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}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid16473708 \par AND:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708\charrsid16473708 \par \par }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid16473708 THE COMMISSIONER OF POLICE \par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid16473708 First Respondent \par \par AND:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708\charrsid16473708 \par \par }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid16473708 THE COMMISSIONER OF PRISONS \par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid16473708 Second Respondent \par \par AND:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708\charrsid16473708 \par \par }{\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid16473708 THE ATTORNEY GENERAL \par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid16473708 Third Respondent \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 \par Coram:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708\charrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 The Hon Justice Robert French, Judge of the Supreme Court \par The Hon Justice Kenneth Handley, Judge of the Supreme Court \par The Hon Justice David Andrew Ipp, Judge of the Supreme Court \par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid16473708 \par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 Hearing:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708\charrsid16473708 Mo}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid16473708 nday, 16}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 th October 2006, Suva \par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid16473708 \par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 Counsel:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708\charrsid16473708 }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid678096\charrsid16473708 Cameron }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 for the}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 Appellant}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 \par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid678096\charrsid16473708 L Daunivalu }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 for the Respondent}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 s}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 \par \par Date of}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708\charrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 Judgment}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708\charrsid16473708 : }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 Thursday, 19th October 2006, Suva \par \par }\pard \s1\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid3036930\charrsid16473708 [1]\tab }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 This is an appeal, by leave granted by the Court of Appeal under section 122(2)(a) of the Constitution, }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 from}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 the dismissal of the appellant\rquote s appeal to that Court from the decision of Scott J who dismissed her action for }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 damages under the Compensation t}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 o Relative}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 s}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 Act.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 The appellant is the widow of C}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 orporal}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 Raj Kumar }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 (the deceased) }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 who was killed by an escaped prisoner on 8 August. The prisoner, Alifereti Nimacere, escaped }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2163376\charrsid16473708 from prison }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 with others du}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 ring the general breakdown of law and }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 order which follow ed the takeover of the Parliament by George Speight and his confederates on 19 May 2000.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 \par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 \par [2]\tab Following their escape Nimacere and his fellow escapees acquired a pistol and three M16 rifles. \par \par [3]\tab }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 The deceased}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 was }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 in uniform }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 on duty at Nausori Police Station on the night of 7 A}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 ugust.}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 About midnight he told C}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 onstable Ali that they had to drive police vehicle F25 to Sawani.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 On arrival they were approached by }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 an Army S}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 ergeant who asked them to drive him and }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 three}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 armed soldiers to the Qiolevu road block to look for }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 a }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 missing vehicle and some armed }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7829363\charrsid16473708 insurgents}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2455646\charrsid16473708 . \par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 \par [4]\tab After waiting at Qiolevu road block the police vehicle, with the sold}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 iers, was driven along Qiolevu R}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 oad for about 6 km until they came upon the missing vehicle.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 When one of the soldiers got out of the police }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 vehicle shots were fired}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 .}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 Everyone in the police vehicle got out and took cover except }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 the deceased}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 .}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 He }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid1914800\charrsid16473708 was in the middle of the front seat and }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 was captured and killed by Nimacere.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 \par \par [5]\tab Scott J held that the Commissioner of Police did not }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 owe a }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 duty }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 of }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 care to }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 the deceased }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 in the situation which existed }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 th}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2163376\charrsid16473708 at night}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 and in any event the plaintiff had failed to establish negligence}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 by that defendant}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 .}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 He also held that the Commissioner of Prisons did not }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 owe a }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 duty to }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 the deceased,}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 and in any event the plaintiff had failed to establish negligence }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 by that defendant}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 .}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 \par \par [6]\tab }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 The }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 Court of Appeal first considered the claim against the Commissioner of Prisons.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 In accordance with }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 Home Office }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 v}{ \i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 Dors}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 e}{ \i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 t Yacht Co}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 Ltd}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid14048835\charrsid16473708 [1970]}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 AC 1004 }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 (}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 Dorset}{\b0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 Yacht}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 ) }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 they }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 held that a }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 duty of care could be owed by the Commissioner to persons}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16663932 :}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 [34]}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 " }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 in }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12269195\charrsid16473708 s}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 ufficient }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 pr}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 oximity to be likely to be injured }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 or to }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 sustain loss as a result of}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 the escape of a prisoner.}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 " }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 They also held:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2163376\charrsid16473708 [39] that }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2163376\charrsid16473708 the duty}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 was confined in terms of vicinity and time}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 , that }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 constraints of time and place will be strictly imposed }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 , and that the scope of potential liability was n}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 arrow}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 . \par \par [7]\tab They concluded:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 [39] that the two months }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 or more }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 that }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 had elapsed since the escape, and}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 the substantial distance between }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2163376\charrsid16473708 the}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 prison}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 and Qiolevu meant that the deceased}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 \rquote s}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 injuries occurred at a time }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 and place too remote }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 from }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 the escape}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 to attract a duty of care. \par \par [8]\tab }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 They also held that P}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 rison authorities d}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 o}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 not }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 owe a }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 duty to }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 the whole world}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 , and there was nothing to indicate that the deceased was }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 a likely and }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid16473708 foreseeable target}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid16473708 of the escaped prisoner so as to establish a special duty owed to him.}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 They}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid16473708 concluded:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 [39]:}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid16473708 \par \par }\pard\plain \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16473708 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid16473708 \'85. there is no ev}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 idence [that the prisoner had a}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid16473708 ] propensity }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 to }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid16473708 violence }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221958\charrsid16473708 nor any evidence that }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid16473708 he presented a particular risk to members of the police let alone to Mr Kumar individually.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard\plain \s1\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 \b\f37\fs24\ul\lang3081\langfe1033\kerning28\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid12468853\charrsid16473708 \par [9}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 ]\tab The Court of Appeal held}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 : [45]}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 that the Commissioner of Police could owe a duty of care to his police officers in particular circumstances}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 , and }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 [}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 46}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 ] }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 that a duty existed}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 not to expose the deceased }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 to }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 an un}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 necessary or avoidable risk where the nature and extent of that risk could be foreseen and precautions taken to avoid it.}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 \par \par }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 [10]\tab They }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 said that there was no evidence that the Commissioner could }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 have }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 foreseen the situation that developed that night, or that any inst}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 ructions}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 could have prevented }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 the death }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 of the deceased}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 .}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 They therefore concluded th}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 at}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 }{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid7829363\charrsid16473708 the }{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 plaintiff had not established any bre}{ \b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 ach of duty by the Commissioner}{\b0\f0\ulnone\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 . \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 Commissioner of Prisons \par \par }\pard\plain \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 [11]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 \tab Counsel for the plaintiff did not call any evidence to establish how Nimacere and his fellow escapees escaped, when they did, or even the prison from which they escaped.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 He called a court officer who produced}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 High Court}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 record of the trial of three of Nimacere\rquote s associates for the murder of the deceased and }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 sold}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid16473708 i}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 er, but this was not made an exhibit (High Court }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 R}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 ecord page 29).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 \par [12]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 The w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 itness also produced a copy of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 the judgment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 of the High Court Judge at that trial (not the summing up), }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 remarks on sentence, and the statement of agreed facts at that trial.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 Th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 ese}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 became exhibit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 1, 2, 3 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16605424\charrsid16473708 R}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 ecord page 29).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 Although th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 ese}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 documents comprise only 8 pages they were not reproduced in the Supreme Court Record, and Mr Cameron, counsel for the appellant,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 (who did not appear at the trial)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 informed us that he did not rely on them. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 ounsel for the defendants at the trial}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 admitted }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 that the esca}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 pees killed Mr Kumar}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 and }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 the causes and circumstances }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 of death are not in dispute.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 (R}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 ecord page}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7829363\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 28). \par \par [13]\tab The appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid16473708 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 s case against }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 this}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 respondent is based on the proposition }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 at the escape of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 prisoner from lawful custody, unless explained}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 , }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 is evidence of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 negligence on the part of the Prison S}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 ervice.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 Mr Cameron also}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12081506\charrsid16473708 invoked the principle e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 nshr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12081506\charrsid16473708 i}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 ne}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 or }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 obscured}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 by}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 Latin }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 maxim}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 R}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 e}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 s}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 Ipsa}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 Loquitur}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 (proof of an escape, without more, speaks for itself, and is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 evidence}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 of negligence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 ). }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 [14]\tab We cannot acc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3083138\charrsid16473708 ept }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 these arguments. Proof of the means of escape from prison in normal times might }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid16473708 establish a }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid16473708 prime facie}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid16473708 case of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 negligence on the part of the P}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid16473708 rison }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6556720\charrsid16473708 ervice. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 In }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 Scott v. London and St Katherine Docks Co}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 (1865) 159 ER 665, 667 Erle CJ delivering the judgment of the Court of Exchequer Chamber said that the maxim applied }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 where\'85 the accident is such as in the ordinary course of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 things does}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 not happen if those who have the management use proper care.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 " }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 However,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 the situation which prevailed following the breakdown of law and order after George Speight and his confederates }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 seized }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 the Parliament }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 were not }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5531497\charrsid16473708 the ordinary course of things.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 I n that situation proof of an }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 escape without more cannot possibly establish a }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 prim}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 a}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 facie}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 case of negligence by the P }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 rison}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 Service}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 . }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5642215\charrsid16473708 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 \par [15]\tab The breakdown of law and order may have extended to the prisons and prison officers may have refused to do their duty.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 If so, they may, as result, have acted outsid}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 e the scope of their employment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 so as to exclude the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 vicarious liability of the P}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 rison }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 S}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 ervice for their acts and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 om}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 issions.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 T}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 here may have been absolutely nothing that the Commissioner and his senior officers could have done to prevent the escape.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 [16]\tab The S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 tate is not generally liable in damages to those who suffered personal injuries or property damage following the breakdown of law and order in Fiji in May 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 The law would lack coherence if the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 ourts created a limited exception for injuries and damage inf}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 li}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 cted by prisoners who }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 escaped }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 at that time.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 [17]\tab In our judgment therefore the appellant failed to establish a }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 prima}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 facie}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 case of negligence, and }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 in these circumstances }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 the fact that the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 C} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 ommissioner called no evidence, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 where}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 facts were peculiarly within his knowledge, cannot assist the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 We therefore agree with the Court of Appeal that the claim against the Commissioner of Prisons fails on this ground }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 which}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid16473708 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 in any event}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 raise}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 no question of general principle. \par \par [18]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 ince the Court of Appeal granted leave to appeal we will also consider the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13582102\charrsid16473708 duty question. }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 Dorset}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 Yacht}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 [1970] AC }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 1004 i}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 s authority for the proposition that in England there are some circumstances in which }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 the prison authorities will } {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 owe a duty of care to third parties who ma}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 y}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 be injured in person or property}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 as the resul}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 t of the criminal activities of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 escaped prisoners}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 .}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 Lord Reid}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 held that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 a mere for}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 eseeable possibility}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 of loss or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 damage was not enough }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 to create a duty }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 0}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 0), and recovery was only available where }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 loss or damage }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 was something }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 very likely to happen}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 1030}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 ).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 Lord Morris}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 said (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 1034)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 that }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 the risk of damage was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 gla}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 ring}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 ly}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 obvious}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 , }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 and}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 the prison authorities owed }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 duty of care to the plaintiff because there was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 a manifest an}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 obvious risk}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 " }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 its}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 property nearby if the prisoners were allowed to escape (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 1035}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 ).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 Later he said that there was a special relation}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 between the parties}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 because the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 prisoners might well do some damage to property near at hand}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 1039}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 ). \par \par [19]\tab }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 Lord}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 Pearson}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 said th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 at damage}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 to the plaintiff\rquote s property }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 was e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 minently}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 foreseeable as likely to happen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 unless care was taken (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 1053}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 ), and he distinguished that case from one }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 where }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 prisoners }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 had completed their escape from control and are fully at large an}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 acting independently}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9136709\charrsid16473708 (page 1055).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 Lord Diplock}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 said (page }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 1070}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 ): \par \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 T}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 he risk of sustaining damage from the tortious acts of criminals is shared by the public at large.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 It has never been recognised at common law as giving rise to any cause of action against any one but the criminal himself.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6772023\charrsid16473708 It w}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 ould}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 seem arbitra}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 ry}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 and therefore unjust to single out for the special privilege of be}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 ing}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 able to recover compensation from the authorities responsible for the prevention of crime a person whose property was damaged by the tortious act of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 a }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 criminal, merely because the damage to him happen}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 ed}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 to be caused by a criminal who ha}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 d}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 escaped from custody before completion of his sentence in stead of by one who had been lawfully released or who had been put on probation or given a suspended sentence or who had never been previously apprehended at all.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 To give rise to a duty on the part o}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 f the}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 custodian owed to}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 a}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 member of } {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 the}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 public to take re asonable care to prevent a [prisoner] from escaping from his custody before completion of [his] sentence there should be some relationship between the custodian and the person to whom the duty is owed which exposes that person to a particular risk of dama ge in consequence of that escape which is different in its incidence from the general risk of damage from criminal acts of others which}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 he}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 shares with all members of the public.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 [20]\tab Later he said (page }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 1070}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 ): \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 What distinguishes a [prisoner] who has escaped from one who has been duly released}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 from custody, is his liability to recapture, and the distinctive added risk which is}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 a }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2251120\charrsid16473708 reasonably foreseeable consequence of a failure to exercise due care in preventing him from escaping is the likelihood that in order to elude pursuit immediately }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318026\charrsid16473708 on the discovery of his absence the escaping [prisoner] may steal or appropriate a}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 nd}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318026\charrsid16473708 damage property which is situated in the vicinity of the place of}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318026\charrsid16473708 detention from which he has escape}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 d}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318026\charrsid16473708 .}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11930016\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6038599\charrsid16473708 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2318026\charrsid16473708 [21]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 In }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 Hill }{ \b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 v.}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 Chief Constable of }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 West Yorkshire}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 [1989] AC 53 the House of Lords considered a claim}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 that the police owe }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 duty of care to individual members of the public who suffered injury to person}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 property }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 through }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 the activities of a criminal.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 Lord Keith}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 delivering the princi}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 pal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 speech, referred to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7829363\charrsid16473708 }{ \b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 Dorset Yacht}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10686806\charrsid16473708 [1970] AC 1004, and (}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 at 60}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 62) }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 the speech of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 Lord Diplock }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 including the passage}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3801474\charrsid16473708 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 quoted above. He treated that case }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16198517\charrsid16473708 (page 61) a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 authority for the proposition that the duty of the prison authorities to the members of the p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1463961\charrsid16473708 ublic was limited, and depende}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16198517\charrsid16473708 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 (page 62) on }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 special characteristics}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 beyond reasonable foreseeability of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 likely harm. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13903104\charrsid16473708 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 \par [22]\tab He held that the police owed no duty to an individual who (page 62) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 was }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16198517\charrsid16473708 at no}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 special distinctive risk}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5075075\charrsid16473708 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 unlike the owners of yachts mo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16198517\charrsid16473708 o}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 re}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16198517\charrsid16473708 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 of}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16198517\charrsid16473708 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 the island in the }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12081506\charrsid16473708 Dorse}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 t Yacht}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 case. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 Lord Keith continued (page 62):}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12267946\charrsid16473708 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 It appears from the passage quoted from the speech of Lord Diplock in the Dorset Yacht case that in his view no liability would rest upon a prison authority, which carelessly allow}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7682373\charrsid16473708 ed}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 th}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 e}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 escape of an habitual criminal, for damage which he subsequently caused, not in the course of attempting to make good }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 his }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 getaway to p}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 ersons at}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 special risk, but in further pursuance of his general criminal career to the person}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 or}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 property of members of the general public.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 The same rule must apply as regard failure to recapture the criminal before he had time to resume his career.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652435\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 \b\i\f37\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 { \b0\i0\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 [}{\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 23}{\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 ]\tab In }{ \f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 State of New South Wales }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 v}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 Godfrey}{ \b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 [2004] NSW CA113 paras [31,34] Spigelman CJ said: \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\b0\i0\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 There is no authority which recognises a duty of care to the public at large, beyond the immediate vicinity of the gaol from which an escape occurred.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 Indeed the possibility }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 that}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 the Home Office could have been held liable for }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 a }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 burglary committed by the escapee }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 [prisoners] at the}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 other end of the United Kingdom has been described as \lquote }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 ludicr}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 ous\rquote (}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 Lam}{ \f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 b}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 v}{ \f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 }{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 Ca}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 m}{ \f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 de}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 n}{\f0\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 LBC}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 [1981] QB 625,647, }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 per }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 Watkins LJ )\'85}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 If Dorset Yacht does represent the law in Australia, }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 its}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 application should}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 ,}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 in my opinion, be confined to the c}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7235066\charrsid16473708 ourse}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 of the escape, where control is capable of being reasserted by the persons who should have prevented the escape.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 No such duty has ever been fo}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 und an encompass conduct 100 km}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 from, }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 and months after, an escape.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9114556\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16473708 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8552279\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 [2}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 ]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 T}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 he Court of Appeal (Ward P, Eichelbaum and Gallen JJA) said [39] that the decision in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 Godfrey\rquote s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 case }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 is unduly restrictive of the principles expressed in the }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 Dorset Yacht}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 case.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 The remarks of Spigelman CJ should probably be understood as directed to the duty of prison authorities }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 to the public at large}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid16473708 w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 hich was the question in that case.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 So understood they appear to be unexceptionable. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 T}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 he possibility of a special }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 and wi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid16473708 der}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 duty to a particular individual or individuals}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 is supported by the statement of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 Lord Morris}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 Dorset Yacht}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 (page 1039): \par \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 If a person who is in lawful custod}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 y has made a threat, ac}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 cepted as seriously intended, that, if he can escape, he will injur}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 e}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 X, is it unreasonable to assert that }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 in those circumstances a duty is}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 owed to X to take reasonable care to prevent a}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 n}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 escape?}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6779484\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 [2}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 5}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 ]\tab A court faced with that situation might well consider that the prison authorities }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 were }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 under a special duty to the subject of such threats although he or she lived at a consid erable distance from the prison. Moreover, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 the principles stated by }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 Lord Diplock}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 (1070)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 would also be applicable:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 \par \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 To give r}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 i}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 se to a duty on the part of the custodian owed to }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 a}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 member of the public to take reasonable care to prevent [a prisoner] from esca ping from his custody befor}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 e completion of [his] sentence there }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 should be some relationship between the custodian and the person to whom the duty is owed which exposes that person to a particular risk of damage in consequence of that escape which is different in its incidence}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 from the }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 general risk of damage }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 for}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 criminal acts of others which he shares with all members of the public.}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid16473708 [2}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 6}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid16473708 ]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 Such a case }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 would }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 not}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 involve}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 duty}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 to the public at large, or to }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 member of the public}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 ,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 but }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 a special duty to a particular person}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 T}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 his exception or possible exception does not assist the appellant.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 The deceased was not targeted by Nimacere, and the risks he faced }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 on the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13267468\charrsid16473708 night }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid16473708 in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 q}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 uestion were no different from those faced by other}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 s}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 who were present or who had to confront armed insurgents elsewhere.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 As the Court of Appeal said [39] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid16473708 there is no evidence }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 \'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 that the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid16473708 prisoner concerned presented a particular risk to members of}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid16473708 the police }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 let alone }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid16473708 to Mr Kumar individually.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid16473708 Accordingly the appellant}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid16473708 s case against the Commissioner of Prisons must fail on th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15549283\charrsid16473708 gro}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 und as well.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11535440\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 The Commissioner of Police \par }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 [28]\tab The Court of Appeal hel}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 that the Commissioner}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 could owe a duty of care to his police officers, but that no breach of duty had been established.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 ounsel for the appellant submitted that the Commissioner should have issued }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 general instruction to police officers, who in Fiji are not armed,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 they should avoid situations wher}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 e}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 they might confront armed insurgents, and allow the army to deal with }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 them}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 Such an instruction he submitted would have allowed the deceased to hand over police vehicle F25 to the army sergeant and either remain at the police post at Sawani, or return home on foot. \par \par [29]\tab Counsel for the appellant also relied on the }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 Health and Safety At Work }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 Act 1996}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 but this does not impose a statutory duty on employers enforceable by }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 an action for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 damages, and the criminal offences it creates are }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 ir}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 relevant. \par \par [30]\tab The deceased received an instruction from a superior officer to take the police vehicle and proceed from Nausori police station with Constable Ali to the police post at Sawani to pick up an off duty policeman and take him to Navuso [}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 Record }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 page 34]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 O}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 n ar}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 rival at Sawani they were asked, not ordered, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 to drive an army sergeant and three armed soldiers to the Qiolevu Road block.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 Thus the police officers proceeded from this point with an armed escort.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 There is no evidence}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 any of the soldiers could drive th e police vehicle, and as Constable Ali [Record }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 pages 34,35] and A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 cting }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 uperintendent Singh said [Record page 37] the police officers were duty bound to assist the soldiers. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7553959\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13708803\charrsid16473708 [31]\tab }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 A number of reported cases support the view of the Court of Appeal that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 Police A}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 uthorities may }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 owe a duty of care, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 direct, or vicarious, to persons, including police officers, who suffer}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 loss or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 damage as a result of the negligence of the police.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 In }{ \b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 Knightly v. Jo}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 h}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 ns}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 [1982] 1 WLR 349 the Court of Appeal held that the Chief Constable of the West Midlan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 ds}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2652877\charrsid16473708 Police was liable}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 for the negligence of a Police Inspector in his control of traffic following an accident in a tunnel as a result of which }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 t}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 he plaintiff, a police motor cyclist, was injured.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13708803\charrsid16473708 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 [32]\tab In }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 Rigby v. Chief Constable of Northamton}{ \b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 shire}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 [1985] 1 WLR 1242 Taylor J found that the defendant was liable for the negligence of a Chief S}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 uperintendent in charge of the siege}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 of a }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 gunsmith\rquote s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 shop that had been broken into by a }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6428986\charrsid16473708 psychopath}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 who was shooting from the premises.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 The Chief Superintendent decided that a gas canister should be fired into the premises to subdue the intruder but }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 failed to e}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 nsure that fire fighting equipment was on hand before the canister was fired.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 The canister started a fire }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 which }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 severely damaged the shop and the shop owner recovered damages from the police.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 Both cases were cited with approval by Lord Keith in }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 Hill v. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 [1989] AC 57,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 59.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 \par \par [33]\tab In the other case to which we were referred, }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 Costello }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 v }{ \b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 Chief Constable of the Northumbria Police}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 [1999] 1 ALL ER 550}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 the Court of Appeal held the defendant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 was vicar}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 ously}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 liable for the failure of a police officer to go to the assistance of a female colleague who was being ass}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 aulted }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 by }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 woman prisoner. }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 \par \par [34]\tab }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 However, the most relevant case is }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 Hu}{ \b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 gh}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 es v. National Union of Mine}{ \b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 w}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 orkers}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15487901\charrsid16473708 [1991] 4 ALL ER 278.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 The plaintiff, a serving police officer, was required to assist in maintaining order at a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 colliery where }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 striking miners were picketing working miners who were being }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 escorted}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 to work.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 The plaintiff was injured when a large}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 number}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 pi}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 ckets}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 surged }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 against}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 the}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6038599\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 police line and he was knocked over. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 He}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 alleged that the officer in charge deployed the police negligently so as to expose him to an excessive an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 d}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 avoidable}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 risk of injury.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 May J concluded (page 288): \par \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 \'85 in my judgment, public policy requires th}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 at}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 senior police officers should not generally be liable to the}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 ir}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 subordinates }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 who}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 may be injured by ri}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 o}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787164\charrsid16473708 t}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 ers}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 or the like for on the spot operational decisions taken in the course of attempts to control serious public disorder.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 T }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 hat in my judgment, should be the general rule in cases of}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 policing serious public disorders.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 \par [35]\tab In this case the only instruction from a superior officer to the deceased was to collect an off duty policeman at Sawani }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 and}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 drive him to Navuso (Record page 34). This did not involve }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 looking for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 armed in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 surgents}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 (ditto) and non}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 were encountered on the j }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 ourney to Sawani.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 The decision}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 to drive the soldiers to Navuso and then along the Qiolevu Road w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 as made by the deceased}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 . \par \par [36]\tab As the Court of Appeal held [45] the obligat}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 ions which the police officers ac}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 cept exposes them to risk} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 in the course of their duty and it w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 ould}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 be quite unreasonable to impose liability on the Commissioner because an officer was exposed to such }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 a }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 risk. \par \par [3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6038599\charrsid16473708 7}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 ]\tab We therefore agree with the Court of Appeal that no breach of duty by the Commissioner}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 direct or vicarious, was established }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 and that it would be contrary to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 public policy to recognise }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 duty of care w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 h}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 ere police are seeking to control public disorder.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 The claim against the Commissioner therefore fails}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14759800\charrsid16473708 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 and the appeal must be dismissed with costs.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2644159\charrsid16473708 \par \par }\pard \qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid16473708 Hon Justice Robert French \par }\pard \qc \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16663932 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid16473708 Judge of the Supreme Court \par \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid16473708 Hon Justice Kenneth Handley \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid16473708 Judge of}{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16473708 }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid16473708 the Supreme Court \par \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid16473708 Hon Justice David Andrew Ipp \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid16473708 Judge of the Supreme Court \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid16473708 \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid16473708 Solicitors: \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid16473708 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid16473708 Maharaj Chandra and Associates, Suva for the Appellant \par Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, Suva for the Respondents \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8612245\charrsid16473708 \par }\pard \qr \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16473708 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16128396\charrsid16473708 CBV0003U.06S \par }}