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.}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5 \pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s1\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF the FIJI ISLANDS \par AT SUVA \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 \par CRIMINAL}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652\charrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 APPEAL}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652\charrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 NO. CAV0007OF 2005S \par (Fiji Court of Appeal No. AAU0016 OF 2004S) \par \par BETWEEN:}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713 \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652\charrsid487652 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 SWADESH KUMAR SINGH \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 Petitioner \par \par AND: \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652\charrsid487652 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 THE STATE \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 Respondent \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 \par Coram:\tab The Hon Justice Daniel V Fatiaki, President of the Supreme Court \par The Hon Justice Robert French, Judge of the Supreme Court \par The Hon Justice David Andrew Ipp, Judge of the Supreme Court \par \par Hearing:}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652\charrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 Tuesday, 10th October 2006, Suva \par \par Counsel:}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652\charrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 A K Singh for the Petitioner \par R Gibson for the Respondent \par \par Date of}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652\charrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 Judgment}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 : }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 Thursday, 19th October 2006, Suva \par \par }\pard \s1\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid487652 \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 [1]\tab }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The Court:}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14233705\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 The principal issue}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 [2]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 This is an application for special leave to appeal and, if granted}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 ,}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 an appeal against the petitioner\rquote s conviction on a charge of murdering Mrs Sandhya Devi.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12210698\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 [3]\tab }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 At the time of her death, Mrs Devi was a married woman, aged 37 years, living on a rural native land allotment with her husband and two children. The petitioner was an unemployed man and her neighbour.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958 \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652\charrsid487652 \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 [4]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The petitioner was found guilty o f the offence by unanimous decision after a trial before Govind J and three assessors.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum non}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 parole term of 17 years.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The petitioner appealed to the Court of Appeal against his conviction but his appeal was dismissed. \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 [5]\tab }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The application for special leave }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 to appeal }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 raise}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 s}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 issue}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 s}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 of importance, namely, the nature of a trial judge\rquote s directions to the assessors }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 in relation to serious inconsistent statements by prosecution witnesses, the corroboration of accom plice evidence and the late recollection by police witnesses of an implicit admission by the accused.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 In this case}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 : \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 { \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 On}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 e critical prosecution witness who wa}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 s an accomplice }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 gave}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 evidence in conflict with what on its face is a previous sworn statement made out of court. \par }\pard \s16\ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid487652 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 { \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Another critical prosecution witness }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 wa}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 s declared hostile by reason of her initial testimony in chief being contrary to a police statement she made (which, at that point}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 , she stated}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 wa}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 s not true) and, on cross}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 exami}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 nation by the State, she recanted, asserted her police statement wa}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 s indeed true, and implicate}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 d}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 the accused in the crime. \par }\pard \s16\ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid487652 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 { \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 Police witnesses ga}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 ve virtually identical evidence of unrecorded confessional statements by the accused, the significance of which they first appreciate}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid487652 d}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 more than two years after the accused is arrested. \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The State case \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 [6]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 On 18 April 2001, Mrs Devi\rquote s husband returned home from picking up }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 their}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 children from school.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He found his wife dead in her bedroom with her throat cut. She had also received two severe wo unds in the occipital region where, it was apparent, she had been struck. Entry to the house had not been forced. The only damage in the house was to some beading apparently torn from a curtain hanging in the passage.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Later it was found that the children's bank passbooks together with some loos}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 e cash and fabric were missing.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 [7]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 In proving its case, the State, apart from tendering police and forensic evidence, relied on the testimony of three witnesses (Shalendra Narayan, Bimlesh Prasad, alias Pillu, and M s Maya Wati) all of whom were related to each other and all of whom knew Mrs Devi. \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12210698\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 [8]\tab }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Shalendra Narayan and the petitioner were arrested at about the same time for the murder, but the charge against Narayan was soon withdrawn.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan was a neighbour of the petitioner. He was an eyewitness to the murder and identified the petitioner as the murderer. He was the only witness to do so.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 [9]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan testified that, on the day of the murder, the petitioner told him that he was going to Mrs Devi\rquote s house where he wished to talk to her husband.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The petitioner asked Narayan to go with him and Narayan agreed to do so. They found Mrs Devi washing clothes in a tub.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The petitioner told Narayan that }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 he wanted a fight and revenge}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 .}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The petitioner put }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 his}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 hand over Mrs Devi\rquote s mouth and}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13971411\charrsid487652 ,}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 with the other, }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 hit her on the head with a foot}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 long pipe that he had picked up outside the house.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 She was thereby rendered unconscious. This occurred before she could take any defensive or evasive action. Narayan assisted th}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 e petitioner in carrying Mrs De}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 vi into a bedroom where, eventually, they put her on the floor.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The petitioner lifted her dress and said, }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 There is a bandage}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 (indicating that she was menstruating). He touched her private parts, tied a cloth around her mouth, held her head, and cut her throat.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 [10]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Thereafter, }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 according to Narayan, }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 the petitioner walked into the sitting room and, in so doing, broke some beads hanging from a curtain.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 When returning home, the petitioner told Narayan that, if he opened his mouth, he, the petitioner, would kill Narayan, his wife and his children, and burn his house.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 [11]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Pillu testified that he knew the petitioner but had not visited him for some time.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He was friendly with Mrs Devi and was accustomed to call her }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 sister}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 .}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan was his cousin.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Pillu testified that, on the day of the murder, the petitioner requested him to accompany him to Mrs Devi's home, saying that he wished to have sexual intercourse with her. Pillu said that he refused the petitioner\rquote s request. Later that day, the pe titioner told Pillu that he, the petitioner, had killed Mrs Devi. The petitioner warned Pillu that if he said anything to anyone about this he would kill Pillu, his wife and his children. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [12]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The police took Pillu into custody at the time of Mrs Devi\rquote s funeral.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 After he had been in custody for two days, he told the police that the petitioner had murdered Mrs Devi.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He was then released.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [13]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Ms Wati, who was Pillu\rquote s aunt, worked for Mrs Devi as a maid. Ms Wati testified that on the day of the murder the petitioner had been away from the house but returned while she was washing clothes in a tub.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 On his return, the petitioner washed his hands, legs and face in the tub. Ms Wati noticed that, immediately after the petitioner had finished washing, the water in the tub was red (although no clothes, from which red colouring could have escaped, had been washed).}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [14]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Two police officers testified }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13971411\charrsid487652 (}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 giving virtually identical evidence}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13971411\charrsid487652 )}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 that, in the course of casual conversation with the petitioner at a time when he was not a suspect, the petitioner commented, }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 How can anyone have sex with [the victim] while she was having menstruation}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 .}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The significance of this statement was that Mrs Devi was indeed menstruating at the time of her death and it was open to the assessors to infer that the petitioner knew of this fact because he had acted as Narayan had testified.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It was only some two and a half years after the murder, however, that the police officers remembered this unsolicited comment and its significance. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The app lication to lead fresh evidence \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [15]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 At the commencement of the hearing before this Court, the petitioner applied for leave to adduce further evidence.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The application was dismissed and the Court indicated that it would deliver its reasons for that decisi on when giving judgment on the application for special leave to appeal and the appeal. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [16]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The well}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 established general rule is that fresh evidence will be admitted on appeal if that evidence is properly capable of acceptance, likely to be accepted by th e trial court, and is so cogent that, in a new trial, it is likely to produce a different verdict:}{\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Ratten v The Queen}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 (1974) 131 CLR 510; }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Davies and Cody v}{\b0\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The King}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 (1937) 57 CLR 170.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [17]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 In an application for special leave to appeal or in an appeal to t his Court in relation to a criminal matter, the general rule is further qualified by the nature of this Court\rquote s jurisdiction under s 7(2) of the }{\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Supreme Court Act}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 1998 and this Court\rquote s role as ultimate appellate court. Leave will only be granted to lead fr esh evidence before this Court if a clear and compelling case is made out, satisfying all the criteria applicable.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [18]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The evidence the petitioner sought to adduce was contained in a statutory declaration purportedly signed by Narayan on 22 November 2003. The declaration states: \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 I was forced by police officers ... to give a false statement against [the petitioner] so that he could be put into prison.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He is innocent.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The actual people who killed Narend's wife are Bimlesh Prasad (Pillu) and Apsai.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 I am saying this because I was there and saw them killing the woman.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 [The petitioner] was not there.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Police told me to blame him.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Since I have been discharged by the High Court for the offence of murder and want to tell the truth that Bimlesh and Apsai killed the woman, not [the petitioner]. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 And the statement which I gave to my lawyer Parvesh Akbar on 02/06/01 is also a true statement and not false as stated in the 17/11/03 statement. \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12210698\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [19]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Accompanying this statutory declaration was a letter from the solicitor who attested it.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 According to the letter, the solicitor concerned did not personally know the person signing the document.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The letter states:}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958 \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The person came with the document for witnessing.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It was not prepared by this office.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 We cannot confirm whether the person who signed was Sarendra Narayan or comment as to the truth or otherwise of the contents. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [20]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The petitioner made an affidavit supporting his application.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He stated that his wife was an uneducated person who did not know how to read and write E nglish; that after his appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeal, a man came to his wife and handed her the statutory declaration }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 on behalf of Sarendra Narayan}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 ; that in December 2005 his wife came to visit him and gave him that declaration; that he asked his wife to hand the declaration to his lawyers but she forgot to do so and misplaced the document.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 According to the petitioner, his wife found the declaration }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 recently}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 and handed it to his lawyer. \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [21]\tab }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The declaration of 22 November 2003, if made by Narayan, would be of the utmost importance in determining the guilt or otherwise of the petitioner.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The evidence as to the making of the declaration, however, lacks probative value in that the petitioner's contention that the declaration was in fact made by Narayan is questionable and there is a paucity of detail as to how the declaration came to be made and as to how it came into the possession of the petitioner\rquote s wife. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [22]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Firstly, no attempt was made to call Narayan to testify, or to establish by othe r evidence that Narayan himself made the declaration, even though it was apparent from the letter of the solicitor who attested the declaration that he could not throw any light on this issue.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan testified at trial that he could not read English.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 No e xplanation was proffered how it came about that the declaration was written in English and purported to be signed by Narayan without any evidence that it was translated to him. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [23]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Secondly, the fact that the petitioner's wife is an uneducated person who does not read or write English did not preclude her from making an affidavit explaining how the declaration came to be given to her, how she came to lose it, and how she came to find it.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The petitioner\rquote s assertion that his wife forgot to hand the declarat ion to the petitioner's lawyers and lost it is inherently doubtful, particularly as he must have explained the importance of the document to her.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The omission to give details of the date, time and place where the declaration was handed over, and the identi ty of the person who gave the declaration to the petitioner's wife, materially detracts from the cogency of the evidence. The omission to support the application by an affidavit from the petitioner's wife reinforces the lack of cogency. \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [24]\tab }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The evidence that the petitioner sought to tender did not comply with the criteria for the leading of fresh evidence, generally, let alone the more stringent requirements applicable to the admission of fresh evidence before this Court.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The evidence lacked cogency and plausibility to a material degree.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [25]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 For these reasons, the application to lead fresh evidence was dismissed. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The need for accomplice warnings \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [26]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 On the State case, Narayan was an accomplice of the petitioner.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Moreover, Narayan was given immunity from prosecution. These matters required the trial judge to give specific warnings to the assessors. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [27]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The common law requires trial judges to warn of the dangers of convicting on evidence that is potentially unreliable.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Generally the law endeavours to avoid inflexible rules and leaves it to judges to sum up in the manner best suited to the facts of the particular case. In general, judges should }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 be}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 free to tailor a summing up to the exigencies of the case: }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Carr v R}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 (1988) 165 CLR 314 at 318 \endash 319. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [28]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 There are, however, categories of cases that require departure from that general rule.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 One of these categories is }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 where the evidence suffers from some intrinsic lack of reliability going beyond the mere credibility of a witness}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "} {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 : }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Carr}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 at 319.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [29]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 An accomplice, or a witness who might reasonably be supposed to have been criminally concerned in the events giving rise to the prosecution, is accepted as falling within this description: }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Jenkins v R}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 . (2004) 211 ALR 116 at 121 \endash 122.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The law requires a warnin g to be given about the danger of convicting upon the evidence of an accomplice, unless that evidence is corroborated.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The reason for this rule was explained by the High Court of Australia in }{\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Jenkins}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 at 123 [30] as follows: \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The rule exists for a reason.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 That reason is related to the potential unreliability of accomplices, an unreliability thought to be so well known in the experience of courts that judges are required, not merely to point it out to jurors, but to tell them that it would be dangerous to c onvict upon the evidence of an accomplice unless it is corroborated.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The principal source of unreliability, although it may be compounded by the circumstances of a particular case, is what is regarded as the natural tendency of an accomplice to minimise the accomplice\rquote s role in a criminal episode, and to exaggerate the role of others, including the accused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Accomplices are regarded by the law as a notoriously unreliable class of witness, having a special lack of objectivity.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The warning to the jury is for the protection of the accused. The theory is that fairness of the trial process requires it. It is a warning that is to be related to the evidence upon which the jury may convict the accused.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The reference to danger is to be accompanied by reference to a need to a need to look for corroboration.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [30]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The High Court went on to say at 124 [32]: \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Although the common law rule about accomplice warnings is a rule of law, and although (subject to the proviso) in the ordinary case the requirement for a warning doe s not depend upon a request being made by trial counsel, the rule is not so mechanical as to call for a warning in any case in which an accomplice gives any evidence which may be relied upon to establish the prosecution case.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The application of the rule mu st be related to its purpose, and will require a consideration of the issues as they have emerged from the way in which the case has been conducted}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 . \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [31]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 A further }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 warning was required }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 in this case }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 due to the fact that Narayan was given immunity from pro secution.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The reason that such a warning is required is that a person seeking immunity from prosecution may be tempted to implicate another person falsely in order to achieve his objective.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958 \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The accomplice warnings \par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [32]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The trial judge directed the assessors as follows in regard to Narayan\rquote s evidence: \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Before you consider the evidence of this witness, I wish to give you two directions.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 These directions are not given because I wish to convey to you any view of the credibility of this witness, but because in every such case the law requires that I give you these directions. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The first is that you must treat this witness as an accomplice.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The law says that it is dangerous to convict on the evidence of an accomplice, unless it is corroborated, although you may do. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Corroboration means some independent testimony which affects the accused by connecting him or tending to connect him with the crime.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 In other words it must be evidence which implicates him, that is, which confirms in some material particular not only that the crime has been committed, but also that the accused committed it. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 In this case the evidence of Bimlesh alias Pillu relating to the conversations with the accused on the 18th, and the evidence of Maya Wati about the accused coming after she had r eturned from her home and seeing reddish water in the tub, and the evidence of the two police officers about the accused\rquote s talking of the deceased\rquote s menstruation are pieces of evidence which are capable of providing corroboration, if you choose to accept those pieces of evidence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It is for you to decide whether in fact they do corroborate or not. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 But before you look for corroboration, you must accept the evidence of Shalendra Narayan as being the truth or else there is nothing to corroborate. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [33]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The second warning the judge gave concerned the immunity afforded to Narayan.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The judge said: \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The second is that you are aware that this witness was granted immunity.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The grant of immunity is quite legal.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It is not uncommon, and is often given to a lesser player in any crime in order to bring the main perpetrator or perpetrators to justice.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 } {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 But it can happen that a person to attract immunity may falsely implicate another person so have a motive for telling lies.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 You must therefore scrutinise his evidence with great care. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 [34]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The judge concluded in regard to Narayan\rquote s evidence:}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Ladies and gentleman, it is for you to decide whether this important witness was truthful, whether he was trying to minimise his role or whether as Mr Singh suggests an outright liar.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Remember that the defence does not have to prove that this witness or any other witness was a liar.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It only has to create a reasonable doubt.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The prosecution must satisfy you of the credibility of each witness. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The judge\rquote s reference}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 s}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 to inconsistencies in the evidence of the State witnesses \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [35]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The trial was unusual in that it was interrupted for a lengthy period in the middle. The trial commenced on 1 December 2003 and continued until 4 December 2003.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It was then adjourned to 11 February 2004 and continue d from that date until 19 February 2004 when the assessors delivered their verdict. There is no apparent explanation for the adjournment of some two and a half months. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [36]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Because of the duration of the trial and the lengthy adjournment in the middle of it, the judge, after making some preliminary remarks, conscientiously read through the evidence from beginning to end. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [37]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Defence counsel, in his address, had emphasised particular inconsistencies and other problems in the evidence of Narayan and Ms Wati.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 After reading to the assessors his summary of all the evidence, the judge repeated, }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 in the same order as counsel, }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 details of the arguments that both counsel had advanced in regard to the case as a whole.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 His Honour, however, did not isolate the specifi c issues that arose concerning to the credibility of Narayan and Ms Wati}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 ,}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 made no comments himself on these issues and did not focus the attention of the assessors on the inconsistencies in the evidence of}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 these two witnesses}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 .}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [38]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The only independent m ention the judge made of the inconsistencies was early in his charge, when he gave the following general direction: \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Of course in any trial there are bound to be some inconsistencies in the evidence of a witness and inconsistency with others.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 You are to ask yourselves did the inconsistency relate to peripheral matters or did the inconsistency go to the core of the witness\rquote s evidence and was it of sufficient significance to affect his or her credibility. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [39]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The judge\rquote s charge was reduced to writing and wa s 30 pages long (in single spacing).}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It took more than two hours to deliver. The last}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 mentioned general direction as to inconsistencies appears on the second page and was given very early in the charge. The judge\rquote s description of the arguments of counsel b egins on the 24th page and must have been given more than an hour after the general direction as to inconsistencies was made.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The account the judge gave of counsel\rquote s arguments was largely confined to the comments counsel made concerning the various witnesses, and the}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 se}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 references to inconsistencies were diffuse.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The judge did not attempt to link the general direction as to inconsistencies (made at the inception of the charge) with the various defence arguments (recounted, intermittently, much later in the c harge) that were directed to the particular inconsistencies in the evidence of Narayan and Ms Wati. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The inconsistencies in the evidence of Narayan and the need for them to be identified to the assessors \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [40]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 On 2 June 2001 Narayan made a statutory declaration that became exhibit J at the trial.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 In this declaration he said that on the day of the murder he went to Mrs Devi\rquote s house and, through the window, saw Pillu and a man known as Sai with Mrs Devi in the bedroom.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He said that Pillu was holding her hair and Sai had a knife in his hand. The knife was }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 full of blood}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 and there were bloodstains on the clothes of the two men.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan thereupon ran away but the men saw him and called on him to stop.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He did not do so. Later, Sai threatened Narayan and told him that if he reported the matter to the police he would kill Narayan\rquote s wife }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 as well}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 .}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan said that he was afraid of Sai who had once beaten him badly.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan stated that the petitioner did not commit the murder and knew nothing about it.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He stated that one of Pillu\rquote s in}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 laws was a police officer who had arranged for Pillu to be a prosecution witness and for Narayan and the petitioner to be blamed for the murder.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan stated that he was later severely beaten by the police who told him to implicate t he petitioner, otherwise they would beat him further.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan concluded the declaration by repeating that Pillu and Sai had murdered Mrs Devi (and not the petitioner). \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [41]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 In the course of his evidence in chief, Narayan said that, while in gaol, the peti tioner told him that a lawyer by the name of Akbar would come and see him.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 A few days later Narayan was indeed visited by a man called Akbar. Narayan testified that Akbar showed him a document (the statutory declaration \endash exhibit J) and told him that it concerned Narayan\rquote s bail.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Akbar asked him to sign the document and said that it would get him released on bail.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan thereupon signed the document. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [42]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan said that the document was in English and he could not read English. Therefore, he did not read the document and it was not read to him.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He said that Akbar did not witness the document in his presence. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [43]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan was cross}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 examined on exhibit J.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He said that when he signed the declaration, two identified prison officers were present.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He denied that the document was translated to him in Hindi.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan admitted that, in proceedings before the magistrate, he told the magistrate in relation to exhibit J: \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 I did not read this letter. }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It was translated to me in Hindi.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Then left read in the office.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 T he [prison] officers Ucialevu and Apiusai were present}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [44]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan said that he had lied to the magistrate because the petitioner had threatened him with assault.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He was asked again why he had lied and he said that the petitioner was threatening to kill him and his family and burn his house.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [45]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan admitted that he told the magistrate that he had been assaulted by a Fijian man but said that he had done so because the petitioner told him to implicate a Fijian man otherwise he would be assaulted.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan testified that the petitioner had asked him to implicate Sai and become a prosecution witness so that they would both be safe.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He had agreed to this proposal. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [46]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Neither the two prison officers nor Akbar was called to testify.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The evidence cont ained in exhibit J directly contradicted the oral evidence given by Narayan that he saw the petitioner killing Mrs Devi.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [47]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Exhibit J was not merely an inconsistent statement.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It was an inconsistent statement that purported to be given under oath.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The attestation clause of the declaration read: \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Sworn by the said Narayan at Lautoka this 2nd day of June 2001 in my presence after the contents hereof was[sic] read over and explained to him in the Hindustani language and he appeared fully to understand the meaning and effect thereof: \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid3818317 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 (signed: S Narayan)}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid487652 {\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Underneath Narayan\rquote s signature appeared the words, }{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 a commissioner for oaths}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 , }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Parvez Farook Akbar}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 , }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 barrister and solicitor}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 . \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [48]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 There was a pressing need for the judge to identify the inconsistenc ies in the evidence of the accomplice, Narayan.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 There were several reasons for this.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [49]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The first reason derived from the fact that accomplices are a notoriously unreliable class of witness.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The inherent dangers in the testimony of an accomplice require a trial judge to point out to the assessors any significant inconsistencies in the accomplice\rquote s evidence.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The accomplice warning must not be given in a formalistic or mechanical way.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It must relate the knowledge that judicial experience over centuries ha s accumulated concerning the risks attendant upon accomplice evidence, in general, to the specific evidence given by the accomplice in the particular case.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The judge does not have to go into unnecessary detail.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The criterion is fairness; and fairness deman ds that inconsistencies that have significant bearing on the credibility of the accomplice be exposed to the assessors. It is no answer that counsel may previously have carried out this task.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Genuine problems that exist in an accomplice\rquote s evidence should be communicated to the assessors by the judge with the full authority and force of the judicial office. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [50]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Secondly, in a case that runs as long as this one did, with a break in the middle as long as that which occurred here, fairness demanded that the judge bring the crucial issues to the attention of the }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid487652 assessors}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 in a focused way. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [51]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Thirdly, where a}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid487652 witness }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 has made a statement on oath directly inconsistent with evidence he or she gives in court }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid487652 and particularly when that evidence }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 implicat}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid487652 es}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 the ac cused person, the assessors should be informed of the importance of statements made on oath.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 They should also be told that they should be cautious before they accept a}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid487652 witness}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \rquote s sworn evidence that conflicts with a sworn statement the }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid487652 witness}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 previously made.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The judge should remind the assessors of the explanations given by the }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid487652 witness }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 for the earlier sworn statement and instruct them that the}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 evidence in court should be regarded as unreliable unless the assessors are satisfied in two particular respects.} {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Firstly, that the explanations are genuine. Second}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid487652 ly, that, despite the witness}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 previously being prepared to swear to the contrary of the version the }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid487652 witness}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 now puts forward, he or she is now telling the truth (cf }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Gyan Singh v Reginam}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 (1963) 9 FLR 105; }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid487652 Hari Pal v}{\b0\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid3818317 }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid487652 Reginam}{\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid487652 (1968) 14 FLR 218; }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11028112\charrsid487652 Bijai}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid487652 Prasad v Regi}{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid3818317 nam}{\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11028112\charrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid487652 (1984) 30 FLR 13; }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 R v}{\b0\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid3818317 }{ \i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Zorad}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 [1979] 2 NSWLR 764 at 770}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 771).}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid487652 The need for these cautions is particularly acute in the case of a witness who is also an accomplice.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid487652 The inconsistencies in Ms Wati \rquote s evidence and the need for them to be identified to the assessors \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid3818317 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [52]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Prior to the trial, Ms Wati made a statement to the police.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 When she commenced her evidence in chief, she gave evidence directly inconsistent with that statement.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 She said that, on the day of the murder, she did not see the petitioner leaving the house.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 She said that she did not recall fully what occurred on the day of the murder.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 She said that if she were asked about that day she would answer that she could not recall.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Counsel for the prosecution asked her whether the statement she had made to the police was true.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 She said that it was not.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [53]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 On the application of counsel for the State, Ms Wati was then declared a hostile witness. The judge\rquote s reasons were: \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 I have considered learned counsel\rquote s submission to declare this witness hostile and what the counsel for the defence had to say.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 I have been shown the statement of this witness made and the inconsistencies contained therein.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 I}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 have also noted the demeanour of this witness in the box.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 I am of the view that there is nothing wrong with her memory.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 I am of the view that her departure [from] her statement to the police is due to a hostile animus she bears to the State.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 I therefore will declare her hostile and allow the State to cross}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 examine her. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [54]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Ms Wati proceeded to give evidence in accordance with her police statement, the truth of which she had, minutes before, disavowed.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 She testified that the petitioner had left the house on the day of the murder and when he returned she was washing clothes.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 He then washed his hands, legs and face in the washtub and immediately after that, when she went to the kitchen, she noticed red water in the tub. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [55]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 In cross}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 examination, Ms Wati admitted that she had initially stated that her police statement was not true.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 She now asserted, however, that that statement was true. She later admitted, however, that she could not see the washtub from the kitchen. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [56]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 As with Narayan, there were serious inconsistencies in the evidence of Ms Wati.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid487652 We}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 shall summarise them.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 In court, she first said that she did not recall what occurred on the on the day of the murder and, on that day, she did not see the petitioner leaving the house. She later gave directly contrary evidence. She first stated in her police stat ement that she saw red water in the wash tub after the petitioner had washed in it, she said in evidence in chief that her police statement was not true, she then testified that it was true and finally admitted that she could not see the washtub from the kitchen where she said she had been when she saw the water run red in it.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [57]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid487652 These inconsistencies, too, we}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 re capable }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid487652 of }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 materially undermin}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid487652 ing}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Ms Wati\rquote s testimony.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Significantly, she gave no explanation for her vacillating}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid487652 evidence}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 and opposing versions. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Defects in the charge to the assessors \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid3818317 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [58]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan\rquote s testimony was open to serious question by reason of the sworn }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 s}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 tatement he purported to make (exhibit J). Not only did that document appear on its face to be an affidavit sworn in the presence of a commissioner of oaths, but Narayan gave two conflicting versions for having signed it.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The first was that he signed it because he did not know its true contents, and thought that it related only to, and would assist him in, his bail application.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The second was that he signed it because of the threats made by the petitioner against him and his family and his home.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 These inconsistencies materially undermined Narayan\rquote s credibility.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 They called for specific comment by the judge.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 No such comment was made. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [59]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 There is no inflexible rule that assessors should be instructed that the evidence of a witness (such as Ms Wati), who is declared hostile, should be regarded as unreliable (}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 R v Zorad}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 at 771).}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 But, where}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 inconsistencies that lead to such a declaration bein g made bear a significant relationship to the issues determinative of guilt (as was the case with Ms Wati), fairness requires the judge, at least, to draw the inconsistencies to the assessors\rquote attention and to warn them that they should give particular attention to the reliability of the witness concerned.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 This, his Lordship did not do. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid487652 [60]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The general remarks the judge made as to inconsistencies were quite inadequate to deal with the very serious questions that had arisen as to the credibility of the two crucial witnesses, Narayan and Ms Wat}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 i}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 .}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The omission to identify and explain the inconsistencies in an appropriate way was a fundamental error in the charge to the assessors. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [61]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 There were other problems with the judge\rquote s charge. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [62]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The evidence of the two police officers that the petitioner made a casual remark indicating that he knew that Mrs Devi was menstruating on the day of the murder was also open to question in at least two respects.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 These are: \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 { \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It is well}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 recognised that a heavy practical b urden is involved in raising a reasonable doubt as to the truthfulness of police evidence of unrecorded confessional statements: }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 McKinney v The Queen}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 (1991) 171 CLR 468 at 475.}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 In the context of the police evidence in the circumstances of this case it is sufficient to say that }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 police witnesses are usually practi}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 s}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 ed witnesses and it is not an easy matter to determine}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 whether}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 a practised witness is telling the truth}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 .}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 McKinney v The Queen}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 at 476. \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid487652 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 { \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The police evidence as to what the petitioner said was remark ably similar. The similarity was remarkable not least because it took both police officers some two and a half years to remember the petitioner\rquote s comment and its significance}{ \f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid3818317 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [63]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 This is not the case to consider whether}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid487652 , in Fiji,}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 a full}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 scale }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 McKinney}{\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 type warning needs to be given whenever there is contested unrecorded police evidence of confessional statements.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 } {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It is sufficient to say that, having regard to the importance of the police evidence in this particular case, the judge needed to make some ap propriate comments about that evidence.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It would have been appropriate for the judge to draw the assessors \rquote attention to the two stated respects in which the police evidence was open to question.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The comments needed to appear as emanating from the judge, himself, with the weight and force of judicial authority and not merely as remarks by the judge in the course of his Lordship acting as a conduit of counsel\rquote s arguments.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The judge, however, made no such comments. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [64]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 We have pointed out the questionable aspects of Narayan\rquote s statutory declaration, exhibit J.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 From Narayan\rquote s evidence it appeared that the two prison officers who were present when Akbar discussed the statement with Narayan should have been able to throw important light on what had occurred.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Narayan was a State witness and, in these particular circumstances, fairness required the judge to draw the attention of the assessors to the State\rquote s unexplained omission to call the two prison officers. He did not do so. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [65]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 We repeat that the judge said: \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Remember that the defence does not have to prove that this witness or any other witness was a liar.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 It only has to create a reasonable doubt.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The prosecution must satisfy you of the credibility of each witness. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [66]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The statement that the defence }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 only has to create a reasonable doubt}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid487652 was}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 an erroneous } {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid487652 qualification}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 of the onus of proof.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The defence is not required to }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 create}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 anything; the prosecution must prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [67]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The judge, in other parts of his charge, directed the assessors quite properly as to the standard of proof and, having regard to the charge as a whole, the assessors might have regarded the statement that the defence was required to }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 create a reasonable doubt}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 as a slip of the tongue to be treated as having no significance.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Against the background, however, of the judge \rquote s omission to deal adequately with the serious inconsistencies in the evidence of the important prosecution witnesses, the judge\rquote s incorrect statement as to the onus of proof }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid487652 was}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 capable of having affected the assessors\rquote deliberations. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [68]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 In the course of his charge, the judge said: \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid3818317 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid487652 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 But before you look for corroboration, you must accept the evidence of Shalendra Narayan as being the truth or else there is nothing to corroborate. \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 \par [69]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 This statement is unfortunate in two respects.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Firstly, it suggests that the task of determining whether corroboration exists is a two}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 -}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 stage process (first, examining the evidence of the accomplice in order to decide whether he is telling the truth and, seco ndly, taking up the question of corroboration itself without reference to the credibility of the accomplice).}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 That approach is incorrect.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The task of deciding whether the evidence is corroborated is a holistic exercise and should not be segmented.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The exercise is correctly described in the rest of his Lordship\rquote s directions as to corroboration that we have quoted above.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Secondly, the judge\rquote s statement is capable of suggesting that, were the assessors to decide that the evidence of the accomplice, looked at o n its own, was true, they could ignore the need to examine the question whether reliable corroborative evidence exists.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 That, again, is incorrect, is potentially unfair to the accused person, and ignores the holistic approach to the issue that the law requires. \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [70]\tab }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid487652 There may of course be cases in which an accomplice\rquote s evidence is so inherently incredible that it cannot be rescued by any corroborating evidence and will be rejected by the assessors without further ado.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid487652 It may be that that was what his Lordship meant \endash that the assessors must first decide whether the accomplice\rquote s evidence was capable of belief and then}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid487652 whether, having regard to the corroborating evidence, it was true.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid487652 That was not what he told them.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [71]\tab }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15290625\charrsid487652 We have not in these reasons referred to the judgment of the Court of Appeal.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15290625\charrsid487652 The reason for this is that in their reasons for judgment they make no mention of the defects in the judge\rquote s charge to the assessors that we have identified.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9249367\charrsid487652 Some of these defects were raised by Mr Singh before the Court of Appeal, others emerged during the course of argument before this Court.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15290625\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Conclusion \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [72]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 For the reasons we have stated, }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid487652 special }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 leave to appeal }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid487652 is}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 granted and the appeal allowed. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [73]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 The orders of the Court of Appeal dismissing the petitioner\rquote s appeal }{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid487652 are}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 set aside and the conviction of the petitioner is quashed. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [74]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Counsel for the petitioner sought only an order for a new trial.}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 A retrial is ordered. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid487652 \b\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid487652 [75]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 Of course, the question whether there is to be a retrial is a matter within the s ole discretion of the Director of Public Prosecutions.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 No doubt the Director will have due regard to the inconsistencies in the evidence of the State witnesses recounted in these reasons}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid487652 ,}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 and to the time that has elapsed since the murder}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid487652 ,}{ \b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 when exercising that discretion.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid487652 }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 \f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 Hon Justice Daniel V Fatiaki \par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 President of the Supreme Court \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 Hon Justice Robert French \par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 Judge of the Supreme Court \par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14233705\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 Hon Justice David Andrew Ipp \par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 Judge of the Supreme Court \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid487652 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12606489\charrsid487652 \par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7303885\charrsid487652 S}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 olicitors:}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14233705\charrsid487652 \par }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7303885\charrsid3818317 \par }{\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 A K Singh Law, Nausori for the Petitioner \par Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, Suva for the Respondent \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7303885\charrsid487652 \par }\pard \s16\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3818317 {\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14233705\charrsid487652 CAV0007U.05S}{ \b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid487652 \par }}