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CAV0003 of 2004S \par }{\insrsid2114001\charrsid5048658 (}{\insrsid1798793\charrsid5048658 Fiji}{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1798793\charrsid5048658 Court of}{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1798793\charrsid5048658 Appeal No.}{ \insrsid2114001\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1798793\charrsid5048658 AAU0031}{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 of}{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 200}{\insrsid1798793\charrsid5048658 4}{ \insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 S) \par }\pard \s18\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 BETWEEN:}{\insrsid9338136 \par }\pard \s18\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\b\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 RATU RAKUITA VAKALALABURE}{\b\insrsid9338136\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 Petitioner \par }\pard \s18\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid14438988\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 AND:}{\insrsid9338136\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\b\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 THE STATE}{\b\insrsid9338136\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 Respondent \par }\pard \s18\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid14438988\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid9338136\charrsid5048658 AND: \par }\pard \s18\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\b\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 THE HONOURABLE MADAM \par JUSTICE NAZHAT SHAMEEM}{\b\insrsid9338136\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9338136\charrsid5048658 Applicant}{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 for}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 L}{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 eave to}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 Intervene \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid10617568\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 Coram:}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7406617\charrsid5048658 The Hon Justice Mark Weinberg, Judge of the Supreme Court \par }{\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 The Hon Justice Keith Mason, Judge of the Supreme Court \par }{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 The Hon Justice John von Dous}{\insrsid12740744\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 a, Judge of the Supreme Court \par }{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 Hearing:}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8728838\charrsid5048658 Wednesday}{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 26 April 2006, Suva \par \par Counsel:}{\insrsid12740744\charrsid5048658 \tab Mr }{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 A. }{\insrsid12740744\charrsid5048658 Naco}{\insrsid5048658 \tab \tab }{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 for the Petitioner \par }{\insrsid12740744\charrsid5048658 Ms A}{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid12740744\charrsid5048658 Prasad}{\insrsid7406617\charrsid5048658 and Ms}{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 K}{ \insrsid7492771\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7492771\charrsid5048658 Bavou}{\insrsid7406617\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 \tab ]\tab }{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 for the Respondent \par }{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 Mr G. McCoy}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 Q.C.}{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\insrsid7406617\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 \tab ] \par Dr P. Joseph\tab \tab \tab }{\insrsid7406617\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 ]}{\insrsid5048658 \tab }{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 for the }{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 Applicant}{\insrsid7406617\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid15729650\charrsid5048658 Mr C. B. Young\tab \tab \tab ]\tab }{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 for leave to intervene}{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid12740744\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 Mr N.}{\insrsid12740744\charrsid5048658 Nand }{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\insrsid15729650\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\insrsid12740744\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 \tab ]\tab }{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 for the}{\insrsid12740744\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 Attorney- \par Mr S. Sharma\tab \tab }{\insrsid2114001\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 \tab ]\tab General as amicus}{\insrsid12740744\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li3780\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3780\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid2757244\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 curiae}{\insrsid15729650\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 Date of Orders}{\insrsid12024115\charrsid5048658 Delivered}{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 :}{\insrsid5048658 Wednesday, 26 April 2006, Suva}{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 {\*\bkmkstart Media_Neutral_Citation}{\*\bkmkend Media_Neutral_Citation}Date }{\insrsid12851193\charrsid5048658 of }{\insrsid12788387\charrsid5048658 Reasons Published}{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 :}{ \insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15754923\charrsid5048658 Monday}{\insrsid8531655\charrsid5048658 , }{\insrsid15754923\charrsid5048658 1 May}{\insrsid8531655\charrsid5048658 2006, Suva}{\insrsid1050687\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid2114001 \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4929174 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid4929174\charrsid4929174 SUMMARY \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4929174 {\insrsid4929174\charrsid23157 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4929174 {\insrsid4929174\charrsid23157 [1]\tab The Supreme Court today published its reasons for refusing the application of Madam Justice Shameem to intervene in the pending proceedings of }{\ul\insrsid4929174\charrsid23157 Ratu}{\b\ul\insrsid4929174\charrsid23157 }{\ul\insrsid4929174\charrsid23157 Rakuita Vakalalabure v The State. \par }{\insrsid4929174\charrsid23157 \par [2]\tab The proceedings were argued last year before a Court constituted by the Chief Justice as President, Justice Handley and Justice Scott. Justice Scott had been appointed to the panel by the Chief Justice after the sudden illness of Justice French and in exercise of the powers conferred by s.128 of the Constitution and s.2(1) o f the Supreme Court Act. \par \par [3]\tab Shameem J argued that the level of hostility between Scott JA and herself was such that Scott JA would be biased in determining the appeal, which challenged on legal grounds the conviction and sentence she had handed down at the trial. \par \par [4]\tab For the reasons published today a differently constituted Supreme Court has ruled that Shameem J does not have any right to in tervene in the Supreme Court proceedings; and that it is inappropriate for leave to be given to her for that purpose. Criminal proceedings are prosecuted by the Director of Public Prosecutions. Neither the Director nor the petitioner (Ratu Vakalalabure) h as objected to Scott JA being a member of the Court even though they have been provided with the information that Shameem J wishes to place before the Court. The Supreme Court ruled that it would not be assisted by intervention. \par \par }\pard \qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4929174 {\insrsid4929174\charrsid23157 ****************** \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4929174\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\b\insrsid8728838\charrsid5048658 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\insrsid8728838\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5048658 [1]\tab }{\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 T}{\insrsid9515787\charrsid5048658 he applicant, the Honourable Madam Justice Nazhat Shameem}{\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid1602456\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12025678\charrsid5048658 a Judge of the High Court,}{\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 presided over the trial of the petitioner Ratu Rakuita Vakalalabure}{\insrsid1602456\charrsid5048658 on a charge of having taken an unlawful oath.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1602456\charrsid5048658 He was convicted of that offence, and sentenced to a term of imprisonment.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1602456\charrsid5048658 He appealed, unsuccessfully, to the Court of Appeal.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1602456\charrsid5048658 He then}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid1602456\charrsid5048658 petitioned this}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1602456\charrsid5048658 Court for special leave to appeal.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1602456\charrsid5048658 His application was heard on 17 October 2005.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid1602456\charrsid5048658 That application is presently reserved.}{\insrsid1602456 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid4530333\charrsid5048658 [2]\tab The applicant has}{\insrsid1602456\charrsid5048658 sought leave to intervene in the appeal to the Supreme Court.}{\insrsid4530333\charrsid5048658 Her application seeks }{\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 an order that the petition for special leave be heard }{\i\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 de}{\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 }{\i\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 novo}{\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 by a reconstituted bench of this Court}{ \insrsid4530333\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4530333\charrsid5048658 Originally, she sought an order that the bench, as reconstituted, }{\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 not compris}{\insrsid4530333\charrsid5048658 e}{ \insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 any of the members of the bench wh}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 o originally heard the petition}{\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4530333\charrsid5048658 She has since resiled from that position, and now seeks only an order that }{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 one}{\insrsid4530333\charrsid5048658 member of the bench, Scott JA, be disqualified from }{\insrsid4726235\charrsid5048658 further participating in the appeal.}{\insrsid4726235 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid4726235\charrsid5048658 [3]\tab This application by a judge }{\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 for leave to intervene in }{\insrsid4726235\charrsid5048658 an appeal from her own judgment obviously raises }{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 difficult, if not altogether unprecedented, }{\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 question}{\insrsid4726235\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid9579937\charrsid5048658 of principle.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14161436\charrsid5048658 The primary issue is whether}{ \insrsid3962274\charrsid5048658 a judge}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15729650\charrsid5048658 in her position can}{\insrsid12025678\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5661926\charrsid5048658 have standing}{\insrsid3962274\charrsid5048658 , before} {\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 this Court,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12025678\charrsid5048658 to }{\insrsid5661926\charrsid5048658 contend }{\insrsid9075518\charrsid5048658 that }{\insrsid3962274\charrsid5048658 a member of th}{ \insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 e}{\insrsid3962274\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 Court should not sit on}{\insrsid3962274\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 the }{\insrsid3962274\charrsid5048658 appeal }{ \insrsid12025678\charrsid5048658 by reason of bi}{\insrsid14161436\charrsid5048658 as.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14161436\charrsid5048658 The matter is additionally complicated by the fact that the bias is said to be }{\insrsid4011877\charrsid5048658 actual}{\insrsid14161436\charrsid5048658 , and not merely}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4011877\charrsid5048658 apprehended, }{\insrsid14161436\charrsid5048658 and directed }{\insrsid4011877\charrsid5048658 not towards}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid4011877\charrsid5048658 a}{\insrsid14161436\charrsid5048658 ny}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4011877\charrsid5048658 party, but towards that judge herself}{\insrsid14161436\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid12718608 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\ul\insrsid12718608\charrsid5048658 Factual Background}{\b\ul\insrsid9075518 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid14161436\charrsid5048658 4}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{ \insrsid14161436\charrsid5048658 The formal position is that the applicant}{\insrsid4869162\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 seeks }{\insrsid14161436\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 review}{ \insrsid14161436\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12474775\charrsid5048658 of }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 a }{\insrsid4869162\charrsid5048658 direction given }{\insrsid12474775\charrsid5048658 by Handley}{ \insrsid12025678\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid4869162\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid12474775\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 a Judge of th}{\insrsid12025678\charrsid5048658 e Supreme}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 Court}{ \insrsid12474775\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid14314421\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4869162\charrsid5048658 to the Registrar }{\insrsid14314421\charrsid5048658 of th}{\insrsid5899282\charrsid5048658 is}{\insrsid14314421\charrsid5048658 Court to reject a summons}{\insrsid5899282\charrsid5048658 , and affidavit in support, }{\insrsid14314421\charrsid5048658 filed on }{\insrsid4869162\charrsid5048658 her }{\insrsid14314421\charrsid5048658 behalf}{\insrsid4869162\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid5899282\charrsid5048658 on 1}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 9}{\insrsid5899282\charrsid5048658 October 2005.}{\insrsid3737575 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid5899282\charrsid5048658 5}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid5899282\charrsid5048658 It is necessary to say something }{\insrsid4411590\charrsid5048658 about the history of this matter.}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5588620\charrsid5048658 T}{\insrsid11930883\charrsid5048658 he petitioner }{\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 had been charged, together with several other accused, with the offence of }{\insrsid4411590\charrsid5048658 \'93}{ \insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 taking an engagement in the nature of an oath to commit a capital offence}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 contrary to s\~5(b) of the }{\i\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 Public Order Act} {\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 , Cap 20, read with s\~50 of the }{\i\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 Penal Code}{\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 , Cap 17.}{\insrsid4411590\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14946697\charrsid5048658 The prosecution case was that the petitioner, on 20 May 2000, not being a person compelled to do so, took an oath binding him to certain actions which, if performed, would be treason.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14946697\charrsid5048658 That was an offence which, at that time, was punishable by death.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 All }{\insrsid4411590\charrsid5048658 of }{\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 the accused pleaded not guilty and, following their }{ \insrsid4411590\charrsid5048658 joint }{\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 trial}{\insrsid14946697\charrsid5048658 in August 2004}{\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 , all }{\insrsid14946697\charrsid5048658 but}{\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 one were convicted.}{\insrsid11930883 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid4411590\charrsid5048658 [6}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 The petitioner, toge}{\insrsid14946697\charrsid5048658 ther with the}{\insrsid8525539\charrsid5048658 other}{\insrsid4411590\charrsid5048658 accused }{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 who }{\insrsid1196738\charrsid5048658 had been convicted, appealed to the Court of Appeal: }{\b\i\ul\insrsid1196738\charrsid5048658 Seniloli v State}{\insrsid1196738\charrsid5048658 [2004] FJCA 46.}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1196738\charrsid5048658 On 11 November 2004, that Court, constituted by the President, Penlington and Wood JJA dismissed }{\insrsid14946697\charrsid5048658 all appeals against conviction and sentence.}{\insrsid8525539 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 [7}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid14946697\charrsid5048658 The petitioner }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 then }{\insrsid11347872\charrsid5048658 filed a}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 petition }{ \insrsid11347872\charrsid5048658 in }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 this Court }{\insrsid11347872\charrsid5048658 seeking }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 special leave to appeal}{\insrsid14946697\charrsid5048658 from the judgment of the Court of Appeal}{\insrsid11347872\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16080110\charrsid5048658 It was originally intended th}{\insrsid12220699\charrsid5048658 at the}{\insrsid16080110\charrsid5048658 panel that would hear the petition would consist of the Chief Justice }{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 (}{\insrsid16080110\charrsid5048658 as President of th}{\insrsid10424374\charrsid5048658 e}{\insrsid16080110\charrsid5048658 Court}{ \insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 )}{\insrsid16080110\charrsid5048658 , Handley}{\insrsid12220699\charrsid5048658 J, and}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12220699\charrsid5048658 French J.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16080110\charrsid5048658 Regrettably, French}{\insrsid12220699\charrsid5048658 J }{\insrsid10424374\charrsid5048658 fell}{\insrsid16080110\charrsid5048658 ill shortly before the hearing.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16080110\charrsid5048658 The Chief Justice, exercising the powers conferred upon him }{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 both }{\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 by s\~128 of the Constitution, and }{\insrsid10424374\charrsid5048658 by }{\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 s\~ 2(1) of the }{\i\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 Supreme Court Act 1998}{\insrsid2364639\charrsid5048658 (\'93the }{\i\insrsid2364639\charrsid5048658 Supreme Court Act}{\insrsid2364639\charrsid5048658 \'94)}{\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 , directed that Scott}{\insrsid12220699\charrsid5048658 JA,}{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 a resident }{\insrsid12220699\charrsid5048658 member of the Court of Appeal}{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 should replace French}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 on the }{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 Supreme Court }{\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 panel}{\insrsid10424374\charrsid5048658 hearing the petition}{ \insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5588620 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 [8}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid11347872\charrsid5048658 On 17 October 2005}{\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 , the}{\insrsid11347872\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 application }{ \insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 for special leave }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 was }{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 argued before }{\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 the Supreme Court }{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 with Scott JA }{ \insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 as}{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 a member of the panel}{\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11347872\charrsid5048658 At the conclusion of the hearing, t}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 he Court invite}{\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 d}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 further submissions from the parties regarding}{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 a particular }{\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 issue}{\insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 that had }{\insrsid1639209\charrsid5048658 arisen}{\insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 during the course of }{\insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 argument}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 .}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 It otherwise reserv}{\insrsid10424374\charrsid5048658 ed its decision.}{\insrsid5588620 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 [9}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 On }{\insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 the morning of 18\~October 2005,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 Shameem}{ \insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid12220699\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10424374\charrsid5048658 learned}{\insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 that Scott }{\insrsid12220699\charrsid5048658 JA }{ \insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 had sat}{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 on the appeal.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 She wrote }{\insrsid10424374\charrsid5048658 at once }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 to the Chief Justice drawing his attention }{\insrsid6319269\charrsid5048658 to }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 the fact that she strongly objected to Scott}{\insrsid12220699\charrsid5048658 JA}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 sitting on }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 an appeal from}{\insrsid7757976\charrsid5048658 any}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 of her judgments.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 This was because, in her words, }{\insrsid10424374\charrsid5048658 Scott JA, had}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 \'93expressed continued hostility}{\insrsid10424374\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\insrsid16218264\charrsid5048658 towards }{ \insrsid10424374\charrsid5048658 her }{\insrsid8279594\charrsid5048658 in }{\insrsid16218264\charrsid5048658 the past}{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16218264\charrsid5048658 and }{\insrsid8279594\charrsid5048658 that }{ \insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\insrsid16218264\charrsid5048658 such hostility has not ceased}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16218264\charrsid5048658 She }{ \insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 made it plain }{\insrsid16218264\charrsid5048658 that}{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 the basis of her concern was actual, and not merely apprehended, bias.}{\insrsid3737575 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 [10}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid7757976\charrsid5048658 The letter sent by Shameem J.}{ \insrsid5048658 to the Chief Justice concluded:}{\insrsid3737575 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 \'93 I bring this to your attention, so that arrangements can be made to hold a hearing de novo before a fresh panel of judges. This will avoid the embarrassment that will accompany a formal application for recusal.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{ \b\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 I bring this to your attention in the best interests of the judiciary, and am prepared to discuss this with you personally this afternoon}{\b\insrsid8279594 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\i0\insrsid5048658\charrsid8324775 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid12024115\charrsid5048658 \'85..}{\b\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 .}{\b\insrsid7162899 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8324775 {\i0\insrsid5048658\charrsid8324775 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 The principle to be protected here is the absolute impartiality of the judiciary.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{ \b\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 Indeed if public confidence in the judiciary is to be maintained, then that absolute impartiality must be protected at all costs.\'94 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid8279594\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 [11}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{ \insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 It is important to note that }{\insrsid7757976\charrsid5048658 Shamee}{\insrsid14419493\charrsid5048658 m}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid7757976\charrsid5048658 provided}{\insrsid14419493\charrsid5048658 copie}{\insrsid7757976\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid14419493\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7757976\charrsid5048658 of this}{\insrsid14419493\charrsid5048658 letter to both Handley}{\insrsid7757976\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid14419493\charrsid5048658 and}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14419493\charrsid5048658 Scott}{\insrsid7757976\charrsid5048658 JA}{\insrsid14419493\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8279594\charrsid5048658 Nonetheless, }{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 Scott JA}{ \insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 took no step to recuse himself.}{\insrsid14419493 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid15553641\charrsid5048658 [12}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid8407611\charrsid5048658 T}{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 he following day}{\insrsid8279594\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid14419493\charrsid5048658 t}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 he Chief Justice responded }{\insrsid14419493\charrsid5048658 to the }{\insrsid7757976\charrsid5048658 letter}{\insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7757976\charrsid5048658 sent }{ \insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 by }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 Shameem}{\insrsid7757976\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid2757018\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12407719\charrsid5048658 I}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 n}{ \insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 a minute }{\insrsid14419493\charrsid5048658 addressed to her}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 he }{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 outlined}{ \insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 the circumstances under which}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 Scott}{\insrsid7757976\charrsid5048658 JA}{\insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 had come to sit as the third member of }{\insrsid14419493\charrsid5048658 the panel hearing the petition }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 in the present matter.}{\insrsid12147222 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 [1}{\insrsid12407719\charrsid5048658 3}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12147222\charrsid5048658 The Chief Justice }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 pointed out that }{\insrsid15564548\charrsid5048658 two }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 grounds}{\insrsid12407719\charrsid5048658 only}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9402764\charrsid5048658 had been argued }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 in support of the petition}{ \insrsid15564548\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1906289\charrsid5048658 The first concerned}{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 an allegation of }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 ostensible bias }{ \insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 on the part }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 of }{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 one of }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 the assessors at the trial}{\insrsid1906289\charrsid5048658 . }{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 By not calling upon the respondent in relation to that ground, the}{\insrsid1906289\charrsid5048658 Court}{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1906289\charrsid5048658 had }{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 made it plain }{ \insrsid1906289\charrsid5048658 that there was no merit in }{\insrsid863978\charrsid5048658 the}{\insrsid1906289\charrsid5048658 point.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1906289\charrsid5048658 The second concerned }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 the}{ \insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 possible}{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 application }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 of the time bar }{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 contained }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 in s \~54 of the }{\i\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 Penal Code}{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 to }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 a prosecution under s\~5 of the }{\i\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 Public Order Act}{ \insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 , }{\insrsid863978\charrsid5048658 having regard to the fact }{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 that }{\insrsid863978\charrsid5048658 the p}{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 rosecution }{\insrsid863978\charrsid5048658 in the present case }{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 had been }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 commenced more}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 than}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 two}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 years}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 after}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 the}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 offence.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 The Chief Justice noted that i}{\insrsid1906289\charrsid5048658 t was this second ground that }{\insrsid863978\charrsid5048658 concerned the Court, }{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 and }{\insrsid863978\charrsid5048658 that it was this ground that }{\insrsid134036\charrsid5048658 had led }{\insrsid863978\charrsid5048658 the Court }{\insrsid1906289\charrsid5048658 to request }{\insrsid863978\charrsid5048658 additional written submissions to be filed}{\insrsid5048658 .}{ \insrsid1906289 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid4288654\charrsid5048658 [14}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid7503750\charrsid5048658 The Chief Justice}{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1906289\charrsid5048658 said}{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 that it was understood that both Shameem }{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid4288654\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 and the Court of Appeal had relied principally}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid4288654\charrsid5048658 upon}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 a decision of the English Court of Appeal in}{\insrsid4288654\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 R v Jones}{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 [2003] 1 WLR 1590} {\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 in holding that the prosecution of the petitioner had not been time-barred.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3815111\charrsid5048658 He noted that, }{\insrsid4288654\charrsid5048658 after the Court of Appeal had upheld the }{ \insrsid8279594\charrsid5048658 prisone}{\insrsid4288654\charrsid5048658 r\rquote s conviction,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4288654\charrsid5048658 the House of Lords, in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid4288654\charrsid5048658 Regina v. J}{ \insrsid4288654\charrsid5048658 [2005] 1 AC 562, had reversed}{\insrsid8279594\charrsid5048658 that}{\insrsid12388602\charrsid5048658 decision}{\insrsid8279594\charrsid5048658 .}{\b\i\insrsid3815111\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4288654\charrsid5048658 The Chief Justice said that this}{\insrsid7503750\charrsid5048658 meant that the }{\insrsid4288654\charrsid5048658 case before the Supreme Court took on a different complexion from the case as presented previously.}{\insrsid7503750 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 [1}{\insrsid3089670\charrsid5048658 5}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 The }{\insrsid12060788\charrsid5048658 C}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 hief Justice concluded }{ \insrsid3089670\charrsid5048658 his minute }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 by expressing the hope that his explanation of what had occurred would set }{\insrsid12543290\charrsid5048658 Shameem J\rquote s }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 mind at rest.}{ \insrsid7162899 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid3089670\charrsid5048658 [16}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 Plainly, it did not.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1061837\charrsid5048658 Shameem}{\insrsid11499249\charrsid5048658 J}{ \insrsid1061837\charrsid5048658 replied in writing}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1061837\charrsid5048658 later that}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 day}{\insrsid1061837\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid3089670\charrsid5048658 restating}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1061837\charrsid5048658 her concerns.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12060788\charrsid5048658 She }{\insrsid3089670\charrsid5048658 said}{\insrsid1061837\charrsid5048658 :} {\insrsid1061837 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid1061837\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 Thank you for your prompt reply to my memorandum of 18}{\b\super\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 th}{\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 October 2005.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 I accept all the contents of your memorandum in particular that Mr. Justice French became suddenly ill and that you did not wish to inconvenience overseas counsel. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 However the issue is not one of convenience, with respect.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{ \b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 It is of the impartiality of the court.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 Any judgment this court delivers may be quite correct in law.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 However when it is delivered by a court which has on it a member who lacks impartiality, it lacks validity.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 Indeed, the public at large, and not just the litigants, has a right to an impartial court. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 I have placed sufficient information before you which in my respectful opinion, would lead any reasonable tribunal to disqualify itself.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 The papers contain an admission o f actual hostility by Scott JA towards me.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 The e}{\b\insrsid1915628\charrsid5048658 f}{\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 fect is to deprive the court of jurisdiction in any matter concerning my decision, whether the points argued were dealt with by me (and the Court of Appeal) or not.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 The test is one of reasonable apprehension of bias, held by an informed observer at the back of the courtroom. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8599975 {\i0\insrsid10302908\charrsid8599975 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid10302908\charrsid5048658 My position remains unchanged and I am constrained to advise you that unless a new panel is constituted to hear the appeal, I will be making a formal application for recusal.}{\b\insrsid14045931\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\b\insrsid1061837\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid14045931\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 [1}{\insrsid3089670\charrsid5048658 7}{ \insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 The Chief }{\insrsid12060788\charrsid5048658 Justice replied the same day}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid12060788\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 His}{ \insrsid9848447\charrsid5048658 memorandum}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12060788\charrsid5048658 is important, and we set it out in full}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 :}{\insrsid3737575 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 \'93Hon Justice Shameem \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 Thank you for your further memorandum of today\rquote s date.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{ \b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 It is a matter of considerable regret on my part that you are not satisfied with my explanation in yesterday\rquote s letter. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 As you will be aware Section 2 of the Supreme Court Act 19}{\b\insrsid6899833\charrsid5048658 9}{ \b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 8 provides that the Court is to be constituted in accordance with my directions.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 In the situation suddenly created last Friday by Mr Justice French\rquote s decision to return to Australia immediately, I re-exercised this power in relation to Ratu Vakalalabure\rquote s case and reconstituted the Court with Justice Scott as the third member.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 The Court as reconstituted sat and heard the oral argument, so that it is no}{\b\insrsid6899833\charrsid5048658 w}{\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 part heard.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 I have no power of my own motion to direct a re-hearing or to reconstitute the Court for this purpose. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 You will also be aware that any application for a Judge to stand aside should be made, in the first instance, to the Judge concerned.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 I h ave no power, at this stage, to remove Mr Justice Scott from the case, on the ground of ostensible or actual bias, assuming such a ground could be established. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 Needless to say no such application was made or foreshadowed by either of the parties to the pe tition during the hearing before the Supreme Court on Monday.}{\b\insrsid6899833\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid7162899\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1915628\charrsid5048658 [18}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{ \insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 Th}{\insrsid9848447\charrsid5048658 is memorandum}{\insrsid6899833\charrsid5048658 from the Chief Justice }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 prompted Shameem}{\insrsid9449778\charrsid5048658 J}{ \insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 to }{\insrsid9848447\charrsid5048658 instruct solicitors to }{\insrsid4071078\charrsid5048658 arrange for a summons}{\insrsid655956\charrsid5048658 , toget}{\insrsid1915628\charrsid5048658 her with a supporting affidavit}{ \insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1915628\charrsid5048658 sworn by her, }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 to}{\insrsid4071078\charrsid5048658 be}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 file}{\insrsid4071078\charrsid5048658 d}{ \insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 with the Registrar of }{\insrsid4071078\charrsid5048658 this Court}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 That summons }{\insrsid7160921\charrsid5048658 (with formal parts omitted) }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 was in the following terms:}{\insrsid3737575 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 \'93 LET all parties concerned attend before the Supreme Court at Suva on}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 the}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 day of 2005 at}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{ \b\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 o\rquote clock in the}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 noon on the hearing of an Application by the Honour}{\b\insrsid6899833\charrsid5048658 able Madam Justice Nazhat Shamee}{ \b\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 m for the following orders: \par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s19 \b\i\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard \s19\ql \fi-705\li2235\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\adjustright\rin0\lin2235\itap0\pararsid5048658 { \b\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 that the Honourable Madam Justice Nazhat Shameem be given leave to intervene in the matter. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7160921\charrsid5048658 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s19 \b\i\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \s19\ql \fi-705\li2235\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\adjustright\rin0\lin2235\itap0\pararsid5048658 { \b\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 that this Honourable Court not comprising any of the members of the Bench that heard this Petition for leave to appeal on 17\~October 2005 be constituted to hear this application. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7160921\charrsid5048658 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s19 \b\i\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}\pard \s19\ql \fi-705\li2235\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\adjustright\rin0\lin2235\itap0\pararsid5048658 { \b\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 that the Petition for leave to app}{\b\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 e}{\b\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 al filed herein be heard de novo by a reconstituted Bench of the Supreme Court not comprising any of the members of the Honourable Judges who heard the said Petition on 17 October 2005}{\b\insrsid2757018\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid2757018\charrsid5048658 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s19 \b\i\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (4)\tab}}\pard \s19\ql \fi-705\li2235\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\adjustright\rin0\lin2235\itap0\pararsid5048658 { \b\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 that the pronouncement by this Honourable Court of its judgment to this Petition be deferred pending the hearing and final determination of this application. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7160921\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid5047504\charrsid5048658 This Application is made under the Inherent Jurisdiction of this Honourable Court.}{ \b\insrsid6899833\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid10376940\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid6899833\charrsid5048658 Dated this 19}{\b\super\insrsid6899833\charrsid5048658 th}{\b\insrsid6899833\charrsid5048658 day of October 2005.}{\b\insrsid7160921\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\b\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 [19}{\insrsid3220422\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{ \insrsid655956\charrsid5048658 The affidavit sworn by Shameem}{\insrsid4264394\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid655956\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15758640\charrsid5048658 commenced by noting }{\insrsid655956\charrsid5048658 that she had been the trial judge in }{\insrsid13500617\charrsid5048658 the matter }{\insrsid15758640\charrsid5048658 of Ratu Rakuita Vakalalabure, }{\insrsid13500617\charrsid5048658 then before the Supreme Court}{\insrsid15758640\charrsid5048658 .}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15758640\charrsid5048658 She said }{\insrsid13500617\charrsid5048658 that she had only discovered that Scott}{\insrsid4264394\charrsid5048658 JA}{\insrsid13500617\charrsid5048658 had been a member of the bench hearing the appeal from reading the Fiji Times of 18\~October 2005.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13500617\charrsid5048658 She said that }{\insrsid15758640\charrsid5048658 she wished to place evidence before}{ \insrsid13500617\charrsid5048658 the }{\insrsid4264394\charrsid5048658 Supreme }{\insrsid13500617\charrsid5048658 Court }{\insrsid15758640\charrsid5048658 that would demonstrate actual}{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 ,}{ \insrsid15758640\charrsid5048658 and}{\insrsid13500617\charrsid5048658 apprehended}{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid13500617\charrsid5048658 bias }{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 towards her, }{\insrsid13500617\charrsid5048658 on the part of Scott}{\insrsid4264394\charrsid5048658 JA}{\insrsid13500617\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13500617\charrsid5048658 She deposed to a }{\insrsid11540159\charrsid5048658 series of }{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 statements and other }{\insrsid11540159\charrsid5048658 acts on the}{\insrsid882001\charrsid5048658 part of Scott JA }{\insrsid11540159\charrsid5048658 that she claimed demonstrated his continuing hostility }{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 towards her. }{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 Indeed, she alleged that Scott JA}{\insrsid882001\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 w}{\insrsid882001\charrsid5048658 as }{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 similarly biased against another member of the High Court, Gates J, and a former member of that Court, Byrne J.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 It is important to appreciate that she accused Scott JA}{\insrsid11762367\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid5048658 of \'93actual malice\'94 towards her.}{\insrsid3220422 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 20}{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 The Registrar}{\insrsid11762367\charrsid5048658 , acting upon instructions }{ \insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 from }{\insrsid11762367\charrsid5048658 the Chief Justice,}{\insrsid13383322\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 referred the }{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 summons and affidavit in support }{ \insrsid11762367\charrsid5048658 t}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 o Handley}{\insrsid12330106\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 who}{\insrsid8220743\charrsid5048658 was}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 ,}{ \insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 of course, a member of the panel that}{\insrsid11762367\charrsid5048658 was}{\insrsid10430901\charrsid5048658 , by }{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 th}{ \insrsid11804264\charrsid5048658 e}{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 n}{\insrsid10430901\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11762367\charrsid5048658 par}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 t heard in this proceeding. }{ \insrsid14485485\charrsid5048658 This was done pursuant to s.}{\insrsid6364341\charrsid5048658 11 of the }{\i\insrsid6364341\charrsid5048658 Supreme Court Act}{\i\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 . }{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 That section confers}{ \insrsid15876128\charrsid5048658 upon a single judge of this Court the right to exercise any power vested in the Court itself not involving the decision of an appeal or reference.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 Handley J}{ \insrsid14485485\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 considered the matter and}{\insrsid8220743\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 on 21 October 2005}{\insrsid8220743\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 gave a }{\insrsid8220743\charrsid5048658 \'93D}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 irection}{\insrsid8220743\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8220743\charrsid5048658 to the Registrar }{\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 in the following terms:}{\insrsid3737575 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-681\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\b\insrsid14025221\charrsid5048658 DIRECTION}{\insrsid14025221\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid14025221\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-681\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [}{\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 1]\tab On 19 October a clerk from G.P. Lala and Associates, the}{ \insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 Suva agents for Young and Associates of Lautoka, attempted to file a summons supported by affidavit in the Supreme Court Registry in the matter of }{\b\ul\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 Ratu Rakui}{\b\ul\insrsid11235732\charrsid5048658 t}{\b\ul\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 a}{\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 }{\b\ul\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 Vakalalabure v The State,}{\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 a petition for special leave heard by the Chief Justice, Scott }{\b\insrsid11804264\charrsid5048658 J}{\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 , and myself on 17 October. \par \par [2]\tab The summons was sought to be filed on behalf of a Judge of the High Court who considered that the Supreme Court was inappropriately a nd improperly constituted in that case, because one of the Judges was disqualified from sitting because of his actual or ostensible bias. \par \par [3]\tab The only parties to criminal proceedings are the State and the accused. Since the applicant in the summons was not one of the parties to the proceedings the Registrar properly referred the matter to the Chief Justice who referred the matter to me. \par \par [4]\tab The Supreme Court, like any other superior court, has inherent power to prevent its process being abused, which it can exercise on the application of a party, or on its own motion. Compare }{\b\ul\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 Sun l}{ \b\ul\insrsid417694\charrsid5048658 i}{\b\ul\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 fe Assurance Co. of Canada v. Jervis}{\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [1944] AC 111 where the House of Lords took the point that the appeal was incompetent. The abuse in the present case does not relate to the motivation of the applicant, or to the merits of the application. It relates to the attempt to intervene by a person who is not a party and has no legally recognized interest, other than as a member of the public. \par \par [5]\tab The existence of this inherent power to prevent misuse of its procedures and the fact that the categories of abuse which attract the Court\rquote s duty are not fixed or closed, is established by }{\b\ul\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 Hunter v. The Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police}{\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [1982] AC 529, 536. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-681\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [6]\tab As I have said there are only 2 parties or groups of parties to criminal proceedings, the State and the accused. The victim, the victim's family, the witnesses, and other concerned or public minded individuals have no standing to intervene, or be heard, or to have counsel or solicitor heard on their behalf. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid2757018\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-681\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [7]\tab Furthermore a judicial officer is not a necessary or proper party to an appeal from his or her decision, or to any appeal to a Court of final appeal from an intermediate court of appeal. It is unheard of for a Judge to intervene, or seek leave to intervene i}{\b\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 n}{\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 such an appeal, even in a case where his or her judgment is severely criticized, or he or she is said to be disqualified for actual or ostensible bias. See for example }{\b\ul\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 R v. Bow Street Magistrate ex parte Pinochet, ( No.2)}{\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [2000] 1 AC 119 where }{\b\insrsid15876128\charrsid5048658 Lord Hoff}{\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 mann's participation in Pinochet (No.1) was challenged for ostensible bias. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-681\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [8]\tab Mr Young was heard by me in Chambers this morning in support of the competency of the proceedings. He attempted to distinguish the present case from the general position affecting the standing of judicial officers in appeals from their decisions because of the great public importance of cases being heard by the Supreme Court free from any actual or ostensible bias. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-681\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [9]\tab The public interest in question is understood, and it relates to a matter of very great importance, but an individual member of the public has no standing to enforce that right in proceedings in which he or she is not a party.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{ \b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 The matter is made clear by the speech of}{\b\insrsid11804264\charrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 Lord Wilberforce in }{\b\ul\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 Gouriet v. Union of Post Office Workers}{ \b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [1978] }{\b\insrsid2973812\charrsid5048658 AC 435}{\b\insrsid10051305\charrsid5048658 , 477.}{\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1843\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1843\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 \'93 It [is] a fundamental principle of English law that private rights can be asserted by individuals, but that public rights can only be asserted by the Attorney-Ge neral as representing the public... And just as the Attorney-General has in general no power to interfere with the assertion of private rights, so in general no private person has the right of representing the public in the assertion of public rights. If he tries to do so his action can be struck out.\'94 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-681\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [10]\tab In a very clear case, such as this, the action can also be stopped by the Court at the threshold. I am therefore completely satisfied that the proposed summons is incompetent to the extent that it would be vexatious and an abuse of the Court's process if it were filed. In the extraordinary and unprecedented circumstances of this case the Court is entitled to reject the documents and to decline to allow them to be f}{\b\insrsid11804264\charrsid5048658 i} {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 led, and I will direct the Registrar to return them to the solicitors with a copy of this ruling. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-681\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [11] \tab Mr Young questioned my power to do this as a single Judge, but s.11 of the Supreme Court Act gives a single Judge power to deal with matters of practice and procedure which this is. He also questioned my power to exercise a function normally exercised by the Registrar. The officers of the Court exercise their powers as delegates of the Judges, under their authority and subject to their supervision. The matter came before me on a reference fr om the Chief Justice, after the matter had been properly referred to him by the Registrar. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-681\li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [12]\tab I therefore direct the Registrar to reject the document, refund the filing fee (if any), and return the papers to the solicitors for the applicant. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1418\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid351878\charrsid5048658 [Justice Kenneth R. Handley] \par }\pard\plain \ql \fi714\li726\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin726\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\ul\insrsid14025221\charrsid5048658 JUDGE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI}{ \b\i\insrsid14025221\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\b\i\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid10376940\charrsid5048658 \par }{\b\ul\insrsid11235732\charrsid5048658 The Application to Review \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 21}{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid11884454\charrsid5048658 Shameem J, being dissatisfied with Handley J\rquote s direction}{\insrsid11804264\charrsid5048658 , the}{ \insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 n filed an application to review that }{\insrsid11804264\charrsid5048658 decision}{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 That application was filed on}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 28 October 2005.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 It purported to be filed pursuant to}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid11235732\charrsid5048658 s}{ \insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 \~11}{\insrsid11235732\charrsid5048658 and 14}{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 of the }{\i\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 Supreme Court Act}{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 , }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 and the inherent jurisdiction of the Court.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 [22}{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 Th}{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 e}{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 application }{\insrsid5332007\charrsid5048658 to}{ \insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 review was supported by }{\insrsid5525027\charrsid5048658 a further }{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 affidavit sworn by}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 Shameem}{\insrsid5525027\charrsid5048658 J}{ \insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 on 28}{\insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 \~}{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 October 2005.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 To that affidavit, she }{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 exhibit}{ \insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 ed}{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 the }{\insrsid5525027\charrsid5048658 correspondence that had passed between}{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 the Chief Jus}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 tice and herself}{ \insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 after she discovered that Scott JA had sat }{\insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 on}{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 the appeal.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5784164\charrsid5048658 S}{ \insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 he}{\insrsid5784164\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 went on to state that}{\insrsid5784164\charrsid5048658 on 19 October 2005, she}{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 had instructed }{ \insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 Chen Bunn Young of Young & Associates, solicitors of Lautoka, }{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 to file an application to intervene in these proceedings.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 She said that she had been informed by }{\insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 Mr Young}{\insrsid8027781\charrsid5048658 that }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 the summons and her earlier affidavit had been lodged with the Supreme Court Registry by Mr Young \rquote s Suva agents on that same day.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid538446\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 [23}{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5525027\charrsid5048658 The affidavit }{\insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 then }{\insrsid14688344\charrsid5048658 concluded}{ \insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 :}{\insrsid9401483 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\b\insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 I am further informed by my counsel and verily believe that on Friday 21 October 2005 (at the request of Shiu Sami, Clerk on behalf}{\insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 of the Registrar of the Supreme Court) , my counsel thinking that he was attending an informal meeting with the Honourable Chief Justice and Justice Handley found himself in the chambers }{\b\insrsid11804264\charrsid5048658 o}{\b\insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 f Justice Handley alone who thereafter informed counsel that he would deliver a ruling. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 O}{\b\insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 n the same day my counsel wrote a letter to Justice Handley and copied to the Chief Justice which letter was exchanged simultaneously with a receipt of ruling titled \lquote Direction\rquote by Justice Handley.\'94 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid9401483\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 [24}{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{ \insrsid14688344\charrsid5048658 Shameem}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid14688344\charrsid5048658 annexed to }{\insrsid5525027\charrsid5048658 this}{\insrsid14688344\charrsid5048658 affidavit }{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 a copy of her counsel\rquote s letter dated 21 October 2005.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 That letter purported to record the circumstances of Mr Young\rquote s meeting with Handley}{\insrsid5525027\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 in his Lordship\rquote s chambers earlier that morning.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 In substance, Mr Young claimed that he had been told that the meeting would be \'93informal\'94, }{\insrsid5525027\charrsid5048658 and }{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 that he need not bri}{\insrsid5525027\charrsid5048658 ng with him any legal materials.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5525027\charrsid5048658 He said }{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 that he had been taken by surprise when Handley}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 had referred to \'93making a ruling\'94.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 He claimed that he }{\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 had not}{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 regard}{\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 ed}{ \insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 the meeting as a \'93hearing\'94, and }{\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 that he }{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 had only attended as a courtesy}{\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 i n response to a request from the Chief Justice and}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 Handley}{\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 In effect, }{ \insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 t}{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 he}{\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9834021\charrsid5048658 tenor }{\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 of his letter was to }{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 challenge the validity of Handley}{\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 J\rquote s}{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 \'93direction\'94 on the basis that }{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 Shameem J}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 had }{ \insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 been }{\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 denied}{\insrsid10965222\charrsid5048658 natural justice.}{\insrsid14688344\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 [25}{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9834021\charrsid5048658 As previously }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 mentioned}{\insrsid11804264\charrsid5048658 , }{\insrsid9834021\charrsid5048658 the applicatio}{\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 n brought by Shameem J}{\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 seeking}{\insrsid14492090\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\insrsid15624003\charrsid5048658 review}{ \insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 \'94 of}{\insrsid15624003\charrsid5048658 Handley}{\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 J\rquote s}{\insrsid15624003\charrsid5048658 d}{\insrsid9834021\charrsid5048658 irectio}{\insrsid15624003\charrsid5048658 n}{ \insrsid9834021\charrsid5048658 to the Registrar }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 purported to be }{\insrsid15624003\charrsid5048658 brought pursuant to s}{\insrsid2367371\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid15624003\charrsid5048658 \~11 }{ \insrsid2367371\charrsid5048658 and 14 }{\insrsid15624003\charrsid5048658 of the }{\i\insrsid15624003\charrsid5048658 Supreme Court Act}{\i\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 and the inherent jurisdiction of }{ \insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 the }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 Court.}{\insrsid9834021\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 [26}{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2367371\charrsid5048658 Relevantly, s\~11 }{\insrsid15624003\charrsid5048658 provides:}{\insrsid14492090 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid798389\charrsid5048658 \'93 A single judge of the Supreme Court may exercise any power vested in the Supreme Court not involving the decision of an appeal or reference, except that \endash \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid5588620\charrsid5048658 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s19 \b\i\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid798389\charrsid5048658 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \s19\ql \fi-687\li2847\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls28\adjustright\rin0\lin2847\itap0\pararsid5048658 { \b\insrsid798389\charrsid5048658 in criminal matters, if a single judge refuses or grants an application, a person affected may have the application determined by the Supreme Court constituted by 3 judges, who may include the judge}{ \b\insrsid15624003\charrsid5048658 who made or gave the order\'85\'94}{\b\insrsid798389\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2757018\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 [27}{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid2367371\charrsid5048658 Section 14 provides: \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\b\insrsid2367371\charrsid5048658 For the purposes of the Constitution and this Act, the Supreme Court has, in relation to matters that come before it, all the power and authority of the Court of Appeal and that power and authority may be exercised, with such modifications as are necessar y according to the circumstances of the case.\'94 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid10376940\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 [28]\tab It is tolerably clear that s.11 contemplates a hearing }{\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 de novo }{\i0\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 , rather than any form of appellate review.}{\i0\insrsid5048658 }{\i0\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 If the review contemplated were in }{\i0\insrsid7289254\charrsid5048658 the }{\i0\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 nature of an appeal, it would hardly be likely that the judge who made or gave the order could sit on an application to have the matter determined by this Court.}{\i0\insrsid5048658 }{\i0\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 In truth an application under s.11 is only loosely described as a review.}{\i0\insrsid5048658 }{\i0\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 It is an application to this Court, in its original jurisdiction, to consider the matter which is the subject of the application afresh.}{\i0\insrsid5048658 }{\i0\insrsid15995891\charrsid5048658 This includes any material that was not before the single judge.}{ \i0\insrsid15754923\charrsid5048658 \par }{\i0\insrsid2367371\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid1208817\charrsid5048658 [2}{\insrsid15995891\charrsid5048658 9}{ \insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid276315\charrsid5048658 The }{\insrsid9834021\charrsid5048658 grounds in support of the }{\insrsid15995891\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\insrsid276315\charrsid5048658 application to review}{ \insrsid15995891\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9834021\charrsid5048658 are as follows}{\insrsid276315\charrsid5048658 :}{\insrsid276315 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-703\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid7475409\charrsid5048658 \'93(1) }{ \b\insrsid8929183\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\b\insrsid276315\charrsid5048658 that the learned Judge had no jurisdiction to issue the Direction; \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7475409\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7475409\charrsid5048658 (2)}{\b\insrsid8929183\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\b\insrsid276315\charrsid5048658 that if the learned judge had jurisdiction (which is not admitted) then he acted in breach of natural justice by denying the Applicant\rquote s Counsel an opportunity to be adequately heard in the matter, in that, his Lordship knew or ought to have known; \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid8929183\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li2143\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2143\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid2367371\charrsid5048658 (i)\tab }{\b\insrsid276315\charrsid5048658 that Counsel for the Applic}{ \b\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 ant had been asked by the Registr}{\b\insrsid276315\charrsid5048658 ar, Mr Shiu Sami, to present himself for an informal meeting with the Chief Justice and Justice Handley at 11.00am on Friday 21 October 2005; \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid5588620\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li2143\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2143\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid2367371\charrsid5048658 (ii)\tab }{\b\insrsid276315\charrsid5048658 that Counsel presented himself for an informal me eting with the Chief Justice and Mr Justice Handley but to his surprise the meeting had been rescheduled before Mr Justice Handley alone without prior notification to Counsel; \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid5588620\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li2143\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2143\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid2367371\charrsid5048658 (iii)}{\b\insrsid8929183\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\b\insrsid2367371\charrsid5048658 }{ \b\insrsid276315\charrsid5048658 that Counsel appeared before his Lord}{\b\insrsid10820029\charrsid5048658 sh}{\b\insrsid276315\charrsid5048658 ip without his file and was not in a position to argue the matter; \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid5588620\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li2143\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2143\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid8929183\charrsid5048658 (iv) \tab }{\b\insrsid276315\charrsid5048658 that his Lordship proceeded to conduct a \'93hearing\'94 and to make a ruling directing the Registrar to not issue the Summons.\'94 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid15995891\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid15995891\charrsid5048658 30}{ \insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid7475409\charrsid5048658 The }{\insrsid9834021\charrsid5048658 relief sought by the }{\insrsid7475409\charrsid5048658 applicant}{\insrsid15995891\charrsid5048658 , as stated in the application, }{ \insrsid9834021\charrsid5048658 is as follows:}{\insrsid7475409\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i0\insrsid11499249\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7475409\charrsid5048658 \'93(i)}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid7475409\charrsid5048658 the Summons dated 19 October 2005 be issued by the}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid7475409\charrsid5048658 Registrar; and \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid13709251\charrsid5048658 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s19 \b\i\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\insrsid7475409\charrsid5048658 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}}\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li1877\ri0\nowidctlpar \tx-1440\tx-720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls37\adjustright\rin0\lin1877\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7475409\charrsid5048658 the issued Summons be heard and determined by a}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid7475409\charrsid5048658 reconstituted Supreme Court of Fiji Islands.\'94 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\ul\insrsid11804264\charrsid5048658 \par }{\b\i0\ul\insrsid141352\charrsid5048658 The Applicant\rquote s submissions to this Court \par }{\i0\ul\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid7542865\charrsid5048658 31}{ \insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid7542865\charrsid5048658 Although the applicat ion to review relied, in terms, upon ss.11 and 14 of the Supreme Court Act, and the inherent jurisdiction of the Court, counsel for the applicant sought also to invoke s.122(5) of the Constitution as the source of power upon which the application was base d.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7542865\charrsid5048658 That section provides that the Supreme Court \'93may review any judgment, pronouncement or order made by it.\'94 }{\insrsid3347557\charrsid5048658 It was submitted that the direction given by Hand}{ \insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 ley J}{\insrsid3347557\charrsid5048658 to the Registrar was, relevantly, an \'93order\'94 within the meaning of that expression in s.122(5). \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid3347557\charrsid5048658 [32]\tab We consider that reliance upon s.122(5) was misplaced.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3347557\charrsid5048658 The section is silent as to the nature of the \'93review\'94 that is provided for, but it seems to us to contemplate a review of a decision made by the Court as such, and not by a single judge exercising interlocutory powers, or administrative functi}{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 ons, of the kind that Handley J }{\insrsid3347557\charrsid5048658 performed in this case.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3347557\charrsid5048658 Section 11}{\insrsid3238569\charrsid5048658 covers the situation precisely.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3238569\charrsid5048658 W}{ \insrsid3347557\charrsid5048658 e doubt that}{\insrsid3238569\charrsid5048658 s.122(5) of }{\insrsid3347557\charrsid5048658 the Constitution was intended to }{\insrsid16262459\charrsid5048658 deal with a matter of procedural detail concerning}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16262459\charrsid5048658 the method by which an applicant can have his or her application determined by the Supreme Court constituted by three judges, rather than one. \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid16262459\charrsid5048658 [33]\tab It follows that the application to this Court seeks to have the application for leave to intervene, which was summarily }{\insrsid3238569\charrsid5048658 rejected}{\insrsid16262459\charrsid5048658 by Handley J, dealt with }{\i\insrsid16262459\charrsid5048658 de novo.}{\insrsid16262459\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1998212\charrsid5048658 It is not an appeal from Handley J\rquote s decision.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12460272\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid12460272\charrsid5048658 [34]\tab }{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 O}{\insrsid141352\charrsid5048658 n behalf of the applicant, it was submitted that}{\insrsid12460272\charrsid5048658 Scott JA was automatically disqualified from sitting on the appeal from Shameem J }{\insrsid13828135\charrsid5048658 because of }{\insrsid12460272\charrsid5048658 his \'93}{\insrsid13828135\charrsid5048658 past and ongoing implacable hostility and animosity\'94 }{\insrsid12460272\charrsid5048658 towards her.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12460272\charrsid5048658 That submission was supported by reference to }{\insrsid6781663\charrsid5048658 one matter, in particular, that emerged from the }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 affidavit sworn by Shameem J}{\insrsid733441\charrsid5048658 on 19 October 2005.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3562128\charrsid5048658 It concerned a letter dated 29 January 2003 written by}{\insrsid12460272\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3562128\charrsid5048658 Scott JA to the Chief Justice in which he advised that he would not be attending a judges\rquote retreat schedule}{\insrsid3238569\charrsid5048658 d}{ \insrsid3562128\charrsid5048658 for February 2003.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3562128\charrsid5048658 He explained that }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 the }{\insrsid3562128\charrsid5048658 events of May 2000, and subsequent months, ha}{ \insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 d}{\insrsid3562128\charrsid5048658 resulted in a very serious split in the judiciary.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3562128\charrsid5048658 He said that in his opinion three judges, Byrne, Shameem and Gates JJ \'93 were guilty of grave misconduct\'94 which resulted in the judiciary in general, and himself in particular}{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid3562128\charrsid5048658 having been brought }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 in}{ \insrsid3562128\charrsid5048658 to disrepute.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3562128\charrsid5048658 He said that as a result he had had no social dealings for the past two years with the three judges.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3562128\charrsid5048658 He canvassed various options.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3562128\charrsid5048658 One of these options was to commence legal proceedings seeking declaratory relief and damages.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 He said that given his position as a judge of the High Court, he did not think it would be appropriate to initiate legal proceedings at that stage.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 He added that he would not find himself so constrain}{ \insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 ed}{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 if he were to exercise his option to retire in April 2004.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 [35]\tab Scott JA did not spell out in his letter }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 precisely the}{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 cause of action that he might}{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 rely upon if he initiated }{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 any }{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 legal proceedings.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 It may reasonably be inferred that he had in mind a claim for defamation.}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 The fact remains, however, that Scott JA did not retire in April 2004, and has not instituted any legal proceedings against Shameem J or either of the other two named judges. \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 [36]\tab Counsel for the applicant submitted that it was of fundamental importance to the rule of law that p}{\insrsid3280294\charrsid5048658 ublic confidence in the}{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 independence and impartiality of the}{\insrsid3280294\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 courts be maintained. It }{\insrsid3280294\charrsid5048658 was }{\insrsid2573113\charrsid5048658 essential to that end that }{ \insrsid5188079\charrsid5048658 members of the judiciary act, at all times,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5188079\charrsid5048658 without }{\insrsid1778672\charrsid5048658 bias, for or against any party. No only must they be impartial, they must be seen to be impartial.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1778672\charrsid5048658 I}{\insrsid5834892\charrsid5048658 t }{\insrsid3280294\charrsid5048658 wa}{ \insrsid1778672\charrsid5048658 s submitted that it was impossible for Scott JA, having threatened to sue Shameem J, and having never withdrawn that threat, to be regarded as unbiased in relation to any appeal from one of her judgments.}{\insrsid9830871 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9830871\charrsid5048658 [37]\tab Counsel submitted that Handley J had erred}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9830871\charrsid5048658 in summarily directing that her applic ation for leave to intervene be rejected on the basis that she lacked standing in this matter.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9830871\charrsid5048658 They submitted that, in applying the test for standing laid down by the House of Lords in }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid9830871\charrsid5048658 Gouriet v. Union of Post Office Workers}{\insrsid9830871\charrsid5048658 [1978] AC 435, }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 Handley J }{\insrsid9830871\charrsid5048658 took a n unduly stringent view of what an applicant for leave to intervene had to show in order to be granted intervener status.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9830871\charrsid5048658 They submitted that }{\b\i\insrsid9830871\charrsid5048658 Gouriet}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9830871\charrsid5048658 no longer represented the law in England, and }{\insrsid3280294\charrsid5048658 was }{\insrsid10036548\charrsid5048658 not the law in Fiji.}{\insrsid12341519 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid10036548\charrsid5048658 38}{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\insrsid10246396\charrsid5048658 We should interpolate at this stage that a}{ \insrsid11085327\charrsid5048658 lthough the grounds in support of the application for review }{\insrsid10246396\charrsid5048658 were limited to challenging Handley J\rquote s jurisdiction to give the direction that he did, and a claim that he denied the applicant natural justice, neither point was seriously pursu}{\insrsid11085327\charrsid5048658 e}{\insrsid10246396\charrsid5048658 d in }{\insrsid10773171\charrsid5048658 the }{\insrsid10246396\charrsid5048658 oral submissions to this Court.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10773171\charrsid5048658 It was effectively conceded that s.11 conferred power to give the direction, and it was acknowledged that there was no evidence, in admissible form, as to what had taken place}{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 between Mr Young and Handley J}{ \insrsid10773171\charrsid5048658 in chambers on the morning of 21 October 2005.}{\insrsid11085327\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8597993\charrsid5048658 In}{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 effect,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8597993\charrsid5048658 the }{ \insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 natural}{\insrsid8597993\charrsid5048658 justice ground was }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 not pressed}{\insrsid8597993\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid8597993 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid8597993\charrsid5048658 [39]\tab Acknowledging the difficulty that }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 counsel }{\insrsid8597993\charrsid5048658 faced given the narrow terms }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 of}{\insrsid8597993\charrsid5048658 the grounds }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 as}{\insrsid8597993\charrsid5048658 formulated, }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 they }{\insrsid8597993\charrsid5048658 sought leave to amend those grounds so as to encompass}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid8597993\charrsid5048658 the }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 broader issues }{\insrsid8597993\charrsid5048658 raised in their written submissions.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9765880\charrsid5048658 The amendment would allow consideration to be given to the real issue in this case, namely whether Sh}{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 a}{\insrsid9765880\charrsid5048658 meem J should be granted leave to intervene in this appeal}{ \insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 for the purpose of pressing a formal application to the Supreme Court that it reconstitute itself in a part heard proceeding}{\insrsid8875931\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 That was } {\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 put }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 on the basis tha}{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 t the Court was improperly constituted}{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 with Scott}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 JA as a member of the panel}{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8875931\charrsid5048658 Neither the petitioner, nor the respondent, objected to}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8875931\charrsid5048658 leave to amend being granted.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8875931\charrsid5048658 There being no prejudice to any party, the Court granted such leave.}{\insrsid11085327 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid8875931\charrsid5048658 40}{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid8875931\charrsid5048658 Counsel submitted that }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 in Fiji }{\insrsid8875931\charrsid5048658 the rules governing standing were broader, and }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 more}{\insrsid8875931\charrsid5048658 flexible}{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 , }{\insrsid8875931\charrsid5048658 than Handley J had }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 appreciated}{\insrsid8875931\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15087674\charrsid5048658 They submitted that Shameem J had standing, }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 in this matter, }{\insrsid15087674\charrsid5048658 under an orthodox}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15087674\charrsid5048658 application of those rules, by reason of several important factors.}{\insrsid15087674 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid15087674\charrsid5048658 [41]\tab The first of these factors was the unique position in which }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 Shameem J}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15087674\charrsid5048658 found herself.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid15087674\charrsid5048658 She alone (apart from Scott JA) was in a position to appreciate the full extent of his hostility towards her.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 Others may have had an inkling of the difficulties between them, but not the full extent of the problem.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 In addition,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15087674\charrsid5048658 she}{ \insrsid3616089\charrsid5048658 alone}{\insrsid15087674\charrsid5048658 had access to }{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 the correspondence addressed to her, and other material}{\insrsid15087674\charrsid5048658 necessary to establish the malice that she claimed he bore towards her.}{\insrsid15087674 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid15087674\charrsid5048658 [42]\tab The second factor was the specific duty that she had, by virtue of her judicial oath, to uphold the Constitution.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15087674\charrsid5048658 It was noted that}{ \insrsid7869695\charrsid5048658 judicial officers alone, among those whose oaths }{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 are}{\insrsid7869695\charrsid5048658 prescribed in the Constitution, }{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 are}{ \insrsid7869695\charrsid5048658 required}{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 , in terms,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7869695\charrsid5048658 to swear or affirm to uphold the Constitution.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7869695\charrsid5048658 In other words, she had a duty}{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 , under the Constitution,}{\insrsid7869695\charrsid5048658 to bring to the attention of this Court any matter that would undermine public confidence in the judiciary if }{\insrsid5048658 it were not properly addressed.}{\insrsid7869695 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid7869695\charrsid5048658 [43]\tab The third factor was the lack of any alternative }{\insrsid4148518\charrsid5048658 means by which Scott JA\rquote s unwillingness to recuse himself could be formally addressed by the Court.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid4148518\charrsid5048658 It was plain, from the fact that Shameem J\rquote s initial letter to the Chief Justice had not resulted in Scott JA disqualifying himself}{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid4148518\charrsid5048658 that he had no intention of doing so.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4148518\charrsid5048658 Although the matter might have been dealt with in other ways, such as}{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 by being drawn}{\insrsid4148518\charrsid5048658 to the attention of the Attorney-General, and }{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 by }{\insrsid4148518\charrsid5048658 providing him with whatever evidence there was to support }{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 the claim}{\insrsid4148518\charrsid5048658 of actual bias, it was submitted that the course adopted by Shameem J}{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 , of seeking leave to intervene in this proceeding, }{\insrsid4148518\charrsid5048658 had been entirely appropriate.}{\insrsid4148518 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid4148518\charrsid5048658 [44]\tab }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 Counsel relied upon a }{\insrsid3433048\charrsid5048658 number of authorities }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 in support of their contention that Shameem J ought to be given leave to intervene.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 They submitted that when an allegation of bias on the part of }{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 a}{ \insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 judge was made}{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 more liberal rules of standing should apply.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 They noted that it had been suggested that an allegation of that nature could not be the subject of waiver }{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 by }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 the parties to the proceeding. If that proposition wer e correct, self-evidently a broader concept of standing would }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 be applicable}{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 They}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 referred, in}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 that regard, to}{\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid13064776\charrsid5048658 Goktas}{\b\i\ul\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid13064776\charrsid5048658 v}{\b\i\ul\insrsid5048658 }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid13064776\charrsid5048658 Government Insurance Office of New South Wales}{\insrsid13064776\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1791664\charrsid5048658 [1993] NSWLR 684, }{\insrsid608999\charrsid5048658 where }{\insrsid1791664\charrsid5048658 Kirby P, as his Honour then was, said at 687:}{\insrsid13064776 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid1791664\charrsid5048658 \'93My own view is th at it is not ordinarily open to a litigant unilaterally to waive an appearance of bias on the part of a judge.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid1791664\charrsid5048658 This is because the existence and appearance of impartiality on the part of the judiciary belongs not to the litigant alone but to the public at large and to the legal system of which the judge is a member.\'94 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 45}{ \insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 Counsel submitted that }{\insrsid15015912\charrsid5048658 there were several other}{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 matter}{\insrsid15015912\charrsid5048658 s}{ \insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 t}{\insrsid13443603\charrsid5048658 hat}{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 needed to be taken into account }{\insrsid15015912\charrsid5048658 when considering whether leave should be granted to Shameem J to}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 intervene}{\insrsid13443603\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 in the present case}{\insrsid15015912\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15015912\charrsid5048658 They noted }{ \insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 that Shameem J}{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 sought only to be heard on the limited question of whether Scott JA should be disqualified.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 She did not seek to be heard on the merits of the appeal. }{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 They also noted that Shameem J}{\insrsid15015912\charrsid5048658 did not seek leave to intervene because she apprehended any damage to her reputation if her judgment in this matter were overturned.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15015912\charrsid5048658 Indeed, s}{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 he did not seek to vindicate}{\insrsid15015912\charrsid5048658 any legal interest on her part.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15015912\charrsid5048658 She was acting selflessly, as a matter of principle, fulfilling what she regarded as her duty as a judge, }{\insrsid3240770\charrsid5048658 under the Constitution.}{\insrsid1791664 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid12521185\charrsid5048658 46}{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid16585393\charrsid5048658 Coun}{\insrsid12521185\charrsid5048658 se}{\insrsid16585393\charrsid5048658 l }{ \insrsid12521185\charrsid5048658 relied, in particular, upon a passage from the judgment of Rose }{\insrsid8534674\charrsid5048658 LJ, sitting as }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 a}{\insrsid8534674\charrsid5048658 member of the Divisional Court in}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid13980982\charrsid5048658 R v Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; ex}{\i\insrsid13980982\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid13980982\charrsid5048658 Parte World Development Movement Ltd}{ \insrsid13980982\charrsid5048658 [1995] 1 WLR }{\insrsid13451511\charrsid5048658 386 at 395}{\insrsid8534674\charrsid5048658 where his Lordship summarised the increasingly liberal approach to standing that had been taken in England during the preceding decade.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8534674\charrsid5048658 After noting that the House of}{\insrsid16585393\charrsid5048658 Lords}{\insrsid8534674\charrsid5048658 had determined that standing should not be treated as a preliminary issue, but must be taken in the legal and factual context of the whole case, his Lordship continued:}{\insrsid13980982 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\i\insrsid11674829\charrsid5048658 \'93 Furthermore, the merits of the challenge are an important, if not dominant, factor when considering standing.}{\b\i\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\insrsid11674829\charrsid5048658 In Professor Wade\rquote s words in Administrative Law, 7}{ \b\i\super\insrsid11674829\charrsid5048658 th}{\b\i\insrsid11674829\charrsid5048658 ed. (1994), p.712: \'93the real question is whether the applicant can show some substantial default or abuse, and not whether his personal rights o}{ \b\i\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 r}{\b\i\insrsid11674829\charrsid5048658 interests are involved.\'94}{\b\i\insrsid8534674\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\i\insrsid11499249\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\i\insrsid11674829\charrsid5048658 Leaving merits aside for a moment, there seem to me to be a number of factors of signifi cance in the present case: the importance of vindicating the rule of law, as Lord Diplock emphasised [1982] A.C. 617; the importance of the issue raised, as in Ex parte Child Poverty Action Group [1990] 2 QB 540;the likely absence of any other responsible challenger, as in ex parte Child Poverty Action Group and Ex parte Greenpeace Ltd. (No.2) [1994] 4 All ER 329 the nature of the breach of duty against which relief is sought\'85\'94 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid11674829\charrsid5048658 47}{\insrsid12341519\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid8340489\charrsid5048658 It was submitted}{\insrsid3819340\charrsid5048658 on behalf of the applicant }{ \insrsid8340489\charrsid5048658 that}{\insrsid3819340\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11171003\charrsid5048658 this passage was squarely in point.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12469442\charrsid5048658 The question of}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid12469442\charrsid5048658 standing, so far as Shameem J was concerned}{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid12469442\charrsid5048658 should not be determined by whether her personal rights or interests were involved.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid12469442\charrsid5048658 The real question was whether she }{\insrsid3107663\charrsid5048658 could show some substantial default or abuse.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3107663\charrsid5048658 In favour of standing were the importance of the issue raised, which Handley J himself had acknowledged, the importance of vindicating the rule of law, and the likely absence of any other responsible challenger.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 [48]\tab The principles identified}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 by}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 Rose LJ were accepted by Gates J in}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 Chandrika Prasad}{\ul\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 v. Republic of Fiji & Attorney-General}{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2105586 [}{ \insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 2000}{\insrsid2105586 ]}{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 2 FLR}{\insrsid4722863\charrsid5048658 89}{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 where his Lordship}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 observed }{ \insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 that }{\insrsid4722863\charrsid5048658 the }{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 question }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 o}{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 f standing}{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 always}{ \insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 involve}{\insrsid4722863\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 matter}{\insrsid2634598\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 of discretion.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 Gates J}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 applied precisely the factors referred to in the passage from the judgment of Rose LJ}{\insrsid2634598\charrsid5048658 , set out above,}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 in holding that the applicant was not a \'93mere busybody,\'94}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14118046\charrsid5048658 but claimed to have lost rights}{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 by }{\insrsid4264755\charrsid5048658 the }{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 purported abrogation of the Constitution.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 Accordingly, }{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 the applicant}{\insrsid14358908\charrsid5048658 was granted standing.}{ \insrsid2634598\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid2634598\charrsid5048658 [49]\tab Counsel submitted that there could be no doubt as to the importance of the principle that a judge who is not impartial, in relation to a particular matter, is automatically disqualified from hearing that matter. }{\insrsid2449979\charrsid5048658 The}{\insrsid2634598\charrsid5048658 y submitted that the same principle applied when the bias in question}{\insrsid2449979\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2634598\charrsid5048658 did not arise towards any of the parties, but rather towards the judge who heard the case at first instance.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8544172\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid8544172\charrsid5048658 [50]\tab Counsel referred to a number of cases that set out the principles governing the circumstances in which a judge would be disqualified on grounds of bias, actual or apprehended.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid8544172\charrsid5048658 They referred also to the }{\insrsid2449979\charrsid5048658 importance of }{\insrsid8544172\charrsid5048658 the}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2449979\charrsid5048658 principle }{\insrsid8544172\charrsid5048658 that a judge who was not seen as impartial should not sit.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8544172\charrsid5048658 The authorities are well-known, and need only be cited.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8544172\charrsid5048658 They include }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid8544172\charrsid5048658 Webb v. The Queen}{\insrsid8544172\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 (1994) 181 CLR 41 at 74, }{\b\i\ul\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 Amina Koya v The State}{\insrsid4355062\charrsid5048658 [1998] FJSC 2}{\insrsid4722863\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 and}{\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid5062914\charrsid5048658 R v B}{\b\i\ul\insrsid8340489\charrsid5048658 ow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate; ex Parte Pinochet Ugarte (No 2)}{\insrsid8340489\charrsid5048658 [2000] 1 AC 119}{\insrsid2364639\charrsid5048658 (\'93}{\i\insrsid2364639\charrsid5048658 Pinochet No 2}{\insrsid2364639\charrsid5048658 \'94 )}{\insrsid5062914\charrsid5048658 132-3:}{\insrsid8340489\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid8544172\charrsid5048658 5}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 1]\tab }{\insrsid1778377\charrsid5048658 Not surprisingly, there appear to be very few reported cases}{\insrsid2389548\charrsid5048658 dealing with }{\insrsid12732835\charrsid5048658 allegations of }{\insrsid2389548\charrsid5048658 actual bias }{\insrsid12732835\charrsid5048658 on the part of judges}{\insrsid1778377\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7751815\charrsid5048658 Counsel for the applicant referred to}{\insrsid13795106\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10244068\charrsid5048658 the }{\insrsid12732835\charrsid5048658 de}{\insrsid10244068\charrsid5048658 cision of the}{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 English}{ \insrsid13709251\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10244068\charrsid5048658 Court of Appeal in}{\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid12732835\charrsid5048658 Locabail (UK) Ltd v}{\i\ul\insrsid12732835\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid12732835\charrsid5048658 Bayfield Properties Limited}{\insrsid12732835\charrsid5048658 [2000] QB 451 (CA) }{\insrsid10244068\charrsid5048658 a case in which a solicitor sitting as a deputy judge of the High Court was alleged }{\insrsid12732835\charrsid5048658 to}{ \insrsid10244068\charrsid5048658 have had a direct interest i}{\insrsid13795106\charrsid5048658 n the outcome of the proceeding before him}{\insrsid10244068\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid13795106 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid14436950\charrsid5048658 52}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid10244068\charrsid5048658 A }{\insrsid14436950\charrsid5048658 notably }{\insrsid10244068\charrsid5048658 strong Court of Appeal (Lord Bingham of Cornhill CJ; Lord }{\insrsid13795106\charrsid5048658 Woolf MR and Sir Richard Scott V}{\insrsid10244068\charrsid5048658 C), held that where a judge had a direct personal interest}{\insrsid4722863\charrsid5048658 in the outcome of a proceeding}{\insrsid10244068\charrsid5048658 which was other than }{\i\insrsid10244068\charrsid5048658 de minimis}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4722863\charrsid5048658 he was presumed to be biased, }{\insrsid14752078\charrsid5048658 and automatically disqualified from hearing or continuing to hear the case.}{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid4008835\charrsid5048658 53}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 The Court of Appeal }{\insrsid1575187\charrsid5048658 in }{\b\i\insrsid1575187\charrsid5048658 Locabail }{ \insrsid14158376\charrsid5048658 referred, with approval}{\insrsid1575187\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid14158376\charrsid5048658 to}{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 extracts from}{\insrsid14158376\charrsid5048658 three Australian}{ \insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 cases, }{\b\i\ul\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 In re}{\ul\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 J.R.L. Ex parte CJL}{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4722863\charrsid5048658 (} {\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 1986}{\insrsid4722863\charrsid5048658 ) 161 CLR 342 at 352 per Mason J,}{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 In re Ebner}{\insrsid4722863\charrsid5048658 (}{ \insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 1999}{\insrsid4722863\charrsid5048658 )}{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 161 ALR 557 at 568}{\insrsid4722863\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 and }{\b\i\ul\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 Clen}{ \b\i\ul\insrsid4008835\charrsid5048658 a}{\b\i\ul\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 e Pty Ltd. v. ANZ Banking Group Ltd}{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 . [1999] 2 V.R. 573.}{\insrsid5340210\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 Both }{ \b\i\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 Ebner}{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 and }{\b\i\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 Clen}{\b\i\insrsid5340210\charrsid5048658 a}{\b\i\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 e}{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid1575187\charrsid5048658 subsequently }{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 went on appeal to the High Court }{\insrsid1575187\charrsid5048658 of}{\insrsid3301601\charrsid5048658 Australia}{\insrsid5340210\charrsid5048658 ; }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid5340210\charrsid5048658 Ebner v. Official Trustee in Bankruptcy}{\insrsid5340210\charrsid5048658 : (2000) 205 CLR 337.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5340210\charrsid5048658 That Court held that in neither case was a judge who had a theoretical, and in}{\insrsid1129649\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\insrsid1129649\charrsid5048658 Ebner}{\b\i\insrsid5340210\charrsid5048658 , }{\insrsid5340210\charrsid5048658 indirect, pecuniary interest in the outcome of}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid5340210\charrsid5048658 the proceeding automatically disqualified from hearing the matter.}{\insrsid1575187 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid2190256\charrsid5048658 54}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid10307092\charrsid5048658 Neither }{\b\i\insrsid15205967\charrsid5048658 Ebner }{\insrsid15205967\charrsid5048658 nor }{ \b\i\insrsid15205967\charrsid5048658 Clenae}{\insrsid15205967\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 involved}{\insrsid10307092\charrsid5048658 allegation}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 s }{\insrsid10307092\charrsid5048658 of actual bias, }{\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 but it is fair to say that the }{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 High Court\rquote s }{\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 decision represents a departure from the traditional view taken in England that any pecuniary interest, however}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 small, that a judge may have in the outcome of a case over which the judge is presiding leads to automatic disqualification: }{\b\i\ul\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 Dimes v. Proprietors of the Grand Junction Canal}{\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 (1852) 3 HLC 759.}{\insrsid411474 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid2190256\charrsid5048658 55}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 In }{\b\i\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 Locabail,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 their Lordships}{\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 took a }{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 somewhat}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 more}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 relaxed view of the effect of a}{ \insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 n insignificant }{\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 pecuniary interest upon}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 a judge presiding over a trial than would traditionally have been the case. }{\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 Importantly, as counsel for the applicant submitted, they}{\b\i\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4998913\charrsid5048658 distinguished the position of a judge in such a situation from that of a judge displaying actual bias in relation to a matter over which he }{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 or she }{\insrsid4998913\charrsid5048658 was presiding.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid4998913\charrsid5048658 They stated}{\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2757018\charrsid5048658 (}{\insrsid4998913\charrsid5048658 at}{\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 [2000] QB 480}{ \insrsid2757018\charrsid5048658 )}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5049204\charrsid5048658 that a judge should automatically be disqualified }{\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 \'93 if there were personal friendship or animosity between the judge }{\b\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 and any member of the public involved in the case \'85}{\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4998913\charrsid5048658 (emphasis added)}{\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4998913\charrsid5048658 Importantly, they went on to say }{\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 that a judge was bound to disqualify himself if \'93}{ \b\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 for any other reason}{\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 , there were }{\insrsid3543348\charrsid5048658 real}{\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 ground for doubting the ability of the judge }{ \b\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 to ignore extraneous considerations, prejudices and predilections}{\insrsid13633490\charrsid5048658 and bring an objective judgment to bear on the issues before him.\'94}{\insrsid10695206\charrsid5048658 (emphasis added)}{\insrsid2389548 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid10695206\charrsid5048658 56}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid2633139\charrsid5048658 Aft er dealing at considerable length with the authorities on the subject of judicial recusal, the written submissions filed on the behalf of the applicant }{\insrsid2039123\charrsid5048658 sought to justify}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid2633139\charrsid5048658 the grant, by this Court, }{\insrsid12745845\charrsid5048658 as presently constituted, }{\insrsid2633139\charrsid5048658 of a series of remedies }{\insrsid7810465\charrsid5048658 some of which }{ \insrsid2633139\charrsid5048658 are}{\insrsid7810465\charrsid5048658 plainly not available.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11417267\charrsid5048658 For example, }{\insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 i}{\insrsid7810465\charrsid5048658 t is difficult to see how } {\insrsid2633139\charrsid5048658 th}{\insrsid12745845\charrsid5048658 is}{\insrsid7810465\charrsid5048658 Court, c}{\insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 ould }{\insrsid7810465\charrsid5048658 order the panel that heard the petition for leave on 17\~}{ \insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 October 2005 to }{\insrsid2633139\charrsid5048658 cease its deliberations regarding th}{\insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 at matter.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 I}{\insrsid12745845\charrsid5048658 t is }{\insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 equally }{\insrsid12745845\charrsid5048658 difficult to see how this Court }{\insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 could order}{\insrsid12745845\charrsid5048658 that th}{\insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 e }{ \insrsid12745845\charrsid5048658 petition}{\insrsid7810465\charrsid5048658 be heard afresh by }{\insrsid11958216\charrsid5048658 a }{\insrsid2633139\charrsid5048658 new }{\insrsid11958216\charrsid5048658 panel not comprising any of the original members of the bench. }{\insrsid12745845\charrsid5048658 If Scott JA, ought to have recus}{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 ed}{\insrsid12745845\charrsid5048658 himself, that would have nothing}{ \insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 whatever }{\insrsid12745845\charrsid5048658 to do }{\insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 with }{\insrsid12745845\charrsid5048658 whether the Chief Justice or Handley J should continue to hear the matter.}{\insrsid9324693 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid10695206\charrsid5048658 [57}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 Sensibly, counsel for the applicant abandoned these claims for relief during the c}{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 ourse}{ \insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 of oral submissions.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 They submitted instead that this Court should simply grant leave to intervene, and }{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 hold }{ \insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 that Scott J}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 A}{\insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 was disqualified from continuing to hear this appeal.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7558989\charrsid5048658 Whatever happened thereafter would be a matter for the Chief Justice to determine.}{\insrsid6166397 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi720\li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\ul\insrsid13050499\charrsid5048658 The P}{\b\ul\insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 etitioner\rquote s Position}{ \b\ul\insrsid13050499\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 [58}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid13050499\charrsid5048658 It is important }{\insrsid2757018\charrsid5048658 to }{\insrsid13050499\charrsid5048658 note that the petitioner, }{ \insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 who has been served with the material upon which Shameem J relies in support }{\insrsid2757018\charrsid5048658 of }{\insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 her application for leave to intervene in this appeal}{ \insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 does not support that application.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 Indeed, he strongly oppos}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 es the grant of such leave.}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 He }{\insrsid13050499\charrsid5048658 simply wants his appeal determine}{\insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 d}{\insrsid13050499\charrsid5048658 as quickly as possible. He is concer}{ \insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 ned that judgment in the matter}{\insrsid13050499\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 seems to have been}{\insrsid13050499\charrsid5048658 deferred pending the outcome of }{ \insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 t}{\insrsid13050499\charrsid5048658 his application.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 He has been in prison for some twenty months now, and does not want any further dela y. He has no concerns regarding Scott JA continuing to sit on his appeal.}{\insrsid11732127 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi720\li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\ul\insrsid1139349\charrsid5048658 The Respondent\rquote s Position \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid1139349\charrsid5048658 [59]\tab The respondent does not support the application for leave to intervene.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1139349\charrsid5048658 Though the Director of Public Prosecutions was served }{ \insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 in February 2006 }{\insrsid1139349\charrsid5048658 with the material upon}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 which }{\insrsid1139349\charrsid5048658 Shameem J relies in support of her contention that Scott J}{ \insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 A is automatically disqualified, }{\insrsid1139349\charrsid5048658 he has not sought to take the matter further.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4264755\charrsid5048658 He }{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 is }{ \insrsid1139349\charrsid5048658 content simply to abide the decision of this Court.}{\insrsid1139349 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi720\li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\ul\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 Submissions of the Solicitor-General}{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 [60]\tab The Solicitor-General provided the Court with helpful references to the authorities dealing with the question of standing. }{\insrsid14949575\charrsid5048658 He neither supported nor oppose}{ \insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 d}{\insrsid14949575\charrsid5048658 the application for leave to intervene.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14949575\charrsid5048658 However, t}{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 he general thrust of }{ \insrsid14949575\charrsid5048658 his}{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 submissions was to caution against leave being granted to}{\insrsid14949575\charrsid5048658 o readily}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 , particularly}{ \insrsid14949575\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 in the context of criminal }{\insrsid14949575\charrsid5048658 proceeding}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid11732127 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\b\ul\insrsid8854428\charrsid5048658 The rights of an Intervener \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid16406709\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid1139349\charrsid5048658 6}{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 1}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid9181428\charrsid5048658 It should be noted at this stage that the first order sought in the summons rejected by}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9181428\charrsid5048658 Handley }{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid6166397\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9181428\charrsid5048658 is that }{\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 Shameem}{\insrsid9181428\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid6166397\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9181428\charrsid5048658 be given leave to intervene in this matter.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 A person who seeks to intervene in a proceeding, once given leave to intervene, be}{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 comes a party to the proceeding}{\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 In general, t}{\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 he intervener can tender evidence, make submissions}{\insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 on question}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 of fact and law,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 and appeal}{\insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 any adverse orders}{\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 :}{\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 Corporate}{ \b\ul\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 Affairs Commission v Bradley}{\insrsid5048658 [1974] 1 NSWLR 391.}{\insrsid1668061 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 [6}{\insrsid11732127\charrsid5048658 2}{\insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid5705942\charrsid5048658 The position of t}{\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 he Attorney-General }{\insrsid5705942\charrsid5048658 is quite special.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5705942\charrsid5048658 He }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 or she }{\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 can intervene}{\insrsid5705942\charrsid5048658 , as of right, in}{\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 civil proceedings that may affect the prerogatives of the Crown: }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 Adams v Adams}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 [1971] P 188.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5705942\charrsid5048658 Likewise, }{ \insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 the Attorney-General }{\insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 can intervene as of right in }{\insrsid5705942\charrsid5048658 cases involving the inte}{\insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 rpretation of the Constitution.}{ \insrsid5705942 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 6}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 3}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 It was once thought that i}{\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 ntervention by a private party or stranger may only be permitted under statute, or rules of court dealing with joinder of parties.}{\insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 There was authority for the proposition that a court had no}{ \insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 inherent power }{\insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 to }{\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 allow a stranger to intervene in proceedings: }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 Re Great Eastern Cleaning Services Pty Ltd}{ \insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 [1978] 2 NSWLR 278; and }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 Corporate}{\b\ul\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 Affairs Commission v Bradley}{\b\ul\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 The better view today seems to be that such inherent power does exist.}{\insrsid9465755\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [64}{\insrsid15217681\charrsid5048658 ]\tab There is a helpful statement of the principles on which lea}{\insrsid2757018\charrsid5048658 ve to intervene will be granted}{\insrsid15217681\charrsid5048658 in consti tutional matters in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid15217681\charrsid5048658 Levy v. State of Victoria}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15217681\charrsid5048658 (1997) 189 CLR 579}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 at 600}{\insrsid14696925\charrsid5048658 \endash 604 per Brennan CJ.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7538701\charrsid5048658 His Honour noted that various media organisations and industrial organisation}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid7538701\charrsid5048658 representing journalists, and the Australian Press Council had applied for leave to make submissions as interveners, or as }{\i\insrsid7538701\charrsid5048658 amici curiae}{\insrsid7538701\charrsid5048658 in a case involving the implied freedom of communication under the Australian Constitution.}{\insrsid7538701 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [65}{\insrsid7538701\charrsid5048658 ]\tab Brennan }{\insrsid1908131\charrsid5048658 C}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid7538701\charrsid5048658 observed that although the jurisdiction to allow non-party intervention in the proceeding had not been challenged, it was necessary to ensure that \'93mere convenience or utility\'94 did not lead to a wrongful assumption of jurisdiction to allow a non-party to intervene in a matter before the Court.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5523647\charrsid5048658 His Honour stated that leave to intervene should not be g ranted unless the legal interests of the person seeking such leave}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5523647\charrsid5048658 were likely to be affected, directly or indirectly, by a decision in }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 the }{ \insrsid5523647\charrsid5048658 proceeding.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12528625\charrsid5048658 He said, at 602, that nothing short of such an affection }{\insrsid1908131\charrsid5048658 of legal interest would suffice, citing the views of Dixon J in }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid1908131\charrsid5048658 Australian Railways Union v. Victorian Railways}{\insrsid1908131\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid1908131\charrsid5048658 Commissioners }{\insrsid1908131\charrsid5048658 (1930) 44 CLR 319 at 331 in support of th}{ \insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 at}{\insrsid1908131\charrsid5048658 proposition. \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [66]}{\insrsid1908131\charrsid5048658 \tab Brennan CJ went on to say, at 603, that w}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 h}{\insrsid1908131\charrsid5048658 ere a person \'93having }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 t}{ \insrsid1908131\charrsid5048658 he necessary legal interest to apply for leave}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1908131\charrsid5048658 to intervene\'94 can show that the parties to the particular proceeding may not present fully the submissions on a particular issue, the Cour}{\insrsid8677705\charrsid5048658 t may exercise its jurisdiction by granting leave to intervene.}{ \insrsid1668061\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [67}{\insrsid8677705\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12976986\charrsid5048658 His Honour dealt separately with }{\i\insrsid12976986\charrsid5048658 ami}{\i\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 ci}{ \i\insrsid12976986\charrsid5048658 curiae}{\insrsid12976986\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12976986\charrsid5048658 He said, at 604, that the hearing of an amicus was entirely in the Court\rquote s discretion, and that the discretion would be exercised on a different basis from that which governed leave to intervene.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12976986\charrsid5048658 The footing on which an amicus would be heard is that the person was willing to offer the Court a submission on law or relevant fact which would assist the Court in a way in which the Court would not otherwise have been assisted.}{\insrsid8677705 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\b\ul\insrsid12976986\charrsid5048658 The General Principles Governing }{\b\ul\insrsid6166397\charrsid5048658 Standing}{\b\ul\insrsid5048658 }{\b\ul\insrsid8135178\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid12976986\charrsid5048658 6}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 8}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 A person has standing to sue (or locus standi)}{ \i\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 where the court recognises that person\rquote s connection with the dispute before it, and regards it as sufficient to allow that person to institute and maintain the proceeding.}{ \insrsid12994720 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 69}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Issues of standing }{\insrsid13050499\charrsid5048658 normally a}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 rise only within the realm of public law.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 In a sense, this case}{\insrsid3372618\charrsid5048658 , which involves a question of standing in relation to a criminal appeal,}{ \insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 is}{\insrsid13050499\charrsid5048658 very much}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 an exception}{\insrsid16412346\charrsid5048658 to }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 what normally occurs}{ \insrsid16412346\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid3372618 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 70}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 The traditional test of standing in }{\insrsid16412346\charrsid5048658 matters of }{ \insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 public law was that formulated by Buckley J in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Boyce v Paddington Borough Council}{\i\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 [1903] 1 Ch 109 at 114 where his Lordship said that a person unable to invoke a private right or equity had to be able to show \'93special damage peculiar to himself from the interference with the [asserted] public right\'94.}{\insrsid12994720 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid16412346\charrsid5048658 7}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 1}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 The \'93special damage\'94 test prevailed for the better part of the 20} {\super\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 th}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 century}{\insrsid13660727\charrsid5048658 throug}{\insrsid16412346\charrsid5048658 hout most of the C}{\insrsid13660727\charrsid5048658 ommonwealth}{ \insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 . However, }{\insrsid6166397\charrsid5048658 in Australia }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 it was abandoned in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Australian Conservation Foundation v Commonwealth}{ \i\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 (1980) 146 CLR 493 (\'93}{\i\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 ACF}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 \'94 ) because it implied that standing in public law cases was restricted to those who could demonstrate that they were at risk of pecuniary damage.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 The High Court}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid10189646\charrsid5048658 of}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10189646\charrsid5048658 Australia}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 laid}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 down a}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 new test for parties seeking declaratory or injunctive relief in }{\insrsid10189646\charrsid5048658 such}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 cases.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Such a party had to show a \'93special interest\'94 in the subject matter of the action.}{\insrsid12994720 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 72}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 In a passage which has been repeatedly cited}{\insrsid10189646\charrsid5048658 by Australian courts}{ \insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 , Gibbs J said, at 530-531:}{\insrsid12994720 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 I would not deny that a person might have a special interest in the preservation of a particular environment.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 However, an interest, for present purposes, does not mean a mere intellectual or emotional concern.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 A person is not interested within the mea ning of the rule, unless he is likely to gain some advantage, other than the satisfaction of righting a wrong, upholding a principle or winning a contest, if his action succeeds or to suffer some disadvantage, other than a sense of grievance or a debt for costs, if his action fails.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 A belief, however strongly felt, that the law generally, or a particular law, should be observed, or that conduct of a particular kind should be prevented, does not suffice to give its possessor locus standi.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{ \b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 If that were not so, the rule requiring special interest would be meaningless.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Any plaintiff who felt strongly enough to bring an action could maintain it.\'94}{ \b\i0\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 73]}{ \insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Stephen J, at 541, considered that the question of standing should be resolved:}{\insrsid12994720 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 \'93\'85by the di rect route of search for enforceable rights conferred by statute, rather than \'85 the circuitous course of seeking, in accordance with }{\b\i0\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Boyce\rquote s Case}{\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 , for the existence of special damage.\'94 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid6054244\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 74}{ \insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Mason J said, at 547:}{\insrsid12994720 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 \'85 apart from cases of constitutional valid ity which I shall mention later, a person, whether a private citizen or a corporation, who has no special interest in the subject matter of the action over and above that enjoyed by the public generally, has no locus standi to seek a declaration or injunc tion to prevent the violation of a public right or to enforce the performance of a public duty. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Depending on the nature of the relief which he seeks, a plaintiff will in general have a locus standi when he can show actual or apprehended injury or damage to his property o}{\b\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 r}{\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 proprietary rights, to his business or economic interest\'85and perhaps to his social or political interests.\'94 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 75}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 His Honour went on to say, at 548:}{\insrsid12994720 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 \'93\'85 that a mere belief or concern, however genuine, does not in itself constitute a sufficient locus standi\'85\'94 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 76}{ \insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 The High Court }{\insrsid6054244\charrsid5048658 of Australia }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 reaffirmed these principles in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Onus v Alcoa of Australia}{\i\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Ltd}{\b\i\ul\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 (}{\insrsid16412346\charrsid5048658 1981) 149 CLR 27}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid16412346\charrsid5048658 at 35 - 36 per}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16412346\charrsid5048658 Gibbs CJ}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid16412346\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 at 41-42 }{ \insrsid16412346\charrsid5048658 per Stephen J}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 and}{\insrsid14102322\charrsid5048658 at 74 per Brennan J}{\insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 . It applied these principles again in }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association v Minister for Industrial}{\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Affairs }{\b\i\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 (SA)}{ \i\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 (1995) 183 CLR 552}{\insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 , and also in}{\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Bateman\rquote s Bay Local Aboriginal Council v The Aboriginal Community Benefit}{\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Fund Pty Ltd}{\i\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 (1998) 194 CLR 247}{ \insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 . \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [77}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 It is interesting to note that}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13062150\charrsid5048658 in }{\b\i\insrsid13062150\charrsid5048658 Bateman\rquote s Bay,}{\insrsid13062150\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 a}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 lthough standing was recognised on the basis of the ex}{\insrsid11090188\charrsid5048658 isting \'93special interest\'94 test}{ \insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 , }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 as }{\insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 originally }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 formulated }{\insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 by Gibbs J }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 in }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 Australian Conservation Foundation v. Commonwealth}{\insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 , }{\insrsid13062150\charrsid5048658 in a joint judgment, }{\insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 three members of the High Court, }{ \insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Gaudron, Gummow and Kirby}{\insrsid11090188\charrsid5048658 \~}{\insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 JJ,}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4936893\charrsid5048658 indicated }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 that they were prepared to see that test widened}{\insrsid11090188\charrsid5048658 still further}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 , if necessary.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 The}{\insrsid10896561\charrsid5048658 ir Honours}{ \insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10896561\charrsid5048658 considered}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 that it gave insufficient attention to the basis upon which equity intervenes in public law matters, particularly to restrain apprehended ultra vires activities of statutory authorities involv}{\insrsid864210\charrsid5048658 ing recourse to public monies. }{ \insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 They also noted that the characteristics of the office of Attorney-General in }{\insrsid10896561\charrsid5048658 Australia differed from those associated with }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 that office in England, in particular with respect to the grant of the fiat.}{\insrsid864210 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [7}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 8}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Their Honours observed, at 267}{\insrsid864210\charrsid5048658 of the joint judgment}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 :}{\insrsid12994720 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 \'93 Where there is a need for urgent interlocutory relief, or where the fiat has been refused, as in this litigation, or its grant is an unlikely prospect, the question then is whether the opportunity for vindication of the public interest in equity is to be denied for want of a competent plaintiff.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 The answer, required by the persistence in modified form of the }{\b\i0\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Boyce}{\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 principle, is that the public interest may be vindicated at the suit of a party with a sufficient material interest in the subject matter.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Reason s of history and the exigencies of present times indicate that this criterion is to be construed as an enabling, not a restrictive, procedural stipulation.\'94 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [7}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 9}{ \insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Their Honours went on to }{\insrsid2783406\charrsid5048658 observe}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 that it would be odd if the requirements for standing }{ \insrsid2783406\charrsid5048658 in }{\insrsid8398192\charrsid5048658 a }{\insrsid2783406\charrsid5048658 public law case}{\insrsid8398192\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid2783406\charrsid5048658 not involving constitutional }{\insrsid13062150\charrsid5048658 issues}{\insrsid8398192\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid2783406\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 were more stringent than the requirements }{\insrsid2783406\charrsid5048658 for standing in constitutional matters}{ \insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 They }{\insrsid2783406\charrsid5048658 noted}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 that prejudice to a sufficient material interest, such as that in the practice of a profession or occupation, was sufficient}{\insrsid2783406\charrsid5048658 to give standing}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 in constitutional cases: }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 British Medical Association v The}{\i\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Commonwealth}{\i\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 (1949) 79 CLR 201 at 257; and }{\b\i\ul\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 Croome v Tasmania}{\i\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 (1997) 191 CLR 119 at 126-127 and 137-138.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid2783406\charrsid5048658 They considered that the same test ought to be applicable in }{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 public law cases}{\insrsid4073161\charrsid5048658 generally}{\insrsid12994720\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid12994720 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid10030870\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 80}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid10030870\charrsid5048658 As counsel for the applicant correctly submitted, the rules regarding standing have been considerably broadened}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10030870\charrsid5048658 in }{\insrsid4281786\charrsid5048658 England }{\insrsid10030870\charrsid5048658 over recent years.}{\insrsid10030870 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 81}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid4008153\charrsid5048658 The major impetus for reform in this area has come through statutory developments in the area of judicial review.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4008153\charrsid5048658 It is}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4008153\charrsid5048658 now widely recognised }{ \insrsid16144084\charrsid5048658 that w}{\insrsid4281786\charrsid5048658 here a person has been the object of administrative action, that person }{\insrsid16144084\charrsid5048658 should have }{\insrsid4281786\charrsid5048658 a right to dispute its l egality.}{\insrsid14498772\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4281786\charrsid5048658 Other persons are not }{\insrsid16144084\charrsid5048658 regarded as necessarily having }{\insrsid4281786\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid16144084\charrsid5048658 uch rights}{ \insrsid4281786\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4281786\charrsid5048658 Nonetheless, public authorities exercise powers that affect the public generally rather than particular individuals.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4281786\charrsid5048658 To take but one example, if a local }{\insrsid4008153\charrsid5048658 council}{\insrsid4281786\charrsid5048658 grants planning permission }{\insrsid4008153\charrsid5048658 without complying with all necessary legal requirements,}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid4281786\charrsid5048658 it }{\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 does harm to the public interest, }{\insrsid4008153\charrsid5048658 though not necessarily w}{\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 rong to any particular individual.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 If no one has standing to call that }{\insrsid4008153\charrsid5048658 local council }{\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 to account, it can disregard the law with impunity.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 A }{\insrsid4135222\charrsid5048658 rational}{\insrsid13062150\charrsid5048658 and }{\insrsid4008153\charrsid5048658 just }{\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 system of public law must find a solution to this problem, or else the rule of law }{ \insrsid13062150\charrsid5048658 will }{\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 itself}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16144084\charrsid5048658 be}{\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13062150\charrsid5048658 diminished}{\insrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid6566833 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid4008153\charrsid5048658 8}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 2}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 In HWR Wade and CK Forsyth, }{\i\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 Administrative Law}{\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 (9}{\super\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 th}{\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 ed, 2004)}{\insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 (\'93Wade\'94)}{\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 , the learned authors observe at 680:}{\insrsid2499092 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\b\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 Judges have in the past had an instinctive reluctance to relax the}{\b\insrsid13062150\charrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 rules about standing.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 They fear that they may }{ \b\insrsid5002607\charrsid5048658 \lquote open the flood}{\b\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 gates}{\b\insrsid5002607\charrsid5048658 \rquote }{\b\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 so that the courts will be swamped with litigation.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{ \b\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 They fear also that cases will not be best argued by parties whose personal rights are not in issue.}{\b\insrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 But recently these instincts have been giving way before the feeling that the law must somehow find a place for the disinterested, or less directly interested, citizen in order to prevent illegalities in government which oth erwise no one would be competent to challenge.\'94 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid2499092\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [83}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{ \insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 It is fair to say that, although }{\b\i\insrsid12861301\charrsid5048658 Gouriet}{\insrsid1731486\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 has never been expressly overruled by the House of Lords, the principles set out therein are no longer generally followed in England.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1731486\charrsid5048658 It }{\insrsid16144084\charrsid5048658 is }{ \insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 no longer necessary for a person who initiates proceedings for judicial review to satisfy the stringent tests that formerly applied in relation to the prerogative}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 writs. }{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 Nor is it necessary for a non-party who seeks leave to intervene in a private action, or a matter involving questions of public law, to show that he or she will suffer \'93special damage\'94 if the decision goes a particular way.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 The Attorney-General is no longer regarded as the sole protector of the public interest in such matters.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid670489\charrsid5048658 There has been a tendency on the part of the courts to grant }{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 standing}{\insrsid670489\charrsid5048658 on the strength of }{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 any broadly conceived }{\insrsid670489\charrsid5048658 \'93 special interest\'94}{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 , and a recognition that each case must be considered in the light of its own particular facts.}{\insrsid6624643 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 [8}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 4}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 Wade }{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 goes so far as to }{\insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 suggest}{ \insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 that the requirement }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 that there be }{\insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 standing }{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 in relation to judicial review }{ \insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 has }{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 been virtually }{\insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 eliminated.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 He cites, as a}{\insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 n early example of}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 the modern}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16144084\charrsid5048658 tendency}{\insrsid13443181\charrsid5048658 , }{\b\i\ul\insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 R v Greater London Council; ex parte}{ \i\ul\insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 Blackburn}{\b\ul\insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 [1976] 1 WLR 550 where the Court of Appeal held that prohibition could issue at the instance of a private citizen, applying primarily from motives of public interest, to prevent the Greater London Council from licensing indecent films by applying an unduly indulgent test of obscenity.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid6624643\charrsid5048658 In that case the applicant\rquote s wife, who was a co-applicant, }{\insrsid3502487\charrsid5048658 was a ratepayer.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3502487\charrsid5048658 In addition, they had children who, it was argued, might have been harmed by being subjected to indecent films.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3502487\charrsid5048658 However, }{\insrsid16144084\charrsid5048658 these l}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 a}{ \insrsid16144084\charrsid5048658 tter interests were not regarded}{\insrsid3502487\charrsid5048658 as decisive.}{\insrsid1731486 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [85}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid2890956\charrsid5048658 We are conscious, }{\insrsid12861301\charrsid5048658 however, that t}{\insrsid3502487\charrsid5048658 he present case has nothing }{ \insrsid16144084\charrsid5048658 whatever }{\insrsid3502487\charrsid5048658 to}{\insrsid16144084\charrsid5048658 do}{\insrsid3502487\charrsid5048658 with prerogative remedies.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3502487\charrsid5048658 The question }{ \insrsid2890956\charrsid5048658 before this Court }{\insrsid3502487\charrsid5048658 is}{\insrsid2890956\charrsid5048658 simply }{\insrsid3502487\charrsid5048658 whether}{\insrsid2890956\charrsid5048658 Shameem J should be given leave to intervene in this appeal.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2890956\charrsid5048658 The first issue to be resolved is whether she has any standing in this matter.}{\insrsid12861301\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid2890956\charrsid5048658 In }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 the}{\insrsid2890956\charrsid5048658 event that the Court finds in her favour on that point, there is still the question whether, in the exercise of its discretion, leave to intervene should be granted.}{\insrsid2890956 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [86}{\insrsid2890956\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid16592469\charrsid5048658 It should not be assumed that the principles that govern }{\insrsid11213995\charrsid5048658 standing, and the relat ed issue of leave to intervene, }{\insrsid16592469\charrsid5048658 are in all respects }{\insrsid11213995\charrsid5048658 the same as }{\insrsid16592469\charrsid5048658 those developed by the courts in relation to standing to bring application}{ \insrsid11213995\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid16592469\charrsid5048658 for judicial review.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11213995\charrsid5048658 It may be that a broader test for standing is appropriate in cases which involve challenges to the legality of administrative actions than would be appropriate where non-parties seek to involve themselves in oth}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 er persons\rquote private proceedings, or a criminal prosecution.}{\insrsid11213995 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [87}{\insrsid11213995\charrsid5048658 ]\tab We accept }{\insrsid13062150\charrsid5048658 that in Fiji the test for standing}{\insrsid7631349\charrsid5048658 in applications for judicial review is }{ \insrsid13062150\charrsid5048658 essentially}{\insrsid7631349\charrsid5048658 that stated by t}{\insrsid3083443\charrsid5048658 he House of Lords in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid3083443\charrsid5048658 R v Inland Revenue Commissioners; ex parte National Federation of Self-Employed and Small Businesses Ltd}{\insrsid3083443\charrsid5048658 [1982] AC 617.}{\insrsid7631349\charrsid5048658 In that case,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7631349\charrsid5048658 a }{\insrsid12389722\charrsid5048658 n association of taxpayers sough t judicial review of a decision by the Inland Revenue to waive large arrears of income tax due from 6,000 workers in the newspaper printing industry who had, for some years, collected pay under false names, and defrauded the revenue.}{\insrsid12526592 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [8}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 8}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12526592\charrsid5048658 The House of Lor ds considered that it had been wrong for the Divisional Court to treat standing as a preliminary issue to be determined independently of the merits of the complaint.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12526592\charrsid5048658 Their Lordships observed that the question of \'93sufficient interest\'94 could not, in such cases, be considered in the abstract}{\insrsid3177972\charrsid5048658 , or as an isolated point.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3177972\charrsid5048658 On the facts, the applicant had failed to show any breach of duty by the Inland Revenue, and specifically had not established that the Commissioners had failed in their duty to administer the tax laws fairly as between different classes of taxpayer. }{ \insrsid7631349\charrsid5048658 It is interesting to note, }{\insrsid3177972\charrsid5048658 however, }{\insrsid7631349\charrsid5048658 that }{\insrsid3177972\charrsid5048658 their Lordships stated that if it had been shown, on the facts, that the Inland Revenue had been unduly influenced by the threat that the printing workers might cause serious disruption by striking if their cooperation could not be obtained, the applicants might have succeeded.}{\insrsid7631349 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid7631349\charrsid5048658 [8}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 9}{\insrsid7631349\charrsid5048658 ]\tab Lord Roskill referred, }{\insrsid3177972\charrsid5048658 at 656}{\insrsid7631349\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid3177972\charrsid5048658 to the \'93 change in legal policy\'94 which had greatly relaxed the rules about standing in recent years.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3177972\charrsid5048658 Lord Diplock described the virtual abandonment of the former restrictive rules as to standing in relation to prerogative remedies as the \'93greatest achievement\'94 of the English courts that he had witnessed in his lifetime, in the context of progress towards a comprehensive system of administrative law.}{\insrsid10225099 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 90}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid10225099\charrsid5048658 Later decisions of the House of Lords}{\insrsid11997328\charrsid5048658 , }{ \insrsid7631349\charrsid5048658 as well as those of }{\insrsid11997328\charrsid5048658 other English courts,}{\insrsid10225099\charrsid5048658 have continued to reflect the more liberal character of this ruling.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid11997328\charrsid5048658 The cases are usefully discussed in Wade at 695-7.}{\insrsid10225099 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 91}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid7631349\charrsid5048658 There are, however, limits to the extent to which the current law allows non-parties to be heard.}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11819755\charrsid5048658 A pertinent example}{\insrsid10580304\charrsid5048658 , so far as this case is concerned,}{\insrsid11819755\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7631349\charrsid5048658 is}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid11819755\charrsid5048658 R (}{\b\i\ul\insrsid5917777\charrsid5048658 on the application of }{\b\i\ul\insrsid11819755\charrsid5048658 Bulger) v}{\b\i\ul\insrsid5917777\charrsid5048658 Secretary of State for the}{ \b\i\ul\insrsid11819755\charrsid5048658 Home }{\b\i\ul\insrsid5917777\charrsid5048658 Department}{\insrsid11819755\charrsid5048658 [2001] }{\insrsid3082529\charrsid5048658 3 All ER 449}{\insrsid11819755\charrsid5048658 , where }{ \insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 a Divisional Court}{\insrsid11819755\charrsid5048658 held that the father of a murdered child lacked }{\insrsid7436581\charrsid5048658 general }{\insrsid11819755\charrsid5048658 standing to challenge the tariff period set for that child\rquote s murderer.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11819755\charrsid5048658 His standing was limited to the impact of the decision on him personally.}{\insrsid11819755 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 92}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid1641199\charrsid5048658 Developments in Canada and in New Zealand appear to mirror those in England.}{\insrsid10485910 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [93}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid11997328\charrsid5048658 In }{\b\i\ul\insrsid11997328\charrsid5048658 Minister}{\b\ul\insrsid11997328\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid11997328\charrsid5048658 of Justice v Borowski}{\insrsid11997328\charrsid5048658 (1981) 130 DLR (3d) 588, the Supreme Court of Canada held that a citizen could complain that statutory provisions regulating abortion were in conflict with the right to life in the Canadian Bill of Rights.}{\insrsid1641199 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [94}{\insrsid1641199\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid10485910\charrsid5048658 In }{\b\i\ul\insrsid10485910\charrsid5048658 Wewaykum Indian Band v.}{\ul\insrsid10485910\charrsid5048658 }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid10485910\charrsid5048658 Canada }{\insrsid10485910\charrsid5048658 [2003] 2 SCR 259}{\insrsid2757018\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid10485910\charrsid5048658 the Supreme Court dismissed a motion to vacate one of its own judgments in circumstances where, it was discovered}{\insrsid1641199\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid10485910\charrsid5048658 after judgment had been given, that a member of the Court, Binnie J, had many years before, advised one of the parties to the case on the very issues that had later been determined by the Court.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10485910\charrsid5048658 It was held that in the particular circumstance}{\insrsid1641199\charrsid5048658 s, no reasonable apprehension of}{\insrsid10485910\charrsid5048658 bias had been established}{\insrsid4265648\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid4265648\charrsid5048658 The Court referred to}{\insrsid1641199\charrsid5048658 there being}{\insrsid4265648\charrsid5048658 \'93a strong presumption of judicial impartiality}{\insrsid1641199\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid4265648\charrsid5048658 \'94 }{\insrsid1641199\charrsid5048658 It added }{\insrsid4265648\charrsid5048658 that even if the involvement of a single judge had given rise to an apprehension of bias}{\insrsid1641199\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid4265648\charrsid5048658 no reasonable person informed of the decision-making process of the Court}{\insrsid1641199\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid4265648\charrsid5048658 and viewing it realistically}{\insrsid1641199\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid4265648\charrsid5048658 could conclude that the eight other judges who heard the appeal were biased or tainted.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13062150\charrsid5048658 Though there was little, if any, discussion regarding standing, the tenor of the judgment supports a somew hat broader view of that threshold issue in cases involving allegations of bias than cases of a different nature}{\insrsid6492432\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid6492432\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [9}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 5}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid4159875\charrsid5048658 In }{\insrsid6492432\charrsid5048658 New Zealand, }{\insrsid7499657\charrsid5048658 the tendency has been to retreat from the traditional}{\insrsid6963063\charrsid5048658 view that the Courts are seen}{\insrsid7499657\charrsid5048658 simply as a means of resolving disputes between private parties.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid7499657\charrsid5048658 There has been a greater willingness to allow affected non-parties to make submissions as public interest inte}{\insrsid6963063\charrsid5048658 rveners.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid6963063\charrsid5048658 A variety of interest}{\insrsid7499657\charrsid5048658 group}{\insrsid9848370\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid7499657\charrsid5048658 have been allowed to intervene to offer submissions on a range of factual and legal issues.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid9848370\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [96}{\insrsid9848370\charrsid5048658 ]\tab Several examples will suffice. In}{\insrsid9645197\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid9645197\charrsid5048658 New Zealand Fire}{\ul\insrsid9645197\charrsid5048658 }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid9645197\charrsid5048658 Service Commission v. Ivamy}{\insrsid9645197\charrsid5048658 (1995) 8 PRNZ 632 which concerned rights to representation in contract negotiations under the }{\i\insrsid9645197\charrsid5048658 Employment Contracts Act }{\insrsid7499657\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9645197\charrsid5048658 (1991) both the Council of Trade Unions, and the New Zealand Employers\rquote Federation were granted leave to intervene. In}{\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid9645197\charrsid5048658 Drew v. Attorney-General}{\insrsid9645197\charrsid5048658 [2001] 2 NZLR 428 the New Zealand Council of Civil Liberties was granted leave to intervene in an appeal that centred on the rights of prisoners to be represented in disciplinary hearing}{ \insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid9645197\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid9848370\charrsid5048658 In }{\b\i\ul\insrsid9848370\charrsid5048658 Attorney-General v. Daniels}{\insrsid9848370\charrsid5048658 (2002) 16 PRNZ 771, the New Zealand H}{\insrsid9645197\charrsid5048658 uman Rights Commission }{\insrsid9848370\charrsid5048658 w}{\insrsid9645197\charrsid5048658 as granted leave to intervene in cases dealing w}{\insrsid9848370\charrsid5048658 ith children with disabilities.}{\insrsid16651552 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi720\li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\ul\insrsid9848370\charrsid5048658 The Special Position of a Judge}{\b\ul\insrsid16651552\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [97}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid4159875\charrsid5048658 None of the }{\insrsid14428644\charrsid5048658 authorities }{\insrsid16651552\charrsid5048658 dealing with }{\insrsid9848370\charrsid5048658 the general principles of }{\insrsid16651552\charrsid5048658 standing }{\insrsid14428644\charrsid5048658 to which we have referred }{\insrsid10580304\charrsid5048658 come close to the particular }{\insrsid16651552\charrsid5048658 facts of this case.}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16651552\charrsid5048658 Nor do they deal with the related question of who, }{\insrsid10580304\charrsid5048658 apart from the parties }{\insrsid9848370\charrsid5048658 themselves, }{\insrsid4159875\charrsid5048658 has standing to bring an application }{\insrsid16651552\charrsid5048658 to have a judge disqualified upon the ground of bias, actual or apprehended}{\insrsid4159875\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4159875\charrsid5048658 Th}{ \insrsid16651552\charrsid5048658 is l}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 a}{\insrsid16651552\charrsid5048658 tter issue h}{\insrsid4159875\charrsid5048658 as, however, received some attention in the United States.}{\insrsid14428644 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [9}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 8}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid14428644\charrsid5048658 In RE Flamm, }{\i\insrsid14428644\charrsid5048658 Judicial Disqualification: Recusal and Disqua lification of Judges}{\insrsid14428644\charrsid5048658 (1996) at 510 and following, it is suggested}{\insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 that }{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 it is }{\insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 uncertain whether a person who is not, strictly speaking, an interested party may move to disqualify a judge.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 On the one hand, }{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 there are cases where }{ \insrsid9469581\charrsid5048658 questions}{\insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 of judicial bias or interest }{\insrsid9469581\charrsid5048658 a}{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 re regarded as be}{\insrsid11285852\charrsid5048658 ing}{ \insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 of concern only to the parties to the action in which such bias or interest might have an impact. }{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 Professor Flamm cites as an }{\insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 example}{ \insrsid2757018\charrsid5048658 of this approach:}{\insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 Public Util Dist No 1 of Klickitat Cty v Walbrook Ins Co Ltd}{\insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 115 Wash 2d 339 (1990).}{ \insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid3112038\charrsid5048658 Professor Flamm}{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 notes, however, }{\insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 that the relevant code }{\insrsid9469581\charrsid5048658 applicable in that case }{ \insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 expressly required that the person seeking relief under the statute }{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 had to be}{\insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 a party to the action in question.}{\insrsid4667792 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 [9}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 9}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 Professor Flamm observes that those }{\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 courts that have adopted }{ \insrsid6367693\charrsid5048658 a}{\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 restrictive approach to standing have}{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 , g}{\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 enerally}{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 concluded that a person who is neither a participant, nor directly interested in a proceeding (}{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 including }{\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 witness}{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 es}{\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 , victim}{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 of crime, }{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 and }{\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 former part}{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 ies}{\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 who had been dismissed from the action)}{\insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 should not be heard to complain about an assigned judge\rquote s alleged bias or interest.}{\insrsid2187804\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid3112038\charrsid5048658 Professor Flamm }{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 cites as examples }{\b\i\ul\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 Manning v Inge}{\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 , 169 W Va 430 (1982), }{\b\i\ul\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 People v}{\i\ul\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 Griffiths}{\b\ul\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 155 A D 2d 777 (1989) and }{\b\i\ul\insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 In re Beard}{ \insrsid4667792\charrsid5048658 , 811 F 2d 818 at 829 (4th Cir, 1987). \par }{\insrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 [100}{\insrsid14748405\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 On the other hand, }{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 Professor Flamm identifies }{\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 cases that suggest}{ \insrsid9469581\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 that since disqualification requests call into question a judge\rquote s ability to }{\insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 adjudicate}{\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 fairly, they }{ \insrsid2573696\charrsid5048658 raise}{\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 issues in which not only the participants in the proceeding itself, but the public as a whole,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 have a legitimate interest.}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 For example}{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 in }{\i\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 In re Tip-Pa-Hans}{\b\i\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 }{ \i\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 Enterprises, Inc}{\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 , 27 BR 780 at 785 (Bankr WD Va 1983), it was stated that:}{\insrsid7436581 \par }{\insrsid5048658\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 \'93[s]uch prohibitions a re plainly intended not merely for the general parties to a suit, but for the general interests of justice, by preserving the purity and impartiality of the courts, and the respect and confidence of the people for their decisions\'94. \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\i0\insrsid5194188\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 101}{ \insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 On this }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 l}{\insrsid8203368\charrsid5048658 a}{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 tter }{\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 ap proach, allegations of judicial bias are regarded as cloaking the entire}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 judicature with suspicion and distrust.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 If judicial disqualification is intended to benefit the public as a whole, and if a judge is bound to evaluate questions about that judge\rquote s impartiality even when such questions are not raised by any party, it must follow}{ \insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 , so it is said,}{\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 that judges can evaluate such questions when raised by non-parties. }{\insrsid9469581\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid4868398 \par }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid9381321\charrsid5048658 102}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 In a }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 passage}{\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 that s}{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 eem}{\insrsid3367471\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 to be particularly }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 relevant to this proceeding}{ \insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 Professor Flamm observes:}{\insrsid5194188 \par }{\insrsid4868398\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 \'93 Indeed, in a number of cases persons who were not named as parties, such as witnesses, interven}{\b\insrsid6367693\charrsid5048658 e}{\b\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 rs, creditors, and real parties in interest, have been found to have standing to raise such questions.\'94 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4868398 {\i0\insrsid4731735\charrsid4868398 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [}{\insrsid3367471\charrsid5048658 103}{ \insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 Professor Flamm cites various authorities in support of th}{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 e principle that underlies}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 a}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 broad}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 view}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 of}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 standing in such cases. They}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 include}{\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 United States v Sciarra}{\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 , 851 F 2d 621 (3}{\super\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 rd}{ \insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 Cir, 1988)}{\insrsid556739\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 in relation to}{\insrsid556739\charrsid5048658 witnesses, }{\b\i\ul\insrsid556739\charrsid5048658 Smith v Eighth Judicial}{ \i\insrsid556739\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid556739\charrsid5048658 District Court}{\insrsid556739\charrsid5048658 , 818 P 2d 8}{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 49 (1991) in relation to }{\insrsid556739\charrsid5048658 i}{ \insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 n}{\insrsid556739\charrsid5048658 terven}{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 e}{\insrsid556739\charrsid5048658 rs}{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid2826303\charrsid5048658 In re American Ready Mix, Inc}{\insrsid2826303\charrsid5048658 , 14 F 3d 1497 (10}{\super\insrsid2826303\charrsid5048658 th}{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 Cir, 1994) in relation to }{\insrsid2826303\charrsid5048658 creditors,}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 and }{\b\i\ul\insrsid2826303\charrsid5048658 Solberg v Superior Court}{\insrsid2826303\charrsid5048658 , 19 Cal 3d 182 (1977)}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 in relation to what are described as}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid2826303\charrsid5048658 \'93real parties in interest\'94.}{\insrsid11418801 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid3367471\charrsid5048658 [104}{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 ]\tab Professor Flamm also }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 refers to }{\b\i\ul\insrsid2826303\charrsid5048658 Kellogg v Martin}{\insrsid2826303\charrsid5048658 , 810 SW 2d 302 (1991), }{\insrsid5325906\charrsid5048658 where }{\insrsid2826303\charrsid5048658 grandparents who had}{\insrsid6367693\charrsid5048658 had}{\insrsid2826303\charrsid5048658 custody of a child for more than six months were held to have standing to object to the assignment of a judge, even though they were not parties to the underlying proceedings.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4731735\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid931512 \par }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [10}{\insrsid3367471\charrsid5048658 5}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid1530944\charrsid5048658 There }{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 are }{\insrsid7551044\charrsid5048658 only t}{ \insrsid6367693\charrsid5048658 wo}{\insrsid1530944\charrsid5048658 case}{\insrsid7551044\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid1530944\charrsid5048658 , of which we are}{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1530944\charrsid5048658 aware, that deal with the question }{\insrsid6367693\charrsid5048658 whether}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1530944\charrsid5048658 a judge}{\insrsid6367693\charrsid5048658 has standing before an appellate court }{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 by reason }{ \insrsid6367693\charrsid5048658 only }{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 of the fa}{\insrsid1530944\charrsid5048658 ct that th}{\insrsid6367693\charrsid5048658 e judge presided over the trial. }{\insrsid7551044\charrsid5048658 Th}{ \insrsid16002284\charrsid5048658 e}{\insrsid7551044\charrsid5048658 se cases were drawn to our attention by the Attorney}{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 -}{\insrsid7551044\charrsid5048658 General, who appeared as }{\i\insrsid7551044\charrsid5048658 amicus curiae}{\insrsid7551044\charrsid5048658 , at the request of this Court}{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid7551044\charrsid5048658 to assist in considering the issues raised by this application.}{\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid931512 \par }{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 [106}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid7551044\charrsid5048658 In }{\b\i\ul\insrsid7551044\charrsid5048658 Ratu Ovini Bokini v. The State & Chief Magistrate, Salesi }{\b\i\ul\insrsid1181025\charrsid5048658 Temo}{\insrsid1181025\charrsid5048658 (Fiji Court of Appeal No. AAU0001 and AAU0003 of 1999, 5 November 1999), the Chief Magistrate in Fiji sought to intervene as an interested party before the Court of Appeal.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid1181025\charrsid5048658 The Court of Appeal stated as follows:}{\insrsid7551044 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 No case was cited to us where an appellate Court has granted the Court appealed from }{\b\i\insrsid16002284\charrsid5048658 leave }{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 to appear as a party to the appeal.}{\b\i\insrsid4135222\charrsid5048658 }{ \b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 The normal parties to any appeal are the litigants in a civil case or the prosecution and the accused in a criminal case. That is not }{\b\i\insrsid4135222\charrsid5048658 to }{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 say that an appellate Court will }{\b\i\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 not in}{\b\i\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 unusual circumstances appoint an }{\b\i\ul\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 amicus}{ \b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 or allow public interest parties to be heard.}{\b\i\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 For example, see }{\b\i\ul\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 Z v Z}{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 [1997] 2 NZLR 257 where the New Zealand Court of Appeal appointed }{\b\i\ul\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 amici curiae}{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 and allowed special interest groups to be heard on an appeal in a matrimonial property dispute where the issues involved transcended in public importance the mere personal interests of the litigants. \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid931512 {\insrsid931512\charrsid931512 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 In judicial review proceedings, as distinct from an appeal, the judicial officer or tribunal whose deci sion is being attacked is usually joined as a defendant}{\b\i\insrsid3112038\charrsid5048658 .}{\b\i\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 Usually, that defendant has an obligation to provide any record to the reviewing Court, but is not expected to enter the fray on the merits, especially where there are parties who can be expected to provide the reviewing Court with opposing arguments.}{ \b\i\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 See }{\b\i\ul\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 Engineers\rquote Union v. Court of Arbitration}{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 [1976] 2 NZLR 283.}{\b\i\insrsid7289568 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid931512 {\insrsid931512\charrsid931512 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 A judicial officer has to accept that not all his or her decisions will be accepted meekly by litigants; it is part of the legal system that there will be inevitable appeals.}{\b\i\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 Sometimes appellate Courts will criticise the lower Court Judges quite severely.}{\b\i\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 The English Court of Appeal decision in }{\b\i\ul\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 Jones v.}{ \b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 National Coal Board}{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 [1957] 2 QB 555 is a well-known example,}{\b\i\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 Often a lower Court judge, criticised by a higher court, may feel indignation at what he or she sees as unjustified criticism of a course of conduct adopted or a decision made in the course of a difficult judicial proceeding.}{\b\i\insrsid5048658 }{ \b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 But, usually, the lower Court Judge has to put up with the appellate decision with such fortitude as he or she can command.}{\b\i\insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 Being successfully appealed against is one of the less attractive aspects of the judicial vocation, but it \lquote goes with the territory.\rquote \'94 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-709\li709\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid931512 {\insrsid931512 \par }{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 [107}{\insrsid14498772\charrsid5048658 ]}{\insrsid931512 \tab }{\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 The second case to which }{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 we }{\insrsid3112038\charrsid5048658 were }{ \insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 referred was }{\b\i\ul\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 Gillespie v. Manitoba }{\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 185 DLR (4}{\super\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 th}{\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 ) 214}{ \insrsid14498772\charrsid5048658 , a }{\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 decision of the Manitoba Court of Appeal.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 In that case, the Chief Justice of Queen\rquote s Bench, a provincial superior court, sought to intervene in an appeal from a judgment given }{\i\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 ex parte}{\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 in which he ordered the sheriff to continue to operate a perimeter security program that had been instituted at the law courts.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 Leave was refused, but it was held appropriate to allow counsel for the Chief Justice to appear }{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 as }{\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 amicus cur}{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 i}{\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 ae on the appeal.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16002284\charrsid5048658 However, the case contains }{\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 little discussion of principle }{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 regarding the issue of standing. }{ \insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid931512 \par }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [10}{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 8}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]}{\insrsid12277232\charrsid5048658 \tab }{\insrsid16002284\charrsid5048658 A somewhat different}{\insrsid12277232\charrsid5048658 case in which an appellate court permitted a subordinate judge to be heard, }{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 is}{\insrsid12277232\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\insrsid12277232\charrsid5048658 Re \lquote K}{\b\i\insrsid3112038\charrsid5048658 \rquote }{ \b\i\insrsid12277232\charrsid5048658 a Judicial Officer}{\insrsid12277232\charrsid5048658 [2001] 4 LRC 622.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12277232\charrsid5048658 There}{\insrsid1327919\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid12277232\charrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid1327919\charrsid5048658 a Magistrate was permitted by the }{\insrsid12277232\charrsid5048658 Supreme Court of India }{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 to be heard }{\insrsid1327919\charrsid5048658 on an application seeking to have certain criticisms that had been levelled at her by the High Court expunged from }{\insrsid11418801\charrsid5048658 the}{\insrsid1327919\charrsid5048658 judgment}{\insrsid9972979\charrsid5048658 of th}{ \insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 at}{\insrsid9972979\charrsid5048658 Court}{\insrsid1327919\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1579840\charrsid5048658 The Supreme Court observed that the High Court ha d an inherent power to expunge objectionable remarks from a court record, and the Supreme Court could exercise a similar jurisdiction under various provisions of the Constitution.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1579840\charrsid5048658 The case did not really turn upon standing.}{\insrsid12277232\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid931512 \par }{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 [109}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid9469581\charrsid5048658 It seems }{\insrsid143683\charrsid5048658 clear}{\insrsid9972979\charrsid5048658 , from this brief survey of the authorities, }{ \insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 that }{\insrsid9972979\charrsid5048658 the }{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 circumstances under which }{\insrsid9972979\charrsid5048658 non-parties }{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 will be given leave }{ \insrsid9972979\charrsid5048658 to intervene in cases that do not directly concern }{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 their}{\insrsid9972979\charrsid5048658 legal rights}{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 are more circumscribed than those which will apply in applications for judicial review.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 Moreover, the constraints upon such intervention are likely to be greater, for sound public policy reasons, in criminal case}{\insrsid931512 s than they are in civil cases.}{\insrsid12860583 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 [110}{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 ]\tab The position in Fiji regarding civil appeals is best exemplified by the decision of the}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16134865\charrsid5048658 Fiji Court of Appeal in}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid16134865\charrsid5048658 Sukh Deo Prasad &}{\ul\insrsid16134865\charrsid931512 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid16134865\charrsid5048658 Ganga Prasad Shankar v. The Attorney-General}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 (Civil Appeal No. ABU0029 of 1997, 13 August 1997) where it was said that in order for a non-party to obtain leave to }{\insrsid9469581\charrsid5048658 intervene in }{\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 an appeal the person must be \'93 interested in or aggrieved or prejudicially affected by the judgment or order.\'94}{\insrsid6321351 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [1}{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 11}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid6321351\charrsid5048658 The Courts have taken an }{\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 even more }{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 cautious}{\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 approach }{\insrsid6321351\charrsid5048658 in }{\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 allowing applications for leave to int}{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 ervene in criminal proceedings.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 This }{\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 includ}{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 es }{\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 criminal appeals.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 See generally }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 R v. Osolin}{\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 [1993] 2 SCR 313;}{\insrsid6321351\charrsid5048658 and}{\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 }{\b\i\ul\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 R v. Regan}{ \insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 171 DLR (4}{\super\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 th}{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 ) }{\insrsid5721018\charrsid5048658 555}{\insrsid6321351\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10949518\charrsid5048658 The reasons for this are}{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 plain.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 There is a need }{\insrsid10949518\charrsid5048658 to avoid persons who are not parties to}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 criminal}{\insrsid10949518\charrsid5048658 proceeding}{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid10949518\charrsid5048658 , but have strong }{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 emotional interest}{ \insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 in }{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 their}{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10949518\charrsid5048658 outcome, }{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 such as the victims of crimes, or their relatives, pressing for the right to participate directly in the trial process.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10949518\charrsid5048658 The interests of}{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 such persons }{ \insrsid10949518\charrsid5048658 are represented by the Director of Public Prosecutions}{\insrsid12860583\charrsid5048658 , who brings criminal charges in the name of the State.}{\insrsid15226553 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [1}{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 12}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 No one doubts that Shameem J}{\insrsid14512100\charrsid5048658 believes strongly in the need to have this matter raised}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14512100\charrsid5048658 before the Court.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14512100\charrsid5048658 Nonetheless, it remains the case that before a non-party can be granted leave to intervene in litigation, that party must demonstrate some form of legal interest in the outcome of the proceeding.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15226553\charrsid5048658 It }{ \insrsid14512100\charrsid5048658 was frankly acknow}{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 ledged by counsel for Shameem J}{\insrsid14512100\charrsid5048658 that she had no such legal interest, but }{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 it was submitted that}{ \insrsid14512100\charrsid5048658 , in the unusual circumstances of this case, this was not required.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14512100\charrsid5048658 We are unable to accept that submission, at least without considerable qualification.}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid14512100\charrsid5048658 There may be cases, of which this is not one, where the need for a judge to be added as an intervener is }{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 so }{\insrsid14512100\charrsid5048658 overwhelming as to persu ade the Court that leave to intervene should be granted.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 No such need has been demonstrated in this case}{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 Any concerns that Shameem J}{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 had regarding Scott JA\rquote s refusal to recuse himself could have been raised with t}{\insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 he Attorney-General, but w}{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 ere}{ \insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 not.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 He would have been the }{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 appropriate person to take up those concerns with}{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 the Court}{ \insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 , if satisfied that it was proper to do so.}{\insrsid13400639 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [1}{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 1}{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 3}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 In the final analysis, there is always the }{ \insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 residual }{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 power, }{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 as}{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 exercised by the House of Lords in }{\b\i\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 Pinochet }{ \b\i\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 No.}{\b\i\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 2}{\b\i\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 to overturn a decision of a Court that included a judge}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 who sat }{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 in a matter,}{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 when he ought}{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 not}{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 to have done so}{ \insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 Section 122(5) of the Constitution seems to allow for just }{\insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 such eventuality, if the available evidence warrants the adoption of that course.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 That would be a very exceptional case.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 As will shortly be seen, we have considered for ourselves the material that would be relied upon in any such application}{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 We have }{\insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 concluded that }{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 it }{\insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 falls well short of trigg}{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 er}{\insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 ing the exercise of any such power.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 Despite counsel\rquote s earnest submission to the contrary, t}{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 here }{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 will be no}{\insrsid12657916\charrsid5048658 lacuna in the law of }{ \insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 Fiji }{\insrsid13063688\charrsid5048658 if this Court}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13063688\charrsid5048658 refuse}{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 s}{\insrsid13063688\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 Shameem J}{\insrsid13063688\charrsid5048658 leave}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13063688\charrsid5048658 to intervene}{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 in this criminal appeal}{\insrsid13063688\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid13063688 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [11}{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 4}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 We have previously noted }{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 that neither the }{ \insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 petitioner nor the }{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 Director of Public Prosecutions, who are the parties to this appeal, have }{\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 shown }{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 any desire to have Scott}{\insrsid8860102\charrsid5048658 JA}{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 recuse himself.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 The petitioner has filed an affidavit in the proceeding, which makes it clear that his sole concern is to have the Supreme Court, as }{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 originally }{\insrsid8860102\charrsid5048658 c}{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 onstituted }{\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 for }{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 t}{\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 he hearing of}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 his appeal}{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 ,}{ \insrsid8860102\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 determine }{\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 that }{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 appeal }{\insrsid8860102\charrsid5048658 as soon as possible}{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 .}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8860102\charrsid5048658 He does not }{\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 seek a hearing }{\i\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 de novo}{\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 before a differently constituted}{ \insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 Court}{\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 His posi}{\insrsid931512 tion is entirely understandable}{\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid10371031 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [11}{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 5}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 The Director of Public Prosecutions, who represents the State}{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 ,}{ \insrsid8012791\charrsid5048658 is the other party to this appeal.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4276694\charrsid5048658 He is aware of the rift between Scott JA and Shameem J.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4276694\charrsid5048658 He knows that}{ \insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 Shameem J}{\insrsid13063688\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4276694\charrsid5048658 believes that Scott JA }{\insrsid13063688\charrsid5048658 is }{\insrsid4276694\charrsid5048658 biased }{\insrsid13063688\charrsid5048658 against her}{\insrsid4276694\charrsid5048658 , and he knows why she holds that belief.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid4276694\charrsid5048658 Nonetheless, he does not seek to have this matter heard afresh by a differently constituted Court. }{ \insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 Nor does the Attorney-General who, by these proceedings, has been informed of the rift between the two judges.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid13063688\charrsid5048658 When it comes to }{\insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 the }{ \insrsid13063688\charrsid5048658 exercise }{\insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 of }{\insrsid13063688\charrsid5048658 this Court\rquote s discretion to grant leave to intervene, }{\insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 the positions taken by the Director of Public Prosecutions and the Attorney-General }{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 are entitled to considerable weight.}{\insrsid7289568 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 [116}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 T}{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 he }{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 hostility that exists }{\insrsid11289186\charrsid5048658 between }{ \insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 Scott}{\insrsid2041735\charrsid5048658 JA}{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 , }{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 and Shameem J}{\insrsid5050798\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 and appears to be }{ \insrsid5050798\charrsid5048658 reciprocal}{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 , }{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 is}{\insrsid2041735\charrsid5048658 now}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 a matter of public record.}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 It is known that th}{\insrsid2041735\charrsid5048658 eir difficulties}{\insrsid10371031\charrsid5048658 }{\insrsid15163963\charrsid5048658 go back }{\insrsid2041735\charrsid5048658 at least as far }{ \insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 as }{\insrsid15163963\charrsid5048658 the }{\insrsid5050798\charrsid5048658 tumultuous }{\insrsid15163963\charrsid5048658 events of May 2000}{\insrsid2041735\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 Their differences are}{\insrsid12612908\charrsid5048658 obviously both real and personal. It is a matter of regret that }{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 there appears to be little that can }{ \insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 be done to }{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 persuade them to }{\insrsid5050798\charrsid5048658 reconcile}{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid16594062 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid265290\charrsid5048658 [117}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 It may be accepted, }{\insrsid15163963\charrsid5048658 as Shameem}{\insrsid2041735\charrsid5048658 J,}{\insrsid15163963\charrsid5048658 contends,}{\insrsid2041735\charrsid5048658 that s}{\insrsid15163963\charrsid5048658 he }{\insrsid8538454\charrsid5048658 is}{\insrsid15163963\charrsid5048658 better}{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 placed tha}{\insrsid2041735\charrsid5048658 n either the petitioner or the Director of Public Prosecutions, to }{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 appreciate }{\insrsid2041735\charrsid5048658 the level of hostility that she regards Scott JA as manifesting towards her.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 It may also be accepted that she is in }{\insrsid1051432\charrsid5048658 a }{\insrsid2041735\charrsid5048658 better }{\insrsid1051432\charrsid5048658 position to place }{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 evidence }{ \insrsid1051432\charrsid5048658 before the Court that might support her claim of actual bias}{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 on his part}{\insrsid1051432\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1051432\charrsid5048658 Neither of these facts}{ \insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 , if true, }{\insrsid1051432\charrsid5048658 gives her }{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 \'93}{\insrsid1051432\charrsid5048658 a special interest}{\insrsid16594062\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\insrsid1051432\charrsid5048658 in the proceeding of a kind that would wa}{\insrsid11800785\charrsid5048658 rra}{\insrsid1051432\charrsid5048658 nt granting leave to intervene}{\insrsid11800785\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11800785\charrsid5048658 Nor}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11800785\charrsid5048658 does her position as a judge of }{\insrsid16277488\charrsid5048658 the}{\insrsid11800785\charrsid5048658 High Court.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid11800785\charrsid5048658 She is no more bound, by virtue of that position, to uphold the Constitution}{\insrsid16277488\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid11800785\charrsid5048658 than }{\insrsid16277488\charrsid5048658 is }{\insrsid11800785\charrsid5048658 any othe r citizen of this country}{\insrsid16277488\charrsid5048658 , irrespective of whether that person has taken an oath to do so}{\insrsid5050798\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid16277488 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 [118]\tab The very fact Shameem J has herself expressed hostility towards Scott JA means that a cloud hovers over her own objectivity in this unfortunate matter.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 Courts of final appeal that permit intervention generally look to satisfy themselves that the prospective intervener can contribute information or submissions beyond the ken of the parties.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 In the present case information has been drawn fully to the attention of }{\insrsid16001095\charrsid5048658 the}{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 Supreme Court, as presently constituted.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 Suffice it to say, it does not present an overwhelming case.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 The material emanating from Scott JA is hardly current, and it requires a leap to proceed from a finding that Scott JA}{ \insrsid5050798\charrsid5048658 does not get on with Shameem J}{\insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 (whether with, or without, good cause) to a finding that his Lordship would be false to his judicial oath.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid1473404\charrsid5048658 We recognise that these remarks tentatively enter into the merits, but it would be wrong to exclude }{\insrsid13709197\charrsid5048658 them entirely in determining whether to grant the present application.}{\insrsid1473404 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [11}{\insrsid13709197\charrsid5048658 9}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid16277488\charrsid5048658 The special importance of not involving non-parties in criminal proceedings was made plain in }{ \b\i\ul\insrsid12603910\charrsid5048658 The Queen v GJ}{\insrsid12603910\charrsid5048658 [2005] NTCCA 20, a judgment of the Northern Territory Court of Criminal Appeal}{\insrsid3112038\charrsid5048658 .}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid12603910\charrsid5048658 Mildr en J, with whom the other members of the Court agreed, rejected an application by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission for leave to intervene, or to appear as amicus curiae, during the hearing of a criminal appeal.}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid1051432\charrsid5048658 HREOC}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12603910\charrsid5048658 sought leave to interv ene because it believed that the resolution of the issues raised by the appeal would be assisted by a consideration of international human rights law, principles and jurisprudence.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid12603910\charrsid5048658 Mildren J observed at [54]:}{\insrsid12603910 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5048658 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid12603910\charrsid5048658 \'93 There are significant reasons why this Court, in the absence of statutory authority, has no jurisdiction or power to permit an intervention in criminal proceedings. It is well established that if the Court grants leave to a non-party to intervene, the non-party then becomes a party to the proceeding s with all of the benefits and burdens of that status: see United States Tobacco Company v Minister for Consumer Affairs (1988) 20 FCR 520 at 534; Victorian Council for Civil Liberties Inc and Another v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs an d Another (2001) 110 FCR 452 at 456. But there are no issues joined nor could there be any issues joined between the interven}{\b\insrsid5050798\charrsid5048658 e}{\b\insrsid12603910\charrsid5048658 r, the Crown and the accused. When an accused is put on his trial in accordance with the time-honoured formula repeated in every cr iminal trial in the presence of a jury the issues are joined between the Sovereign and the accused. It is the Sovereign which represents all of the interests of the}{\b\insrsid7289568\charrsid5048658 }{\b\insrsid12603910\charrsid5048658 community including the individual interests of the victims of crime and no one else. As was said in Sir William Blackstone\rquote s Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol 1, Book 1 p 269, Claitor\rquote s Publishing}{\b\insrsid13502400\charrsid5048658 Division, 1915 ed, republished }{\b\insrsid12603910\charrsid5048658 1976:}{\b\insrsid13502400\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid931512 {\i0\insrsid931512\charrsid931512 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid931512 {\b\insrsid12603910\charrsid5048658 \'93All offences (sic) are either in the king\rquote s peace or his crown and dignity: and are so laid in eve ry indictment. For though in their consequences they generally seem (except in the case of treason and a very few others) to be offences against the kingdom than the king; yet, as the public, which is an indivisible body, has delegated all its power and r i ghts, with regard the execution the laws, to one visible magistrate, all affronts to that power and breaches of those rights are immediately offences against him to who they are so delegated by the public. He is therefore the proper person to prosecute fo r all public offences and breaches of the peace, being the person injured in the eyes of the law.\'94}{\b\insrsid13502400\charrsid5048658 \'94}{\b\insrsid12603910\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid931512 {\i0\insrsid7406617\charrsid931512 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [1}{\insrsid13709197\charrsid5048658 20}{ \insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid8807838\charrsid5048658 In our view,}{\insrsid16277488\charrsid5048658 ir}{\insrsid5050798\charrsid5048658 respective of whether Handley J}{\insrsid16277488\charrsid5048658 applied too narrow a test }{ \insrsid13709197\charrsid5048658 of}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16277488\charrsid5048658 standing when he }{\insrsid13709197\charrsid5048658 directed the Registrar to reject Shameem J\rquote s application, as}{\insrsid5048658 }{ \insrsid15472111\charrsid5048658 we think he did, }{\insrsid8807838\charrsid5048658 Shameem}{\insrsid5050798\charrsid5048658 J}{\insrsid8807838\charrsid5048658 does not have standing}{\insrsid16277488\charrsid5048658 , under }{ \insrsid13709197\charrsid5048658 the common law, as we understand it to be,}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16277488\charrsid5048658 to }{\insrsid8807838\charrsid5048658 intervene in this appeal.}{\insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid16277488\charrsid5048658 If we were wrong about that, we would nonetheless refuse leave to intervene}{\insrsid15472111\charrsid5048658 as a matter of }{\insrsid16277488\charrsid5048658 discretion.}{\insrsid4731735 \par }{\insrsid931512\charrsid5048658 \par }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 [1}{\insrsid3112038\charrsid5048658 21}{\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 ]\tab }{\insrsid2364639\charrsid5048658 The application for review }{\insrsid15472111\charrsid5048658 was, on 26 April 2006, }{ \insrsid2364639\charrsid5048658 dismissed}{\insrsid15472111\charrsid5048658 for the reasons}{\insrsid13709197\charrsid5048658 set }{\insrsid5050798\charrsid5048658 out}{\insrsid13709197\charrsid5048658 above}{\insrsid2364639\charrsid5048658 .}{ \insrsid15472111\charrsid5048658 On that day}{\insrsid13709197\charrsid5048658 ,}{\insrsid15472111\charrsid5048658 we made the following orders.}{\insrsid2364639\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\ul\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5325789\charrsid5048658 1.}{\insrsid1723209\charrsid5048658 \tab The direction given to the Registrar of }{ \insrsid5050798\charrsid5048658 the Supreme Court by Handley J }{\insrsid1723209\charrsid5048658 on 21 October 2005 be set aside. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid931512 {\insrsid1723209\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5325789\charrsid5048658 2.\tab }{\insrsid1723209\charrsid5048658 In lieu thereof, it be ordered that the applicant\rquote s}{ \insrsid5048658 }{\insrsid1723209\charrsid5048658 summons dated 19 October 2005 be made returnable forthwith before this Court, as constituted this day. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid1723209\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5325789\charrsid5048658 3.\tab }{\insrsid1723209\charrsid5048658 The application for leave to intervene be refused, and the summons otherwise dismissed. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid931512 {\insrsid1723209\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid5325789\charrsid5048658 4.\tab }{\insrsid1723209\charrsid5048658 There be no ord er as to costs, save for the order earlier made this day that the Attorney-General pay the petitioner\rquote s reasonable costs incurred in this application. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid1723209\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid931512 {\b\insrsid7406617\charrsid5048658 Hon Justice Mark Weinberg \par }{\b\ul\insrsid7406617\charrsid5048658 Judge of the Supreme Court \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\b\insrsid7406617\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid931512 {\b\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 Hon Justice Keith Mason \par }{\b\ul\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 Judge of }{\b\ul\insrsid13900388\charrsid5048658 the }{\b\ul\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 Supreme Court \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid8732884\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid931512 {\b\insrsid10054573\charrsid5048658 Hon Justice }{\b\insrsid931512 John }{\b\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 von Douss}{\b\insrsid13900388\charrsid5048658 a}{ \insrsid10054573\charrsid5048658 \par }{\b\ul\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 Judge of }{\b\ul\insrsid13900388\charrsid5048658 the }{\b\ul\insrsid3737575\charrsid5048658 Supreme Court}{\ul\insrsid10054573\charrsid5048658 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5048658 {\insrsid10054573\charrsid5048658 \par }{\b\ul\insrsid10054573\charrsid5048658 Solicitors: \par }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid931512 \par }{\insrsid11620495\charrsid931512 Naco Chambers, Suva for the }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid931512 Petitioner }{\insrsid10054573\charrsid931512 \par }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid931512 Office of}{\insrsid5048658\charrsid931512 }{\insrsid8732884\charrsid931512 the Director of Public Prosecutions, Suva }{\insrsid10054573\charrsid931512 for the Respondent \par }{\insrsid11620495\charrsid931512 Messrs Young and Associates, Lautoka for the Applicant}{\insrsid5050798\charrsid931512 for leave to intervene}{\insrsid10054573\charrsid931512 \par }{\insrsid11620495\charrsid931512 Office of the Attorney}{\insrsid5050798\charrsid931512 -}{\insrsid11620495\charrsid931512 General}{\insrsid5050798\charrsid931512 \rquote s}{\insrsid11620495\charrsid931512 Chambers, Suva for the Amicus}{ \insrsid3112038\charrsid931512 Curiae}{\insrsid11620495\charrsid931512 \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid931512 {\insrsid11620495\charrsid931512 CAV0003U.04S \par }}