a decision and should not have done so.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [34]\tab Mr Hannif referred the Court to the discu
ssions recorded in the transcript of proceedings in the High Court of Australia in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Davis v The Queen}{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 ,}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
S81/1998, dismissing an application for special leave.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 In that discussion, McHugh J expressed a view that the decision of the NSW Supreme Court in the earlier case of }{
\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 R v Quartly}{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 , [1986] NSWR 332, might have been wrongly decided on the need for presence in cases of provocation.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
We cannot accept that bears on the law in Fiji}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 . }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Quartly\rquote s case}{\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
was decided under the law in New South Wales where the definition of provocation, does not include a reference to presence; unlike section 204 of the Penal Code where presence is specifically included.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [35]\tab Since the case of }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 R v Fisher}{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  [1837] 8 Car & P 182 (reported in 173 ER [Nisi Prius] 452), the courts have accepted that an accused may not rely on provocation unless he actually saw or heard the provocative acts or words.}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 In that case Park J commented to the jury:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 In all cases, the party must see the act done.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 What a state should we be in if a man, on hearing that something had been done to his child, should be at liberty to take the law into his own hands, and inflict vengeance on the offender.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 In this case the father only heard of what had been done from others.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 I say, therefore, \'85 that there is not enough to reduce t
he offence from murder to manslaughter.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [36]\tab With respect to the opinion of Mc Hugh J, we have considerable reservations about the concept of }{
\insrsid1661196 "}{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 hearsay provocation}{\insrsid8847764 " }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 , as it has been described.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
The difficulty in such cases is the accuracy of the reported account of the provocative acts.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 This case is an example.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Whilst the deceased\rquote 
s attentions to Ulaiasi were unpleasant and offensive, his evidence of what actually took place fell far short of the description he gave in answer to the petitioner\rquote s query yet
 it was that inaccurate and exaggerated description which is suggested to have provoked the petitioner.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 \'85}{\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  under his immediate care }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 \'85}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  and }{\b\i\ul\insrsid1661196 "}{\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 fraternal}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid2230991 "}{
\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid2230991 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [37]\tab Mr. Hannif}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
addressed the Court on the scope of these phrases and suggested that to take the meaning of fraternal in isolation was too restrictive.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 If, as he points out, the word is read in the phrase }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 \'85to whom he stands in a \'85 fraternal relation \'85}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
 there is some ground for a wider interpretation based on the fraternal beliefs or traditions of wider family or tribal ties or other loyalties.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
A similar argument can be advanced in relation to the alternative question of who is under a persons\rquote  immediate case.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [38]\tab This Court has not heard enough to be able to give a}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 definitive ruling on this issue.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 However, if the phrase is to import a wider relationship, it must clearly be defined further \endash 
 limiting words are of little value if the extent of the limitation is not plain.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
If such a wider interpretation should be found to be within the definition, it will be a matter of fact for the assessors to determine whether such a relationship exists in their particular case.}{\insrsid8847764 
\par }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 The timing of the ruling
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par [39]\tab There is no doubt that, where a judge is satisfied there is no evidentiary basis for a defence of provocation, he should withdraw it from the assessors.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 In }{
\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Holmes\rquote  case}{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  at 597, Viscount Simons giving the decision of the House of Lords explained:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 In dealing with p
rovocation as justifying the view that the crime may be manslaughter and not murder, a distinction must be made between what the judge lays down as matter of law, and what the jury decides as matter of fact.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 If there is no sufficient material, even on a vi
ew of the evidence most favourable to the accused, for a jury (which means a reasonable jury) to form the view that a reasonable person so provoked could be driven, through transport of passion and loss of self}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 -}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 control, to the degree and method and continuance of violence which produces the death it is the duty of the judge as matter of law to direct the jury that the evidence does not support a verdict of manslaughter.}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 If, on the other hand, the case is one in which the view might fairly be taken (a) that 
a reasonable person, in consequence of the provocation received, might be so rendered subject to passion or loss of control as to be led to use the violence with fatal results, and (b) that the accused was in fact acting under the stress of such provocati
on, then it is for the jury to determine whether on its view of the facts manslaughter or murder is the appropriate verdict.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 \'85}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
The distinction, therefore, is between asking }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Could the evidence support the view that the provocation was sufficient to lead a reasonable person to do what the accused did?}{
\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  (which is for the judge to rule), and, assuming that the judge\rquote s ruling is in the affirmative, asking the jury: }{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Do you consider that, on the facts as you find them from the evidence, the provocation was in fact enough to lead a reasonable person to do what the accused did?}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  and, if so, }{
\b\i\insrsid8847764 " }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Did the accused act under the stress of such provocation?}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [40]\tab 
In the present case the judge, as a result of his decision on presence and of the relationship of the petitioner and Ulaiasi, considered there was no evidential basis for a defence of provocation.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Whether or not that was correct was not possible to determine at that state in the trial.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Clearly any decision on the evidence must be taken on the whole evidence and
, at that stage, the court had not yet heard any evidence from the defence.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [41]\tab 
It is true that the petitioner then made an unsworn statement but that was made in the light of the judge\rquote s ruling that provocation was not available as a defence.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 As has bee
n pointed out, despite the ruling, the petitioner did state matters which could be seen as raising a defence of provocation but this Court has no idea what he might have said or what evidence he might have called if the judge had not made the ruling.}{
\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 The timing was such that this Court cannot be certain whether such evidence might have been called nor can it, or should it, speculate as to the nature or effect of any such evidence if presented.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [42]\tab The effect of the phrase }{\insrsid8847764 " }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 in the presence of}{
\insrsid8847764 " }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  the petitioner illustrates the point.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Had the whole of the evidence, including that of the defence, shown that the provocative act or words had not been in the petitioner\rquote s presence, the judge would have been right to decide as a matter of law that provoc
ation was not available and withdrawn it from the assessors.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
As a result of the unfortunate decision to rule before the defence had commenced its case, he could not know whether or not there would be evidence from the accused that he had seen the acts or heard the suggestions of the deceased to Ulaiasi.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }{\b\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Conclusion
\par }{\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [43]\tab 
The judge clearly erred in failing to hear any defence evidence before determining the questions of presence or relationship.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 However, this is an application for special leave to appeal and
 the Court has to consider whether this may have led to a substantial and grave injustice; a decision which involves an evaluation of the case as a whole.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [44]\tab Having considered the evidence, we do not consider this is a case where the Court should grant 
special leave.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 As we have stated, the Court cannot speculate on the possibility that the defence, unfettered by the premature ruling, would have called evidence of the petitioner\rquote 
s presence or that he had Ulaiasi under his immediate care or was otherwise bound to protect him.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [45]\tab 
A defence of provocation would be inconsistent with the defence, raised at the trial, that he had no malice aforethought because provocation only assists the accused if the intent for murder has been established.}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 However, that does not mean that both defences cannot be placed before the assessors;}{\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 R v Hopper}{\b\insrsid8847764\charrsid1661196  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [1915] 2 KB 431 as explained in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Mancini v Director of Public Prosecutions}{\i\ul\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [1942]}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 AC 1.}{\insrsid8847764\charrsid11023830 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [46]\tab However, even if evidence was called to say that the petitioner saw the 
events in the car, we do not find there is sufficient evidence for the assessors, in the role of a reasonable jury, to consider that the nature of the acts was such as would cause a reasonable person, not one as drunk as was the petitioner, to lose his se
lf control such that he intended to kill the deceased.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 That is the first test they must apply before they move on to consider whether the petitioner may, in fact, have been so provoked.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [47]\tab The evidence is that Ulaiasi was able simply to get out of the car and leave.}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 If, on a retrial, the}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 petitioner should tell the court that he saw what happened, it would also follow that he must have known}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 the statement made by Ulaiasi as he left}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 was greatly exaggerated.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Yet it was that statement which the petitioner cla
ims provoked him to attack the deceased.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 His defence put at the trial was that the attack consisted only of punches and the medical evidence appears to be consistent with that.}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 It does not support a frenzied attack by a man out of control through extreme anger.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
Indeed, far from being in such a transport of passion that he had lost all control, the evidence is that, once he knocked the deceased unconscious, he immediately proceeded deliberately to remove a number of items of value from the unconscious man be
fore driving away in his car.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Such undisputed actions are not consistent with extreme loss of control through anger and disgust.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [48]\tab 
I do not consider that, should a retrial be ordered, there is any possibility the assessors, properly directed on provocation, would accept it could have provoked a reasonable man or that it did so provoke the}{\insrsid8847764  }{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 petitioner.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [49]\tab In the Privy Council in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Hemapala v The Queen}{
\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894  [1963] AC 859, it was explained at 867:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 It has often been held that the adoption of a procedure other 
than that authorised by the Code under which an accused person is being tried can constitute a miscarriage of justice; but it is a well established principle that this Board will not recommend Her Majesty to review or interfere with the course of criminal
 proceedings unless there had been such a disregard of the procedure laid down as to occasion substantial injustice.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764  }{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
The question is whether there was, in the trial of the appellant, such a departure from the normal or proper procedure as to amount to a miscarriage of justice.}{\b\i\insrsid8847764 "}{\b\i\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid11023830 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 [50]\tab 
As I have said, the test under section 7(2) is more demanding in that this Court may not interfere unless there may otherwise be a substantial and grave injustice.}{\insrsid8847764  }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
I do not consider that such a situation applies in this case and I would refuse special leave to appeal.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\b\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Hon. Justice Gordon Ward
\par }{\b\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }{\b\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Solicitors:
\par }{\ul\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 
\par }{\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 Petitioner in Person
\par Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, Suva for the Respondent 
\par 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8847764 {\insrsid8847764\charrsid14122894 CAV0005.05S
\par }}