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\b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF the FIJI ISLANDS
\par AT SUVA
\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 
\par CRIMINAL}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466\charrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 APPEAL}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466\charrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 NO. CAV0007OF 2005S
\par (Fiji Court of Appeal No. AAU0016 OF 2004S)
\par 
\par BETWEEN:
\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466\charrsid10823466 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 SWADESH KUMAR SINGH
\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 Petitioner
\par 
\par AND:
\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466\charrsid10823466 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 THE STATE
\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 Respondent
\par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 
\par Coram:}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466\charrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 The Hon Justice Daniel V Fatiaki, President of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice Robert French, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice David Andrew Ipp, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par Hearing:}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466\charrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 Tuesday, 10th October 2006, Suva
\par 
\par Counsel:}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466\charrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 A K Singh for the Petitioner
\par R Gibson for the Respondent
\par 
\par Date of}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466\charrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 Judgment}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466\charrsid10823466 : }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 Thursday, 19th October 2006, Suva
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\par }\pard \s1\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4016713\charrsid10823466 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
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\par [1]\tab }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The Court:}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
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\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The principal issue 
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s conviction on a charge of murdering Mrs Sandhya Devi.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
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\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 At the time of her death, Mrs Devi was a married woman, aged 37 years, living on a rural nati
ve land allotment with her husband and two children. The petitioner was an unemployed man and her neighbour.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 

\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 
\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid10823466 [4]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The petitioner was found guilty of the offence by unanimous decision after a trial before Govind J and three assessors.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum non}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 parole term of 17 years.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The petitioner appealed to the Court of Appeal against his conviction but his appeal was dismissed.
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\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The application for special leave }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 to appeal }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 raise}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 s}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  issue}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 s}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  of importance, namely, the nature of a trial judge\rquote s directions to the assessors }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 
in relation to serious inconsistent statements by prosecution witnesses, the corroboration of accomplice evidence and the late recollection by police witnesses of an implicit admission by the accused.}{
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\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 {
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 On}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 e critical prosecution witness who wa}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 s an accomplice }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 gave}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
 evidence in conflict with what on its face is a previous sworn statement made out of court.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid10823466 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 {
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Another critical prosecution witness }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 wa}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 s declared hostile by reason of her initial testimony in chief being contrary to a police statement she made (which, at that point}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 , she stated}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 wa}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 s not true) and, on cross}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 exami}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 nation by the State, she recanted, asserted her police statement wa}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 s indeed true, and implicate}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 d}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  the accused in the crime.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 {
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 Police witnesses ga}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 
ve virtually identical evidence of unrecorded confessional statements by the accused, the significance of which they first appreciate}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10044443\charrsid10823466 d}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466  more than two years after the accused is arrested.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The State case
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid10823466 [6]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 On 18 April 2001, Mrs Devi\rquote s husband returned home from picking up }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 their}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  children from school.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
He found his wife dead in her bedroom with her throat cut. She had also received two severe wounds in the occipital region where, it was apparent, she had been struck. Entry to the house had not been forced. The only damage in the house was to some beadin
g apparently torn from a curtain hanging in the passage.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Later it was found that the children's bank passbooks together with some loos}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 e cash and fabric were missing.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 

\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid10823466 [7]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 In proving its case, the State, apart from tendering police and forensic evidence, rel
ied on the testimony of three witnesses (Shalendra Narayan, Bimlesh Prasad, alias Pillu, and Ms Maya Wati) all of whom were related to each other and all of whom knew Mrs Devi.
\par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12210698\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid10823466 [8]\tab }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Shalendra Narayan and the petitioner were arrested at about the same time for the murder, but the charge against Narayan was soon withdrawn.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Narayan was a neighbour of the petitioner. He was an eyewitness to the murder and identified the petitioner as the murderer. He was the only witness to do so.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid10823466 [9]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Narayan testified that, 
on the day of the murder, the petitioner told him that he was going to Mrs Devi\rquote s house where he wished to talk to her husband.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The petitioner asked Narayan to go with him and Narayan agreed to do so. They found Mrs Devi washing clothes in a tub.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The petitioner told Narayan that }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 he wanted a fight and revenge}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The petitioner put }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 his}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  hand over Mrs Devi\rquote s mouth and}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13971411\charrsid10823466 ,}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 with the other, }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 hit her on the head with a foot}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 long pipe that he had picked up outside the house.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 She was thereby rendered unconscious. This occurred before she could take any defensive or evasive action. Narayan assisted th}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 e petitioner in carrying Mrs De}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 vi into a bedroom where, eventually, they put her on the floor.}
{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The petitioner lifted her dress and said, }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}
{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 There is a bandage}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
 (indicating that she was menstruating). He touched her private parts, tied a cloth around her mouth, held her head, and cut her throat.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid10823466 [10]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Thereafter, }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 according to Narayan, }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
the petitioner walked into the sitting room and, in so doing, broke some beads hanging from a curtain.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
When returning home, the petitioner told Narayan that, if he opened his mouth, he, the petitioner, would kill Narayan, his wife and his children, and burn his house.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid10823466 [11]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Pillu testified that he knew the petitioner but had not visited him for some time.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5847304\charrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 He was friendly with Mrs Devi and was accustomed to call her }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 sister}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 .}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Narayan was his cousin.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Pillu testified that, on the day of the murder, the petitioner requested him to accompany him to Mrs Devi's home, saying that he wished to have sexual intercourse with her. Pillu said that he refused the petitioner\rquote 
s request. Later that day, the petitioner told Pillu that he, the petitioner, had killed Mrs Devi. The petitioner warned Pillu that if he said anything to anyone about this he would kill Pillu, his wife and his children.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [12]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The police took Pillu into custody at the time of Mrs Devi\rquote s funeral.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 After he had been in custody for two days, he told the police that the petitioner had murdered Mrs Devi.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 He was then released.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [13]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Ms Wati, who was Pillu\rquote 
s aunt, worked for Mrs Devi as a maid. Ms Wati testified that on the day of the murder the petitioner had been away from the house but returned while she was washing clothes in a tub.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 On his return, the petitioner washed his hands, legs
 and face in the tub. Ms Wati noticed that, immediately after the petitioner had finished washing, the water in the tub was red (although no clothes, from which red colouring could have escaped, had been washed).}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [14]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Two police officers testified }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13971411\charrsid10823466 (}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 giving virtually identical evidence}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13971411\charrsid10823466 )}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
that, in the course of casual conversation with the petitioner at a time when he was not a suspect, the petitioner commented, }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  How can anyone have sex with [the victim] while she was having menstruation}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 .}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The significa
nce of this statement was that Mrs Devi was indeed menstruating at the time of her death and it was open to the assessors to infer that the petitioner knew of this fact because he had acted as Narayan had testified.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It was only some two and a half years af
ter the murder, however, that the police officers remembered this unsolicited comment and its significance.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The application to lead fresh evidence
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [15]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
At the commencement of the hearing before this Court, the petitioner applied for leave to adduce further evidence.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The application was dismissed and the Court indicated that it would deliver its reasons for that decision when giving judgment on the application for special leave to appeal and the appeal.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [16]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The well}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 established general rule is that fresh
 evidence will be admitted on appeal if that evidence is properly capable of acceptance, likely to be accepted by the trial court, and is so cogent that, in a new trial, it is likely to produce a different verdict:}{
\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Ratten v The Queen}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  (1974) 131 CLR 510; }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Davies and Cody v}{
\b0\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The King}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 
 (1937) 57 CLR 170.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [17]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
In an application for special leave to appeal or in an appeal to this Court in relation to a criminal matter, the general rule is further qualified by the nature of this Court\rquote s jurisdiction under s 7(2) of the }{
\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Supreme Court Act}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  1998 and this Court\rquote 
s role as ultimate appellate court. Leave will only be granted to lead fresh evidence before this Court if a clear and compelling case is made out, satisfying all the criteria applicable.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [18]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The evidence the petitioner sought to adduce was contained in a statutory declaration purportedly signed by Narayan on 22 November 2003. The declaration states:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
I was forced by police officers ... to give a false statement against [the petitioner] so that he could be put into prison.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
He is innocent.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The actual people who killed Narend's wife are Bimlesh Prasad (Pillu) and Apsai.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 I am saying this because I was there and saw them killing the woman.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 [The petitioner] was not there.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Police told me to blame him.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Since I have been discharged by the High Court for the offence of murder and want to tell the truth that Bimlesh and Apsai killed the woman, not [the petitioner].
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
And the statement which I gave to my lawyer Parvesh Akbar on 02/06/01 is also a true statement and not false as stated in the 17/11/03 statement.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12210698\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [19]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Accompanying this statutory declaration was a letter from the solicitor who attested it.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
According to the letter, the solicitor concerned did not personally know the person signing the document.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The letter states:}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958 
\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The person came with the document for witnessing.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It was not prepared by this office.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
We cannot confirm whether the person who signed was Sarendra Narayan or comment as to the truth or otherwise of the contents.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [20]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The petitioner made an affidavit supporting his application.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 He stated that his wife was an uneducated person who did not know how to read and write English; that aft
er his appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeal, a man came to his wife and handed her the statutory declaration }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 on behalf of Sarendra Narayan}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
; that in December 2005 his wife came to visit him and gave him that declaration; that he asked his wife to hand the declaration to his lawyers but she forgot to do so and misplaced the document.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 According to the petitioner, his wife found the declaration }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 recently}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  and handed it to his lawyer.
\par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [21]\tab }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The declaration of 22 November 2003, if made by Narayan, would be of the utmost importance in determining the guilt or otherwise of the petitioner.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The evidence as to the making of the declaration, however, lacks probative value in that the petitioner's contention that the declaration was in fact made by Narayan is qu
estionable and there is a paucity of detail as to how the declaration came to be made and as to how it came into the possession of the petitioner\rquote s wife.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [22]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Firstly, no attempt was made to call Narayan to testify, or to establish by other evidence that 
Narayan himself made the declaration, even though it was apparent from the letter of the solicitor who attested the declaration that he could not throw any light on this issue.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Narayan testified at trial that he could not read English.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 No explanation was p
roffered how it came about that the declaration was written in English and purported to be signed by Narayan without any evidence that it was translated to him.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [23]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Secondly, the fact that the petitioner's wife is an uneducated person who does not re
ad or write English did not preclude her from making an affidavit explaining how the declaration came to be given to her, how she came to lose it, and how she came to find it.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The petitioner\rquote s assertion that his wife forgot to hand the declaration to the p
etitioner's lawyers and lost it is inherently doubtful, particularly as he must have explained the importance of the document to her.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The omission to give details of the date, time and place where the declaration was handed over, and the identity of the pe
rson who gave the declaration to the petitioner's wife, materially detracts from the cogency of the evidence. The omission to support the application by an affidavit from the petitioner's wife reinforces the lack of cogency.
\par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [24]\tab }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The evidence that the pet
itioner sought to tender did not comply with the criteria for the leading of fresh evidence, generally, let alone the more stringent requirements applicable to the admission of fresh evidence before this Court.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The evidence lacked cogency and plausibility to a material degree.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [25]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 For these reasons, the application to lead fresh evidence was dismissed. 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The need for accomplice warnings
\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [26]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 On the State case, Narayan was an accomplice of the petitioner.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Moreover, Narayan was given immunity from prosecu
tion. These matters required the trial judge to give specific warnings to the assessors.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [27]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The common law requires trial judges to warn of the dangers of convicting on evidence that is potentially unreliable.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Generally the law endeavours to avoid infle
xible rules and leaves it to judges to sum up in the manner best suited to the facts of the particular case. In general, judges should }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 be}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  free to tailor a summing up to the exigencies of the case: }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Carr v R}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  (1988) 165 CLR 314 at 318 \endash  319. 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [28]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 There are, however, categories of cases that require departure from that general rule.
}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 One of these categories is }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 where the evidence suffers from some intrinsic lack of reliability going beyond the mere credibility of a witness}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 : }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Carr}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  at 319.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [29]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
An accomplice, or a witness who might reasonably be supposed to have been criminally concerned in the events giving rise to the prosecution, is accepted as falling within this description: }{
\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Jenkins v R}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 . (2004) 211 ALR 116 at 121 \endash 122.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The law requires a war
ning to be given about the danger of convicting upon the evidence of an accomplice, unless that evidence is corroborated.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The reason for this rule was explained by the High Court of Australia in }{\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Jenkins}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  at 123 [30] as follows:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The rule exists for a reason.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
That reason is related to the potential unreliability of accomplices, an unreliability thought to be so well known in the experience of courts that judges are required, not merely to point it out to jurors, but to tell them that it would be dangerous to
 convict upon the evidence of an accomplice unless it is corroborated.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The principal source of unreliability, although it may be compounded by the circumstances of a particular case, is what is regarded as the natural tendency of an accomplice to minimise the accomplice\rquote 
s role in a criminal episode, and to exaggerate the role of others, including the accused.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Accomplices are regarded by the law as a notoriously unreliable class of witness, having a special lack of objectivity.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The warning to the jury is for the protection of the accused. The theory is that fairness of the trial process requires it. It is a warning that is to be related to the evidence upon which the jury may convict the accused.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The reference to danger is to be accompanied by reference to a need to a need to look for corroboration.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [30]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The High Court went on to say at 124 [32]:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Although the common law rule about accomplice warnings is a rule of law, and although (subject to the provis
o) in the ordinary case the requirement for a warning does not depend upon a request being made by trial counsel, the rule is not so mechanical as to call for a warning in any case in which an accomplice gives any evidence which may be relied upon to esta
blish the prosecution case.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The application of the rule must be related to its purpose, and will require a consideration of the issues as they have emerged from the way in which the case has been conducted}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 .
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [31]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 A further }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 warning was required }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 in this case }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 due to the fact that Narayan was given immunity from prosecution.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The reason that such a warning is required is that a person seeking immunity from prosecution may be tempted to implicate another person falsely in order to achieve his objective.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958 
\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The accomplice warnings 

\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [32]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The trial judge directed the assessors as follows in regard to Narayan\rquote 
s evidence:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Before you consider the evidence of this witness, I wish to give you two directions.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
These directions are not given because I wish to convey to you any view of the credibility of this witness, but because in every such case the law requires that I give you these directions.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The first is that you must treat this witness as an accomplice.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The law says that it is dangerous to convict on the e
vidence of an accomplice, unless it is corroborated, although you may do.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Corroboration means some independent testimony which affects the accused by connecting him or tending to connect him with the crime.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
In other words it must be evidence which implicates him, that is, which confirms in some material particular not only that the crime has been committed, but also that the accused committed it.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
In this case the evidence of Bimlesh alias Pillu relating to t
he conversations with the accused on the 18th, and the evidence of Maya Wati about the accused coming after she had returned from her home and seeing reddish water in the tub, and the evidence of the two police officers about the accused\rquote 
s talking of the deceased\rquote s menstruation are pieces of evidence which are capable of providing corroboration, if you choose to accept those pieces of evidence.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It is for you to decide whether in fact they do corroborate or not.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
But before you look for corroboration, you must accept the evidence of Shalendra Narayan as being the truth or else there is nothing to corroborate.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [33]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The second warning the judge gave concerned the immunity afforded to Narayan.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The judge said:
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The second is that you are aware that this witness was granted immunity.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The grant of immunity is quite legal.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It is not uncommon, and is often given to a lesser player in any crime in order to bring the main perpetrator or perpetrators to justice.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 But it can happen that a person to attract immunity may falsely implicate another person so have a motive for telling lies.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 You must therefore scrutinise his evidence with great care.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 [34]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The judge concluded in regard to Narayan\rquote s evidence:}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3867467\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Ladies and gentleman,
 it is for you to decide whether this important witness was truthful, whether he was trying to minimise his role or whether as Mr Singh suggests an outright liar.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Remember that the defence does not have to prove that this witness or any other witness was a liar.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It only has to create a reasonable doubt.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The prosecution must satisfy you of the credibility of each witness.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The judge\rquote s reference
}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 s}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  to inconsistencies in the evidence of the State witnesses
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [35]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The trial was unusual in that it was interrupted for a lengthy period in the middle. The trial commenced on 1 December 2003 and continued until 4 December 2003.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It was then adjourned to 11 February 2004 and continued from that date until 19 February 2004 w
hen the assessors delivered their verdict. There is no apparent explanation for the adjournment of some two and a half months.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [36]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Because of the duration of the trial and the lengthy adjournment in the middle of it, the judge, after making some preliminary remarks, conscientiously read through the evidence from beginning to end. 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [37]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Defence counsel, in his address, had emphasised particular inconsistencies and other problems in the evidence of Narayan and Ms Wati.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 After reading to the assessors his summary of all the evidence, the judge repeated, }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 
in the same order as counsel, }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 details of the arguments that both counsel had advanced in regard to the case as a whole.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 His Honour, however, did not isolate the specific issues that arose concerning to the cre
dibility of Narayan and Ms Wati}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 ,}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
 made no comments himself on these issues and did not focus the attention of the assessors on the inconsistencies in the evidence of}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466  these two witnesses}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 .
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [38]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The only independent mention the judge made of the inconsistenci
es was early in his charge, when he gave the following general direction:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Of course in any trial there are bound to be some inconsistencies in the evidence of a witness and inconsistency with others.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
You are to ask yourselves did the inconsistency relate to peripheral matters or did the inconsistency go to the core of the witness\rquote s evidence and was it of sufficient significance to affect his or her credibility.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [39]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The judge\rquote 
s charge was reduced to writing and was 30 pages long (in single spacing).}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It to
ok more than two hours to deliver. The last}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
mentioned general direction as to inconsistencies appears on the second page and was given very early in the charge. The judge\rquote s description of the arguments of counsel begins on the 24th page and must have been 
given more than an hour after the general direction as to inconsistencies was made.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The account the judge gave of counsel\rquote s arguments was largely confined to the comments counsel made concerning the various witnesses, and the}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 se}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  references to inconsistencies were diffuse.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The judge did not attempt to link the general direction as to inconsistencies (made at the inception of the charge) with the various defence arguments (
recounted, intermittently, much later in the charge) that were directed to the particular inconsistencies in the evidence of Narayan and Ms Wati.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The inconsistencies in the evidence of Narayan and the need for them to be identified to the assessors
\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [40]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
On 2 June 2001 Narayan made a statutory declaration that became exhibit J at the trial.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
In this declaration he said that on the day of the murder he went to Mrs Devi\rquote s house and, through the window, saw Pillu and a man known as Sai with Mrs Devi in the bedroom.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 He said that Pillu was holding her hair and Sai had a knife in his hand. The knife was }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 full of blood}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
 and there were bloodstains on the clothes of the two men.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Narayan thereupon ran away but the men saw him and called on him to stop.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 He did not do s
o. Later, Sai threatened Narayan and told him that if he reported the matter to the police he would kill Narayan\rquote s wife }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 as well}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 .}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Narayan said that he was afraid of Sai who had once beaten him badly.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Narayan stated that the petitioner did not commit the murder and knew nothing about it.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 He stated that one of Pillu\rquote s in}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 laws was a police officer who had arranged for Pillu to be a prosecution witness and for Narayan and the petitioner to be blamed for the murder.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Narayan stated that he was later severely bea
ten by the police who told him to implicate the petitioner, otherwise they would beat him further.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Narayan concluded the declaration by repeating that Pillu and Sai had murdered Mrs Devi (and not the petitioner).
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [41]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 In the course of his evidence in chie
f, Narayan said that, while in gaol, the petitioner told him that a lawyer by the name of Akbar would come and see him.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 A few days later Narayan was indeed visited by a man called Akbar. Narayan testified that Akbar showed him a document (the statutory declaration \endash 
 exhibit J) and told him that it concerned Narayan\rquote s bail.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Akbar asked him to sign the document and said that it would get him released on bail.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Narayan thereupon signed the document. 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [42]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Narayan said that the document was in English and he co
uld not read English. Therefore, he did not read the document and it was not read to him.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
He said that Akbar did not witness the document in his presence.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [43]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Narayan was cross}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 examined on exhibit J.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
He said that when he signed the declaration, two identified prison officers were present.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
He denied that the document was translated to him in Hindi.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Narayan admitted that, in proceedings before the magistrate, he told the magistrate in relation to exhibit J: 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
I did not read this letter.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It was translated to me in Hindi.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Then left read in the office.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The [prison] officers Ucialevu and Apiusai were present}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [44]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Narayan said that he had lied to the magistrate because the petitioner had threatened him with assault.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
He was asked again why he had lied and he said that the petitioner was threatening to kill him and his family and burn his house.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [45]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Narayan admitted that he told the magistrate that he had been assaulted by a Fijian man but said that he had done so because the petitioner told him to implicate a Fijian man otherwise he would be assaulted.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Narayan testified that the petitioner had asked him to implicate Sai and become a prosecution witness so that they would both be safe.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 He had agreed to this proposal.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [46]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Neither the two prison officers nor Akbar was called to testify.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The evidence contained in exhibit J directly contradicted the oral evidence given by Narayan that he saw the petitioner killing Mrs Devi.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [47]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Exhibit J was not merely an inconsistent statement.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It was an inconsistent statement that purported to be given under oath.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The attestation clause of the declaration read: 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Sworn by the said Narayan at Lautoka this 2nd day of June 2001 in my presence after the contents hereof was[sic] read over and explained to him in the Hindustani language and he appeared fully to understand the meaning and effect thereof: 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 (signed: S Narayan)}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Underneath Narayan\rquote s signature appeared the words, }{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 a commissioner for oaths}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 , }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Parvez Farook Akbar}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 , }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 barrister and solicitor}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 .
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [48]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
There was a pressing need for the judge to identify the inconsistencies in the evidence of the accomplice, Narayan.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 There were several reasons for this.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [49]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The first reason derived from the fact that accomplices are a notoriously unreliable class of witness.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The inherent dangers in the testimony of an accomplice require a trial judge to point out to the assessors any significant inconsistencies in the accomplice\rquote s evidence.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The accomplice warning must not be given in a formalistic or mechanical way.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It 
must relate the knowledge that judicial experience over centuries has accumulated concerning the risks attendant upon accomplice evidence, in general, to the specific evidence given by the accomplice in the particular case.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The judge does not have to go into unnecessary detail.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The criterion is fairness; and fairness demands that inconsistencies that have significant bearing on the credibility of the accomplice be exposed to the assessors. It is no answer that counsel may previously have carried out this task.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Genuine problems that exist in an accomplice\rquote 
s evidence should be communicated to the assessors by the judge with the full authority and force of the judicial office.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [50]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Secondly, in a case that runs as long as this one did, with a break in the midd
le as long as that which occurred here, fairness demanded that the judge bring the crucial issues to the attention of the }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1063537\charrsid10823466 assessors}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  in a focused way.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [51]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Thirdly, where a}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid10823466  witness }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 has made a statement on oath directly inconsistent with evidence he or she 
gives in court }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid10823466 and particularly when that evidence }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 implicat}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid10823466 es}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
 the accused person, the assessors should be informed of the importance of statements made on oath.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
They should also be told that they should be cautious before they accept a}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid10823466  witness}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 \rquote 
s sworn evidence that conflicts with a sworn statement the }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid10823466 witness}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  previously made.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The judge should remind the assessors of the explanations given by the }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid10823466 witness }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 for the earlier sworn statement and instruct them that the}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 evidence in court should be regard
ed as unreliable unless the assessors are satisfied in two particular respects.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Firstly, that the explanations are genuine. Second}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid10823466 ly, that, despite the witness}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
 previously being prepared to swear to the contrary of the version the }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid10823466 witness}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
 now puts forward, he or she is now telling the truth (cf }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Gyan Singh v Reginam}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4997962  [1963]}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  9 FLR 105; }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid10823466 Hari Pal v}{
\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid10823466  }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid10823466 Reginam}{
\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4997962 [1968]}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid10823466  14 FLR 218; }{
\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11028112\charrsid10823466 Bijai}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid10823466  Prasad v Reginam}{
\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid11028112\charrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4997962 [}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid10823466 1984}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4997962 ]}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid10823466  30 FLR 13; }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 R v}{
\b0\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Zorad}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
 [1979] 2 NSWLR 764 at 770}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 771).}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1458602\charrsid10823466 The need for these cautions is particularly acute in the case of a witness who is also an accomplice.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid10823466 
The inconsistencies in Ms Wati\rquote s evidence and the need for them to be identified to the assessors
\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [52]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Prior to the trial, Ms Wati made a statement to the police.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 When she commenced her evidence in chief, she gave evidence directly inconsistent with that statement.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 She said that, on the day of the murder, she did not see the petitioner leaving the house.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 She said that she did not recall fully what occurred on the day of the murder.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 She said that if she were asked about that day she would answer that she could not recall.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Counsel for the prosecution asked her whether the statement she had made to the police was true.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 She said that it was not.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [53]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
On the application of counsel for the State, Ms Wati was then declared a hostile witness. The judge\rquote s reasons were:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
I have considered learned counsel\rquote s submission to declare this witness hostile and what the counsel for the defence had to say.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 I have been shown the statement of this witness made and the inconsistencies contained therein.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 I}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
have also noted the demeanour of this witness in the box.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 I am of the view that there is nothing wrong with her memory.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 I am of the view that her departure [from] her statement to the police is due to a hostile animus she bears to the State.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 I therefore will declare her hostile and allow the State to cross}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 examine her.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [54]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Ms Wati proceeded to give evidence in accordance with her police statement, the truth of which she had, minutes before, disavowed.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 She testified that the petitioner had left the house on the day of the murder and when he returned she was washing clothes.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
He then washed his hands, legs and face in the washtub and immediately after that, when she went to the kitchen, she noticed red water in the tub. 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [55]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 In cross}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 examination, Ms Wati admitted that she had initially stated that her police statement was not true.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 She now asserted, however, that that statement was true. She later admitted, however, that she could not see the washtub from the kitchen.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [56]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 As with Narayan, there were serious inconsistencies in the evidence of Ms Wati.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid10823466 We}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  shall summarise them.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
In court, she first said that she did not recall what occurred on the on the day of the murder and, on that day, she did not see the petitioner leaving the house. She later gave directly contrary evidence. She first stated in her police statem
ent that she saw red water in the wash tub after the petitioner had washed in it, she said in evidence in chief that her police statement was not true, she then testified that it was true and finally admitted that she could not see the washtub from the ki
tchen where she said she had been when she saw the water run red in it.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [57]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid10823466 These inconsistencies, too, we}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 re capable }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid10823466 of }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 materially undermin}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid10823466 ing}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  Ms Wati\rquote s testimony.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Significantly, she gave no explanation for her vacillating}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid10823466  evidence}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  and opposing versions.

\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Defects in the charge to the assessors
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [58]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Narayan\rquote s testimony was open to serious question by reason of the sworn }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 s}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
tatement he purported to make (exhibit J). Not only did that document appear on its face to be an affidavit sworn in the presence of a commissioner of oaths, but Narayan gave two conflicting versions for having signed it.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The first was that he signed it because he did not know its true contents, and thought that it related only to, and would assist him in, his bail application.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The second was that he signed it because of the threats made by the petitioner against him and his family and his home.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 These inconsistencies materially undermined Narayan\rquote s credibility.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 They called for specific comment by the judge.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 No such comment was made.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [59]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 T
here is no inflexible rule that assessors should be instructed that the evidence of a witness (such as Ms Wati), who is declared hostile, should be regarded as unreliable (}{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
R v Zorad}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  at 771).}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
But, where}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 inconsistencies that lead to such a declaration being 
made bear a significant relationship to the issues determinative of guilt (as was the case with Ms Wati), fairness requires the judge, at least, to draw the inconsistencies to the assessors\rquote 
 attention and to warn them that they should give particular attention to the reliability of the witness concerned.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 This, his Lordship did not do.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7824459\charrsid10823466 [60]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The general remarks the judge made as to inconsistencies were quite inadequate to deal with the very serious questions that had arisen as to the credibility of the two crucial witnesses, Narayan and Ms Wat}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 i}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 .}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The omission to identify and explain the inconsistencies in an appropriate way was a fundamental error in the charge to the assessors.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [61]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 There were other problems with the judge\rquote s charge.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [62]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The evidence of the two police officers that the petitioner made a casual remark indicating that he knew that Mrs Devi was menstruating on the day of the murder was also open to question in at least two respects.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 These are:
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 {
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It is well}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 recognised that a 
heavy practical burden is involved in raising a reasonable doubt as to the truthfulness of police evidence of unrecorded confessional statements: }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 McKinney v The Queen}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  (1991) 171 CLR 468 at 475.}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
In the context of the police evidence in the circumstances of this case it is sufficient to say that }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
police witnesses are usually practi}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 s}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 ed witnesses and it is not an easy matter to determine}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 whether}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 a practised witness is telling the truth}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 .}{
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 McKinney v The Queen}{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  at 476.
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid10823466 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \f3\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 {
\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The police evidence as to what the petitioner said was remarkably similar. The similarity was remarkable not least because it took both police officers some two and a half years to remember the petitioner\rquote s comment and its significance.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [63]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 This is not the case to consider whether}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid10823466 , in Fiji,}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  a full}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 scale }{\i\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 McKinney}{\b0\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 type warning needs to be given whenever there is contested unrecorded police evidence of confessional statements.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
It is sufficient to say that, having regard to the importance of the police evidence in this particular case, the judge needed to make some appropriate comments about that evidence.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It would have been appropriate for the judge to draw the assessors\rquote  attention to the two stated respects in which the police evidence was open to question.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The comments needed to appear as emanating from the judge, himself, with the weight and force of judicial authority and not merely as remarks by the judge in the course of his Lordship acting as a conduit of counsel\rquote s arguments.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The judge, however, made no such comments.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [64]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 We have pointed out the questionable aspects of Narayan\rquote 
s statutory declaration, exhibit J.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 From Narayan\rquote s evidence it appeared that the two prison offi
cers who were present when Akbar discussed the statement with Narayan should have been able to throw important light on what had occurred.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Narayan was a State witness and, in these particular circumstances, fairness required the judge to draw the attention of the assessors to the State\rquote 
s unexplained omission to call the two prison officers. He did not do so.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [65]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 We repeat that the judge said:
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Remember that the defence does not have to prove that this witness or any other witness was a liar.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 It only has t
o create a reasonable doubt.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The prosecution must satisfy you of the credibility of each witness.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [66]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The statement that the defence }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 only has to create a reasonable doubt}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid10823466 was}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
 an erroneous }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid10823466 qualification}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  of the onus of proof.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The defence is not required to }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 create}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
 anything; the prosecution must prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [67]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
The judge, in other parts of his charge, directed the assessors quite properly as to the standard of proof and, having regard to the charge as a whole, the assessors might have regarded the statement that the defence was required to }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 create a reasonable doubt}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 "}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  as a slip of the tongue to be treated as having no significance.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Against the background, however, of the judge\rquote s omission to deal a
dequately with the serious inconsistencies in the evidence of the important prosecution witnesses, the judge\rquote s incorrect statement as to the onus of proof }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid10823466 was}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  capable of having affected the assessors\rquote  deliberations.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [68]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 In the course of his charge, the judge said:
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\i\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
But before you look for corroboration, you must accept the evidence of Shalendra Narayan as being the truth or else there is nothing to corroborate.
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 
\par [69]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 This statement is unfortunate in two respects.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Firstly, it suggests that the task of determining whether corroboration exists is a two}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466 -}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 stage process (first, examining the evidence of the accomplice in order to decide whether he is telling the truth and, secondly, taking up the question of corroboration
 itself without reference to the credibility of the accomplice).}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 That approach is incorrect.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The task of deciding whether the evidence is corroborated is a holistic exercise and should not be segmented.}
{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The exercise is correctly described in the rest of his Lordship\rquote 
s directions as to corroboration that we have quoted above.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Secondly, the judge\rquote 
s statement is capable of suggesting that, were the assessors to decide that the evidence of the accomplice, looked at on its own, was true, they could ignore the need to examine the question whether reliable corroborative evidence exists.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
That, again, is incorrect, is potentially unfair to the accused person, and ignores the holistic approach to the issue that the law requires.
\par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [70]\tab }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid10823466 There may of course be cases in which an accomplice\rquote 
s evidence is so inherently incredible that it cannot be rescued by any corroborating evidence and will be rejected by the assessors without further ado.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid10823466 It may be that that was what his Lordship meant \endash  that the assessors must first decide whether the accomplice\rquote s evidence was capable of belief and then}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid10823466  whether, having regard to the corroborating evidence, it was true.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15691575\charrsid10823466 That was not what he told them.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [71]\tab }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15290625\charrsid10823466 We have not in these reasons referred to the judgment of the Court of Appeal.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15290625\charrsid10823466 The reason for this is that in their reasons for judgment they make no mention of the defects in the judge\rquote s charge to the assessors that we have identified.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid9249367\charrsid10823466 Some of these defects were raised by Mr Singh before the Court of App
eal, others emerged during the course of argument before this Court.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid15290625\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Conclusion
\par }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [72]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 For the reasons we have stated, }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13204013\charrsid10823466 special }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 leave to appeal }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid10823466 is}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  granted and the appeal allowed.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [73]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 The orders of the Court of Appeal dismissing the petitioner\rquote s appeal }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid10823466 are}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  set aside and the conviction of the petitioner is quashed.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [74]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 Counsel for the petitioner sought only an order for a new trial.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 A retrial is ordered. 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10823466 \b\f45\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4730595\charrsid10823466 [75]\tab }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
Of course, the question whether there is to be a retrial is a matter within the sole discretion of the Director of Public Prosecutions.}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 No doubt the Director will have due regard to the inconsistencies in the evidence of the State witnesses recounted in these reasons}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid10823466 ,}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  and to the time that has elapsed since the murder}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14628857\charrsid10823466 ,}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466  when exercising that discretion.}{
\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid10823466  }{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 \f45\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6712958\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 Hon Justice Daniel V Fatiaki
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 President of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 Hon Justice Robert French
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \s16\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14233705\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 Hon Justice David Andrew Ipp
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12606489\charrsid10823466 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7303885\charrsid10823466 S}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 olicitors:}{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14233705\charrsid10823466 
\par }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7303885\charrsid10823466 
\par }{\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 A K Singh Law, Nausori for the Petitioner
\par Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, Suva for the Respondent
\par }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7303885\charrsid10823466 
\par }\pard \s16\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10823466 {\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14233705\charrsid10823466 CAV0007U.05S}{
\b\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4746398\charrsid10823466 
\par }}