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\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid15545609 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF the FIJI ISLANDS
\par AT SUVA
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\par }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid15545609 THE COMMISSIONER OF POLICE
\par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid15545609 First Respondent
\par 
\par AND:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609\charrsid15545609 
\par 
\par }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid15545609 THE COMMISSIONER OF PRISONS
\par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid15545609 Second Respondent
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\par AND:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609\charrsid15545609 
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\par }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid15545609 THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
\par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid15545609 Third Respondent
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\par Coram:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609\charrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid15545609 The Hon Justice Robert French, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice Kenneth Handley, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice David Andrew Ipp, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid15545609 
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\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid15545609 Monday, 16}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid15545609 th October 2006, Suva
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\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid678096\charrsid15545609 J Cameron }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid15545609 for the}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609  Appellant}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid678096\charrsid15545609 L Daunivalu }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid15545609 for the Respondent}{
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\par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid15545609 Date of}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609\charrsid15545609  }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid15545609 Judgment}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609\charrsid15545609 : }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid15545609 Thursday, 19th October 2006, Suva
\par 
\par }\pard \s1\qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid15545609 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
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\par [1]\tab }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 This is an appeal, by leave granted by the Court of Appeal under section 122(2)(a) of the Constitution, }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 from}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609  the dismissal of the appellant\rquote 
s appeal to that Court from the decision of Scott J who dismissed her action for }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 damages under the Compensation t}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 o Relative}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 s}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609  Act.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 
The appellant is the widow of C}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 orporal}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 Raj Kumar }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 (the deceased) }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 who was killed by an escaped prisoner on 8 August. The prisoner, Alifereti Nimacere, escaped }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2163376\charrsid15545609 from prison }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 with others du}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 ring the general breakdown of law and }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 order which followed the takeover o
f the Parliament by George Speight and his confederates on 19 May 2000.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 
\par [2]\tab Following their escape Nimacere and his fellow escapees acquired a pistol and three M16 rifles.
\par 
\par [3]\tab }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 The deceased}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 was }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 in uniform }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 on duty at Nausori Police Station on the night of 7 A}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 ugust.}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 About midnight he told C}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 onstable Ali that they had to drive police vehicle F25 to Sawani.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 On arrival they were approached by }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 an Army S}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 ergeant who asked them to drive him and }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609 three}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609  armed soldiers to the Qiolevu road block to look for }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 a }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 missing vehicle and some armed }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7829363\charrsid15545609 insurgents}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid15545609 .
\par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 
\par [4]\tab After waiting at Qiolevu road block the police vehicle, with the sold}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 iers, was driven along Qiolevu R}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 oad for about 6 km until they came upon the missing vehicle.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 When one of the soldiers got out of the police }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 vehicle shots were fired}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 .}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 
Everyone in the police vehicle got out and took cover except }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 the deceased}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 .}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 He }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid15545609 
was in the middle of the front seat and }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 was captured and killed by Nimacere.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 
\par 
\par [5]\tab Scott J held that the Commissioner of Police did not }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609 owe a }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 duty }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609 of }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 care to }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609 the deceased }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 in the situation which existed }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609 th}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2163376\charrsid15545609 at night}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 and in any event the plaintiff had failed to establish negligence}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609  by that defendant}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 .}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 He also held that the Commissioner of Prisons did not }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609 owe a }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 duty to }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609 the deceased,}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609  and in any event the plaintiff had failed to establish negligence
}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609  by that defendant}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 .}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 
\par 
\par [6]\tab }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609 The }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 
Court of Appeal first considered the claim against the Commissioner of Prisons.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 
In accordance with }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 Home Office }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 v}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 Dors}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 e}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609 t Yacht Co}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609  Ltd}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid15545609  [1970]}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609  AC 1004 }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609 (}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609 Dorset}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609 Yacht}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609 ) }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 they }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609 held that a }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 duty of care could be owed by the Commissioner to persons}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 :}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609  [34]}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609  
}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 in }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid15545609 s
}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 ufficient }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 pr}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 oximity to be likely to be injured }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 or to }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 sustain loss as a result of}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 the escape of a prisoner.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 " }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 They also held:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2163376\charrsid15545609  [39] that }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2163376\charrsid15545609 the duty}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 
 was confined in terms of vicinity and time}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 , that }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 constraints of time and place will be strictly imposed }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 , and that the scope of potential liability was n}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 arrow}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 .
\par 
\par [7]\tab They concluded:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 [39] that the two months }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 or more }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 that }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 had elapsed since the escape, and}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609  the substantial distance between }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2163376\charrsid15545609 the}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 
prison}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 and Qiolevu meant that the deceased}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 \rquote s}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609  injuries occurred at a time }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 and place too remote }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 from }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 the escape}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 to attract a duty of care.
\par 
\par [8]\tab }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 They also held that P}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 rison authorities d}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 o}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609  not }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 owe a }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 duty to }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 the whole world}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 , and there was nothing to indicate that the deceased was }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 a likely and }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid15545609 foreseeable target}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid15545609  of the escaped prisoner so as to establish a special duty owed to him.}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 They}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid15545609 
 concluded:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609  [39]:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid15545609  
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15545609 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid15545609 \'85. there is no ev}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 idence [that the prisoner had a}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid15545609 ] propensity }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 to }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid15545609 violence }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid15545609 nor any evidence that }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid15545609 
he presented a particular risk to members of the police let alone to Mr Kumar individually.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid15545609 
\par [9}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 ]\tab The Court of Appeal held}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 : [45]}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609  }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 
that the Commissioner of Police could owe a duty of care to his police officers in particular circumstances}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 , and }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 [}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 46}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 ] }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 that a duty existed}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609  }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 not to expose the deceased }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 to }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 an un}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 necessary or avoidable risk where the nature and extent of that risk could be foreseen and precautions taken to avoid it.}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 
\par 
\par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 [10]\tab They }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 said that there was no evidence that the Commissioner could }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 have }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 foreseen the situation that developed that night, or that any inst}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 ructions}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609  could have prevented }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 the death }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 of the deceased}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 .}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609  They therefore concluded th}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 at}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609  }{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7829363\charrsid15545609 the }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 plaintiff had not established any bre}{
\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 ach of duty by the Commissioner}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 .
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 Commissioner of Prisons
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 [11]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 \tab 
Counsel for the plaintiff did not call any evidence to establish how Nimacere and his fellow escapees escaped, when they did, or even the prison from which they escaped.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 He called a court officer who produced}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609  High Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 record of the trial of three of Nimacere
\rquote s associates for the murder of the deceased and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609  sold}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid15545609 i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 er, but this was not made an exhibit (High Court }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 R}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 ecord page 29).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 
\par [12]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 The w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 itness also produced a copy of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 the judgment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 
 of the High Court Judge at that trial (not the summing up), }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 rema
rks on sentence, and the statement of agreed facts at that trial.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 Th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 ese}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609  became exhibit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609  1, 2, 3 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid15545609 R}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 ecord page 29).}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 Although th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609 ese}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609  documents comprise only 8 pages they were not reproduced in the Supreme Court Record, and Mr Cameron, counsel for the appellant,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609  (who did not appear at the trial)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609  informed us that he did not rely on them. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 ounsel for the defendants at the trial}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 admitted }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 that the esca}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 pees killed Mr Kumar}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609  and }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 the causes and circumstances }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 of death are not in dispute.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609  (R}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 ecord page}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7829363\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 28).
\par 
\par [13]\tab The appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid15545609 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 s case against }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 this}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 respondent is based on the proposition 
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609 at the escape of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609  prisoner from lawful custody, unless explained}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 , }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609 is evidence of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609  negligence on the part of the Prison S}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609 ervice.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609 Mr Cameron also}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12081506\charrsid15545609  invoked the principle e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609 nshr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12081506\charrsid15545609 i}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609 ne}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609  or }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 obscured}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609 by}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  Latin }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 maxim}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609 R}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 e}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 s}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 Ipsa}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 Loquitur}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609  (proof of an escape, without more, speaks for itself, and is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 evidence}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609  of negligence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 ). }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609 
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 [14]\tab We cannot acc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid15545609 ept }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 
these arguments. Proof of the means of escape from prison in normal times might }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid15545609 establish a }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid15545609 prime facie}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid15545609 case of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609  negligence on the part of the P}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid15545609 rison }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid15545609 ervice. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 In }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 Scott v. London and St Katherine Docks Co}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609  (1865) 159 ER 665, 667 Erle CJ delivering the judgment of the Court of Exchequer Chamber said that the maxim applied }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 where\'85 the accident is such as in the ordinary course of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 things does}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 not happen if those who have the management use proper care.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 " }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 However,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 
 the situation which prevailed following the breakdown of law and order after George Speight and his confederates }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 seized }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 the Parliament }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 were not }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid15545609 the ordinary course of things.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 
In that situation proof of an }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 escape without more cannot possibly establish a }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 prim}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 a}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609  facie}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609  case of negligence by the P
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 rison}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609  Service}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 . }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 
\par [15]\tab The breakdown of law and order may have extended to the prisons and prison officers may have refused to do their duty.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 
If so, they may, as result, have acted outsid}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 e the scope of their employment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609  so as to exclude the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 vicarious liability of the P}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 rison }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 S}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 ervice for their acts and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 om}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 issions.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 T}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 here may have been absolutely nothing that the Commissioner and his senior officers could have done to prevent the escape.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 [16]\tab The S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 
tate is not generally liable in damages to those who suffered personal injuries or property damage following the breakdown of law and order in Fiji in May 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 The law would lack coherence if the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 
ourts created a limited exception for injuries and damage inf}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 li}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 cted by prisoners who }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 escaped }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 at that time.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 [17]\tab In our judgment therefore the appellant failed to establish a }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 prima}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609  facie}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 case of negligence, and }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 in these circumstances }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 the fact that the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 C}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 ommissioner called no evidence, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609 where}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 facts were peculiarly within his knowledge, cannot assist the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 We therefore agree with the Court of Appeal that the claim against the Commissioner of Prisons fails on this ground }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609 which}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid15545609 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609  in any event}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 raise}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609  no}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10760636  question of general principle.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 
\par 
\par [18]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 ince the Court of Appeal granted leave to appeal we will also consider the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13582102\charrsid15545609 duty question. }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 Dorset}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609  Yacht}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 [1970] AC }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 1004 i}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 s authority for the proposition that in England there are some circumstances in which }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 the prison authorities will }
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 owe a duty of care to third parties who ma}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 y}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 
 be injured in person or property}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 as the resul}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 
t of the criminal activities of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  escaped prisoners}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 .}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 
 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 Lord Reid}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  held that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 a mere for}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 eseeable possibility}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609  of loss or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  damage was not enough }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 
to create a duty }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 0}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 0), and recovery was only available where }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 
loss or damage }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 was something }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 very likely to happen}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 1030}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 ).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 Lord Morris}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  said (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 1034)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609  that }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 the risk of damage was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 gla}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 ring}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 ly}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  obvious}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 , }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609 and}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  the prison authorities owed }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 
 duty of care to the plaintiff because there was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 a manifest an}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  obvious risk}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 " }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 its}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 property nearby if the prisoners were allowed to escape (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 1035}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 ).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 Later he said that there was a special relation}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609  between the parties}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 because the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 prisoners might well do some damage to property near at hand}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 1039}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 ).
\par 
\par [19]\tab }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 Lord}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 Pearson}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  said th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 at damage}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  to the plaintiff\rquote 
s property }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 was e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 minently}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 foreseeable as likely to happen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  unless care was taken (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 1053}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 
), and he distinguished that case from one }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 where }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 prisoners }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 had completed their escape from control and are fully at large an}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  acting independently}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid15545609  (page 1055).}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 Lord Diplock}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609  said (page }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 1070}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 ):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 T}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 he risk of sustaining damage from the tortious acts of criminals is shared by the public at large.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 It has never been recognised at common law as giving rise to any cause of action against any one but the criminal himself.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  
}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid15545609 It w}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 ould}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 seem arbitra}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 ry}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609  and theref
ore unjust to single out for the special privilege of be}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 ing}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 
 able to recover compensation from the authorities responsible for the prevention of crime a person whose property was damaged by the tortious act of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 a }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 criminal, merely because the damage to him happen}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 ed}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609  to be caused by a criminal who ha}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 d}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 
 escaped from custody before completion of his sentence instead of by one who had been lawfully released or who had been put on probation or given a suspended sentence or who had never been previously apprehended at all.}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 To give rise to a duty on the part o}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 f the}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609  custodian owed to}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609  a}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609  member of }
{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 the}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 
public to take reasonable care to prevent a [prisoner] from escaping from his custody before completion of [his] sentence there should be some relationship between the custod
ian and the person to whom the duty is owed which exposes that person to a particular risk of damage in consequence of that escape which is different in its incidence from the general risk of damage from criminal acts of others which}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609  he}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 shares with all members of the public.}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid13830599 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 [20]\tab Later he said (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 1070}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 ):
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 
What distinguishes a [prisoner] who has escaped from one who has been duly released}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 
from custody, is his liability to recapture, and the distinctive added risk which is}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609  a }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid15545609 
reasonably foreseeable consequence of a failure to exercise due care in preventing him from escaping is the likelihood that in order to elude pursuit immediately }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318026\charrsid15545609 
on the discovery of his absence the escaping [prisoner] may steal or appropriate a}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 nd}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318026\charrsid15545609  damage pr
operty which is situated in the vicinity of the place of}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318026\charrsid15545609 detention from which he has escape}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 d}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318026\charrsid15545609 .}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6038599\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318026\charrsid15545609 [21]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609 In }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609 Hill }{
\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 v.}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609  Chief Constable of }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 
West Yorkshire}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609 [1989] AC 53 the House of Lords considered a claim}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609 that the police owe }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609 duty of care to individual members of the public who suffered injury to person}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609  or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609 property }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 through }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609 the activities of a criminal.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609 Lord Keith}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609  delivering the princi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 pal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609  speech, referred to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7829363\charrsid15545609  }{
\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609 Dorset Yacht}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid15545609 [1970] AC 1004, and (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 at 60}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 62) }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609  the speech of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 Lord Diplock }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 including the passage}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid15545609 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 
 quoted above. He treated that case }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16198517\charrsid15545609 (page 61) a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 authority for the proposition that the duty of the prison authorities to the members of the p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1463961\charrsid15545609 
ublic was limited, and depende}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16198517\charrsid15545609 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609  (page 62) on }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 special characteristics}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609  beyond r
easonable foreseeability of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 likely harm. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 
\par [22]\tab He held that the police owed no duty to an individual who (page 62) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 was }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16198517\charrsid15545609 at no}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609  special distinctive risk}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid15545609 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609  unlike the owners of yachts mo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16198517\charrsid15545609 o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 re}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16198517\charrsid15545609 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609  of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16198517\charrsid15545609 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 the island in the }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12081506\charrsid15545609 Dorse}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 t Yacht}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609  case. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 Lord Keith continued (page 62):}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 
It appears from the passage quoted from the speech of Lord Diplock in the Dorset Yacht case that in his view no liability would rest upon a prison authority, which carelessly allow}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid15545609 
ed}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609  th}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 e}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 
 escape of an habitual criminal, for damage which he subsequently caused, not in the course of attempting to make good }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 his }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 getaway to p}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 ersons at}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 special risk, but in further pursuance of his general criminal career to the person}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609  or}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 property of members of the general public.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 The same rule must apply as regard failure to recapture the criminal before he had time to resume his career.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\i0\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 [}{\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 23}{\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 ]\tab In }{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 State of New South Wales }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 v}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609  Godfrey}{
\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609  [2004] NSW CA113 paras [31,}{\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 
34] Spigelman CJ said:
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \s15\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 
There is no authority which recognises a duty of care to the public at large, beyond the immediate vicinity of the gaol from which an escape occurred.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 Indeed the possibility }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 that}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 
 the Home Office could have been held liable for }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 a }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 burglary committed by the escapee }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 [prisoners] at the}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609  other end of the United Kingdom has been described as \lquote }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 ludicr}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 ous\rquote  (}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 Lam}{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 b}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609  }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 v}{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609  }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 Ca}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 m}{
\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 de}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 n}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609  LBC}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609  [1981] QB 625,647, }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 per }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 Watkins LJ )\'85}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 If Dorset Yacht does represent the law in Australia, }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 its}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 application should}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 ,}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609  in my opinion, be confined to the c}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid15545609 ourse}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 of the escape, where control is capable of being reasserted by the persons who should have prevented the escape.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 No such duty has ever been fo}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 und an encompass conduct 100 km}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 from, }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 and months after, an escape.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15545609 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 [2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 ]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 T}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 he Court of Appeal (Ward P, Eichelbaum and Gallen JJA) said [39] that the decision in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 Godfrey\rquote s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609  case }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 
is unduly restrictive of the principles expressed in the }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 Dorset Yacht}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609  case.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 The remarks of Spigelman CJ should probably be understood as directed to the duty of prison authorities }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 to the public at large}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid15545609 w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 hich was the question in that case.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 So understood they appear to be unexceptionable. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 T}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 he possibility of a special }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 and wi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid15545609 der}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 duty to a particular individual or individuals}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609  is supported by the statement of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 Lord Morris}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609  in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 Dorset Yacht}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609  (page 1039):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 
If a person who is in lawful custod}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 y has made a threat, ac}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 
cepted as seriously intended, that, if he can escape, he will injur}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 e}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 
 X, is it unreasonable to assert that }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 in those circumstances a duty is}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 
 owed to X to take reasonable care to prevent a}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 n}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609  escape?}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 [2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 5}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 ]\tab A court faced with that situation might well consider that the prison authorities }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 were }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 under a special duty to the subject of such threats although he or she lived at a consid
erable distance from the prison. Moreover, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 the principles stated by }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 Lord Diplock}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609  (1070)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609  would also be applicable:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 
To give r}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 i}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 se to a duty on the part of the custodian owed to }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 a}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 
 member of the public to take reasonable care to prevent [a prisoner] from escaping from his custody befor}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 e completion of [his] sentence there }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 should be some relationship between the custodian and the person to whom the duty is owed which exposes that pers
on to a particular risk of damage in consequence of that escape which is different in its incidence}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609  from the }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 general risk of damage }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 for}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 
 criminal acts of others which he shares with all members of the public.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid15545609 [2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 6}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid15545609 ]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 Such a case }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 would }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 not}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 involve}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609  duty}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 to the public at large, or to }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609  member of the public}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 ,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609  but }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 a special duty to a particular person}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 
.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 T}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 
his exception or possible exception does not assist the appellant.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 
The deceased was not targeted by Nimacere, and the risks he faced }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 on the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid15545609 night }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid15545609 in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 q}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 uestion were no different from those faced by other}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 who were present or who had to confront armed insurgents elsewhere.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 As the Court of Appeal said [39] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid15545609 there is no evidence }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 \'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 that the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid15545609 prisoner concerned presented a particular risk to members of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid15545609 the police }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 let alone }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid15545609 to Mr Kumar individually.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid15545609 Accordingly the appellant}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid15545609 s case against the Commissioner of Prisons must fail on th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid15545609  gro}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 und as well.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 The Commissioner of Police
\par }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 [28]\tab The Court of Appeal hel}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609  that the Commissioner}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 could owe a duty of care to his police officers, but that no breach of duty had been established.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 ounsel for the appellant submitted that the Commissioner should have issued }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609  general instruction to police officers, who in Fiji are not armed,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609  that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609  they should avoid situations wher}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609  they might confront armed insurgents, and allow the army to deal with }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 them}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 
Such an instruction he submitted would have allowed the deceased to hand over police vehicle F25 to the army sergeant and either remain at the police post at Sawani, or return home on foot.
\par 
\par [29]\tab Counsel for the appellant also relied on the }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 Health and Safety At Work }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 Act 1996}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 but this does not impose a statutory duty on employers enforceable by }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 an action for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 damages, and the criminal offences it creates are }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 ir}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 relevant. 
\par 
\par [30]\tab The deceased received an instruction from a superior officer to take the police vehicle and proceed from Nausori police station with Constable Ali to the police post at Sawani to pick up an off duty policeman and take him to Navuso [}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 Record }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 page 34]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 O}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 n ar}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 rival at Sawani they were asked, not ordered, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 
to drive an army sergeant and three armed soldiers to the Qiolevu Road block.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 
Thus the police officers proceeded from this point with an armed escort.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 There is no evidence}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609  that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 any of the soldiers could drive the 
police vehicle, and as Constable Ali [Record }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 pages 34,35] and A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 cting }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 uperintendent Singh said [Record page 37] the police officers were duty bound to assist the soldiers. 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13708803\charrsid15545609 [31]\tab }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 A number of reported cases support the view of the Court of Appeal that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 Police A}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 uthorities may }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 owe a duty of care, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 
direct, or vicarious, to persons, including police officers, who suffer}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609  loss or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 
 damage as a result of the negligence of the police.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 In }{
\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 Knightly v. Jo}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 h}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609 ns}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609  [1982] 1 WLR 349 the Court of Appeal held that the Chief Constable of the West Midlan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 ds}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid15545609  Police was liable}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 
for the negligence of a Police Inspector in his control of traffic following an accident in a tunnel as a result of which }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 he plaintiff, a police motor cyclist, was injured.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13708803\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 [32]\tab In }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 Rigby v. Chief Constable of Northam}{
\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 p}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 ton}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 shire}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609  [1985] 1 WLR 1242 Taylor J found that the defendant was liable for the negligence of a Chief S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 
uperintendent in charge of the siege}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 of a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 gunsmith
\rquote s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609  shop that had been broken into by a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid15545609 psychopath}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609  who was shooting from the premises.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 
The Chief Superintendent decided that a gas canister should be fired into the premises to subdue the intruder but }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 he}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 failed to e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 
nsure that fire fighting equipment was on hand before the canister was fired.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 The canister started a fire }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 which }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 severely damaged the shop and the shop owner recovered damages from the police.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 Both cases were cited with approval by Lord Keith in }{
\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 Hill v. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609  [1989] AC 57,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13830599  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 59.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 
\par 
\par [33]\tab In the other case to which we were referred, }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 Costello }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 v }{
\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 Chief Constable of the Northumbria Police}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609  [1999] 1 ALL ER 550}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609  the Court of Appeal held the defendant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 was vicar}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 ously}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609  liable for the failure of a police officer to go to the assistance of a female colleague who was being ass}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 aulted
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609  by }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 woman prisoner. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 
\par 
\par [34]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 However, the most relevant case is }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 Hu}{
\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 gh}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 es v. National Union of Mine}{
\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 w}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 orkers}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid15545609 
 [1991] 4 ALL ER 278.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 The plaintiff, a serving police officer, was required to assist in maintaining order at a 
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 colliery where }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 striking miners were picketing working miners who were being }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 escorted}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  to work.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 The plaintiff was injured when a large}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609  number}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 pi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 ckets}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 surged }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 against}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6038599\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 police line and he was knocked over. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 He}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  alleged that the officer in charge deployed the police negligently so as to expose him to an excessive an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 d}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 avoidable}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  risk of injury.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 May J concluded (page 288):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 
\'85 in my judgment, public policy requires th}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 at}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 
 senior police officers should not generally be liable to the}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 ir}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  subordinates }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 who}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  may be injured by ri}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 o}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid15545609 t}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 ers}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  or the like for on the
 spot operational decisions taken in the course of attempts to control serious public disorder.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 T}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 hat in my judgment, should be the general rule in cases of}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 policing serious public disorders.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 
\par [35]\tab In this case the only instruction from a superior officer to the deceased was to collect an off duty policeman at Sawani }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 and}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 drive him to Navuso (Record page 34). This did not involve }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 looking for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 armed in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 surgents}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  (ditto) and non}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  were encountered on the j
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 ourney to Sawani.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 The decision}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  to drive the soldiers to Navuso and then along the Qiolevu Road w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 as made by the deceased}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 . 
\par 
\par [36]\tab As the Court of Appeal held [45] the obligat}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 ions which the police officers ac}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 cept exposes them to risk}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  in the course of their duty and it w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 
ould}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  be quite unreasonable to impose liability on the Commissioner because an officer was exposed to such }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 a }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 risk.
\par 
\par [3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6038599\charrsid15545609 7}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 ]\tab We therefore agree with the Court of Appeal that no breach of duty by the Commissioner}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  direct or vicarious, was established }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 
and that it would be contrary to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 public policy to recognise }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  duty of care w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 h}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 ere police are seeking to control public disorder.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 
The claim against the Commissioner therefore fails}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid15545609 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609  and the appeal must be dismissed with costs.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid15545609 
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10760636 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid15545609 Hon Justice Robert French
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid15545609 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid15545609 Hon Justice Kenneth Handley
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid15545609 Judge of}{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609  }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid15545609 the Supreme Court
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid15545609 Hon Justice David Andrew Ipp
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid15545609 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid15545609 Solicitors:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid15545609 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid15545609 Maharaj Chandra and Associates, Suva for the Appellant
\par Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, Suva for the Respondents
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15545609\charrsid15545609 
\par }\pard \qr \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15545609 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid15545609 CBV0003U.06S
\par }}