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{\nofchars56293}{\*\company Pacific Legal Information Institue}{\nofcharsws66036}{\vern24689}}{\*\userprops {\propname Applicant}\proptype30{\linkval Applicant}{\staticval .                                                                 Petitioner..}
{\propname Judge}\proptype30{\linkval Judge}{\staticval FRENCH J}{\propname Judgment_dated}\proptype30{\linkval Judgment_dated}{\staticval ** OCTOBER 2006}{\propname Distribution}\proptype30{\linkval Distribution}{\staticval GENERAL DISTRIBUTION}
{\propname MNC}\proptype30{\linkval MNC}{\staticval  }{\propname File_Number}\proptype30{\linkval Num}{\staticval WAD 95}{\propname Pages}\proptype30{\staticval 3}{\propname Parties}\proptype30{\linkval MNC}{\staticval  }{\propname Place}\proptype30
{\linkval Place}{\staticval PERTH}{\propname Respondent}\proptype30{\linkval Respondent}{\staticval COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA.Respondent.}{\propname State}\proptype30{\linkval State}{\staticval WESTERN AUSTRALIA}
{\propname Year}\proptype30{\staticval 2006}{\propname _AdHocReviewCycleID}\proptype3{\staticval -1657267860}{\propname _EmailSubject}\proptype30{\staticval Supreme Court Judgments -October 2006}{\propname _AuthorEmail}\proptype30{\staticval cj@govnet.gov
.fj}{\propname _AuthorEmailDisplayName}\proptype30{\staticval Daniel Fatiaki}{\propname _ReviewingToolsShownOnce}\proptype30{\staticval }}\paperw11907\paperh16840\margl1440\margr1440\margb1238 
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\jexpand\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot5326713 \fet0{\*\docvar {Appeal}{Not an Appeal}}{\*\docvar {Appellant}{False}}{\*\docvar {Applicant}{True}}{\*\docvar {ApplicantList}{GINO LENZO}}{\*\docvar {AppType}{Applicant}}
{\*\docvar {CurYear}{2005}}{\*\docvar {DistCategories}{GENERAL DISTRIBUTION}}{\*\docvar {DocCreated}{True}}{\*\docvar {FileNo}{WAD 95}}{\*\docvar {FullCourt}{False}}{\*\docvar {IsAppeal}{Applicant}}{\*\docvar {Judgdate}{** OCTOBER 2006}}
{\*\docvar {Judge}{FRENCH J}}{\*\docvar {JudgePlace}{PERTH}}{\*\docvar {NSD}{NSD WAD 95 of 2005}}{\*\docvar {NumApps}{1}}{\*\docvar {NumJudges}{Single Judge}}{\*\docvar {NumResps}{1}}
{\*\docvar {RespondentList}{COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA}}{\*\docvar {ResState}{WESTERN AUSTRALIA}}{\*\docvar {Single}{True}}{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1
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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1 {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1 {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain 
\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF the FIJI ISLANDS

\par AT SUVA
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 CIVIL}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 APPEAL}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 NO. CBV0006 OF 2005S
\par (Fiji Court of Appeal No. ABU0050 of 2005S)
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 BETWEEN:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 ALI HASSAN
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 Petitioner
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 AND:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid228359\charrsid2702490 T}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 RANSPORT WORKERS UNION
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 First Respondent
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 AND:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 PERMANENT SECRETARY FOR LABOUR
\par AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND PRODUCTIVITY
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 Second Respondent
\par 
\par AND:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF FIJI
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 Third Respondent
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 
\par Coram:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 The Hon Justice Daniel V Fatiaki, President of the Supreme Court
\par The Hon Justice Robert Fre}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 nch, Judge of the Supreme Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 
\par The Hon Justice Kenneth Handley, Judge of the Supreme Court
\par 
\par Hearing:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid228359\charrsid2702490 Wednesd}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 ay, 1}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid228359\charrsid2702490 1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 th October 2006, Suva
\par 
\par Counsel: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid228359\charrsid2702490 J Cameron }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 for the Petitioner
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid228359\charrsid2702490 No Appearance }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 for the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid228359\charrsid2702490 First }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 Respondent
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid228359\charrsid2702490 S Sharma for the Second and Third Respondent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 
\par 
\par Date of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 Judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 : }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 Thursday, 19th October 2006, Suva
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 JUDGMENT}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid228359\charrsid2702490  OF THE COURT}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14621580\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 Introduction}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798 
\par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 [1]\tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 This petition for special leave to 
appeal against a decision of the Court of Appeal raises a question about the nature of the working arrangements between the owner of a fleet of taxi cabs and his drivers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12063474\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 [2]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 On 8 January 2003 the Permanent Secretary for Labour and Industrial Relations i
ssued a Compulsory Recognition Order under the }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 Trade Unions (Recognition) Act 1998}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 requiring }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 Ali Hassan, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 the proprietor of }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13839739\charrsid2702490 Sanyo Cabs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13839739\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 to accord recognition to the Tr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13839739\charrsid2702490 ansport Workers Union }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 
for the purposes of collective bargaining.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 This Order was issued on the basis that the Sanyo }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13839739\charrsid2702490 Cab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 drivers we}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 re employees}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 [3]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 Mr Hassan challenged the decision in an application for judicial review in the High Court, w}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 h}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 ere he was unsuccessful.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 He appealed to the Court of Appeal and was again unsuccessful.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 
He now applies for special}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  leave to appeal to this Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 [4]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 
For the reasons we now publish, we are of the view that this case raises a matter of general importance concerning the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 legal }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 nature of the relationship between the taxi owner, Mr Hassan, and his drivers. It would appear to have ramifications for the taxi industry generally in Fiji.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 [5]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 There is a long history of court decisions in England, Australia and New Zealand which establ
ish that generally speaking the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 legal relationship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490  between taxi owners and their drivers }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490  not}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490  that of}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490  employer/employee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 Rather they }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 involve}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 
 arrangements in the nature of a bailment or hire of the car by the owner to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 driver}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 Where the taxi }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 driver}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490  is not under the direction or control of the owner, pays a fixed fee each day to the owner and otherwise seeks out his own customers within }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 an}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490  allocated area}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490  the legal characterisation of the arrangement will be that of bailment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287\charrsid2702490 [6]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 In this case we are sat
isfied that the Permanent Secretary for Labour and Industrial Relations erred in issuing the Compulsory Recognition Order on the basis that Mr Hassan\rquote s drivers were his employees.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287\charrsid2702490 L}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 ong standing case law relating to the taxi industry which stretches back in
to the 19th century was not drawn to the attention of the learned primary judge or the Court of Appeal and was not referred to in this Court until we drew it to counsels\rquote  attention.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 We propose therefore to grant special leave, allow the appeal and quash the decision of the Permanent Secretary.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287\charrsid2702490 [7]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632\charrsid2702490 Given the failure of counsel }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13839739\charrsid2702490 at a}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287\charrsid2702490 ny stage}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13839739\charrsid2702490  in these proceedings to address an important strand of legal authority upon which this case turns, we }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287\charrsid2702490 propose to make no order as to the costs of the proceedings at any stage.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13188632 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 
Factual and procedural background}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636 
\par }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287\charrsid2702490 [8]\tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 Ali Hassan operates a substantia}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid160180\charrsid2702490 l taxi business under the name }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid160180\charrsid2702490 Sanyo Cabs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4016088\charrsid2702490  (Sanyo)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid160180\charrsid2702490 Although Sanyo}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022826\charrsid2702490  is sometimes referre}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid160180\charrsid2702490 d to in its own documents as a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid160180\charrsid2702490 company}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022826\charrsid2702490 , it is a }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287\charrsid2702490 business }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022826\charrsid2702490 name under which Mr Hassan carries on}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287\charrsid2702490  his taxi}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022826\charrsid2702490  business.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 He has operated that business since 1966.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 In 2002 he owned}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022826\charrsid2702490 , or managed on behalf of others,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490  at least 15 taxi vehicles }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287\charrsid2702490 driven}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490  by some 26 drivers.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 He employed seven office workers and six mechanics.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 Each of the drivers operating a Sanyo taxi did so pursuant to a standard agreement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11673023 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287\charrsid2702490 [9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 The }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11673023\charrsid2702490 standard }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 agreement}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 recited that the driver signatory was }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287\charrsid2702490 \'85
 engaged by the company upon certain general terms and conditions of Employment on the following terms and conditions}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9048287\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 The substantive }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11673023\charrsid2702490 clauses}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490  provided, inter alia, that the driver would be employed on a contract basis (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 cl}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4016088\charrsid2702490 ause}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490  1}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 ) and would pay t}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4016088\charrsid2702490 he sum of $66 net to Sanyo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 each day, the amount beyond this sum being the driver\rquote s own income (}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 cl}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4016088\charrsid2702490 ause}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490  2}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 Clause 3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
 of the agreement provided:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 The D}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16674304\charrsid2702490 river for all intense }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 [sic]}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11673023\charrsid2702490 and purposes }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 
is an independent contractor and shall be solely responsible for preparation and filing of his/her own tax returns}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 , payments of any Tax due and b}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 e responsible }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 for }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 
payment of all FNPF levies/charges should he/she becomes }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 [sic]}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490  a member of FNPF as though he/she is self employed person.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12272636\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 [}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 10}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 The operation of }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022826\charrsid2702490 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 taxis }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022826\charrsid2702490 covered by}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490  the agreement was restricted to Suva}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285897\charrsid2702490 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 
 Deuba, along Queens Road and Tailevu along Kings Road}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4016088\charrsid2702490  (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 clause 4}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4016088\charrsid2702490 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4016088\charrsid2702490 Sanyo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 was}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11673023\charrsid2702490  to be responsible for }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7930149\charrsid2702490 their}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11673023\charrsid2702490  road}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 worthiness.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 There were }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022826\charrsid2702490 clauses}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 
 providing for driver liability in the event of an accident for which the driver was at fault while using the vehicle for private means (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 clause 6}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 ) or where the driver was convicted of driving under the influence or any other offence (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 clause 7}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 [11}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3946417\charrsid2702490 A }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 driver was not allowed, without the consent of Sa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4016088\charrsid2702490 nyo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285897\charrsid2702490 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490  to undertake repair work other than in an emergency and then only sufficient to drive to the nearest garage (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 clause 8}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 
The taxi could not be used outside the base metropolitan or country area without Sanyo\rquote s permission (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 clause 9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 ).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 Only the driver was permitted to drive the taxi.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 Other members of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490 his}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 
 family were not permitted to drive the vehicle, nor was it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid160180\charrsid2702490 to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 be lent to anyone else (}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 clause 10}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 ).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 Clause 11}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  of the agreement provided:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 The }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 C}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 ompany shall have no control over the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 E}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 mployee\rquote s daily driving.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971131\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-11\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 The driver was required to bring in the vehicle for inspection by management eac}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 h day between 8 am and 10 am (}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 clause 15}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 ).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 [1}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 On 24 Dec}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid160180\charrsid2702490 ember 2002 Mr Attar Singh, the G}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 eneral }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid160180\charrsid2702490 S}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 ecretary of the Transport Workers}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid160180\charrsid2702490 \rquote }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490  Union}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285897\charrsid2702490  (the Union)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490  wrote to Mr Hassan advising that t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid160180\charrsid2702490 
he majority of his }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 employees}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490  had joined the Union in recent weeks.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 The letter }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 went on:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 As the u}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 
nion representing the interests of all workers throughout the transport industry, we are obliged to do our best to protect and promote the interests of our members in particular and all transport workers generally.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 Accordingly, I write to see}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 k voluntary recognition of our u}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 
nion to act as the bargaining agent and representative of our members in all matters relating to their employment with your company including wages, hours of work and other terms and conditions of employment.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 [1}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 3}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285897\charrsid2702490 Mr Ha}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 ssan responded by letter dated 24 December 2002 advising that he could not accord the Union voluntary recognition.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 He requested evidence that the Union had in its membership more than 50% of his total workforce.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490 This is a prerequisite of the statutory entitlement to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 compulsory }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490 recognition of a trade union}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490  under the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 
Trade Unions (Recognition) Act 1998}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 (the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7930149\charrsid2702490 Recognition }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 Act).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 Some industrial difficulties followed}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354907\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354907\charrsid2702490 Fi}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4226760\charrsid2702490 ve drivers were dismissed }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3946417\charrsid2702490 on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490 
that day and some 15 drivers went on strike on 28 December 2002.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490 This led to the initiation of civil proceedings for damage}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285897\charrsid2702490 s against those drivers by Mr Ha}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490 ssan}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3946417\charrsid2702490  in January 2003}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3946417\charrsid2702490 Those proceedings are not otherwise material.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [14]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490 
On 30 December 2002 the General Secretary of the Union wro}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354907\charrsid2702490 te to the Permanent Secretary of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490  t
he Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Productivity asking that he issue a }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4145138\charrsid2702490 Compulsory Recognition Order }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 
under the Act }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490 as soon as possible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490 
Such an order obliges an affected employer to recognise the relevant union for the purpose of collective bargaining.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3946417\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490 
On 2 January 2003 the Permanent Secretary wrote to Mr H}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285897\charrsid2702490 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490 ssan referring to the Union\rquote s }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488020\charrsid2702490 Compulsory Recognition Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490  which he said was made under s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4408863\charrsid2702490 
ection}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490  3(4) of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7930149\charrsid2702490 Recognition }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 Act}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490 .}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490 He said that pursua}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 nt to s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4408863\charrsid2702490 ection}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490  6(1)(a) }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285897\charrsid2702490 Mr Ha}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490 ssan was required to release to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 him}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490  the records of wage payments per}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285897\charrsid2702490 taining to all employees.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285897\charrsid2702490 Mr Ha}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3814642\charrsid2702490 
ssan had evidently already agreed, through his solicitor at a meeting with the Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Productivity, to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 provide the nam
es of his workers by 31 December 2002.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [15}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14359717\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3946417\charrsid2702490 The requested}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490  details were not forthcoming and the Union then supplied the Permanent Secretary with a list of th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4408863\charrsid2702490 e workers employed by Sanyo
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490  and a list of th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 ose who were its members}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 Mr }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3946417\charrsid2702490 Ha}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 ssan
\rquote s solicitors wrote to the Permanent Secretary on 6 January 2003 asserting that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488020\charrsid2702490 Sanyo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 \rquote s drivers were self}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 employed under independent contracts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 On t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3946417\charrsid2702490 hat basis, they said, that Mr Ha}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354907\charrsid2702490 ssan could not acc}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 ord voluntary recognition to the Union.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [16}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9380579\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490 As appears from his affidavit of }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 27 May 2003 which was before the High Court, the Permanent Secretary made inquiries in relation to the contention that the taxi drivers were independent contractors.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 He wrote to the Land Transport Authority attaching a copy of the standard agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 On 3 January 2003 he r}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 eceived a response saying that:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 The content of the A}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 
greement is in conflict with the Land Transport Regulations on Public Service Vehicle Permit Regulations 2000 and Driver Regulations 2000.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 Reference w
as made to the }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 Public Service Vehicle Regulations }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 which provided:
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 17}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 (1)}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 \tab The holder of a permit must not appoint an agent or represent
ative for the purpose of exercising the right in the permit or cause or allow an agent or representative to exercise any right under it except with prior consent of the Authority.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490 
The contract agreement was said, to constitute an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488020\charrsid2702490 appointment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540\charrsid2702490  by a permit holder for the driver to manage }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 the taxi operations driven by him}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  This, it was said, was illegal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14104540 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [17}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9380579\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 The second respondent also considered previous corres}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 
pondence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490  from the Fiji National Provident Fund dated 23 March 1988 which evidently referred to another taxi company called Victoria Cabs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 It appeared to be in the nature of a complaint that Victoria Cabs had not paid required contributions on the basis that its drivers were on a contract or rental arrangement.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 The letter asserted that the employees of Victoria Cabs fell within the description of an }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488020\charrsid2702490 employee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490  in section 2 of the }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 
Fiji National Provident Fund Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798\charrsid2702490 
How this assertion could relevantly be relied upon by the Permanent Secretary in arriving at his decision, was not apparent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13764798 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [18}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9380579\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 
On 8 January 2003 the Permanent Secretary issued a }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488020\charrsid2702490 Compulsory Recognition Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 The terms of the Order were as follows: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 IN exercise of the powers conferred upon me by subsection 8(1) of the Trade Unions (Recognition) Act 1998 and after taking into acco
unt all facts and circumstances appearing to me to be relevant, I make the following order:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 Citation}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5326713\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 1.\tab 
This Order may be cited as the Compulsory Recognition (No 1) Order 2003 and is deemed to have come into force on 24th December 2002.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 Interpretation
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 2.\tab In this Order \endash  
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 employer}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490  means Ali Hassan t/a Sanyo Cabs
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 union}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 
 means Transport Workers Union
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 Recognition
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 3.\tab The }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2781457\charrsid2702490 u}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 nion is entitled to recognition by the employer under section 8 of the Trade Unions (Recognition) Act 1998.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li2143\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2143\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 Manner of Recognition
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 4.\tab 
The employer must accord recognition to the union for the purposes of collective bargaining and, without affecting the general nature of paragraph 3, must when requested to do so by the union negotiate with the union on any specific matter relating to t
he terms and conditions of employment of any person who is a voting member of the Union.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [19}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9380579\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3946417\charrsid2702490 On 23 January 2003 Mr Ha}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2781457\charrsid2702490 
ssan commenced proceedings in the High Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680204\charrsid2702490 for}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2781457\charrsid2702490  leave}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2781457\charrsid2702490 pursuant to }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488020\charrsid2702490 Order 53 rule 3(2)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2781457\charrsid2702490  of the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12719543\charrsid2702490 High Court Rules 198}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488020\charrsid2702490 8}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7814993\charrsid2702490 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2781457\charrsid2702490  to apply for judicial review in respect of the }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488020\charrsid2702490 Compulsory Recognition Order}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2781457\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2781457\charrsid2702490 
He sought certiorari to quash the decision and an injunction against the Union to prevent it from exercising the powers and rights conferred by the Order.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 On 9 July 2004 Singh }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 J }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 
made orders dismissing the application }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7814993\charrsid2702490 an}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 
d directing that Mr Hassan pay the costs of the Union, the Permanent Secretary and the Attorney}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 
General of Fiji, each of whom was named as a r}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 espondent to those proceedings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [20}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9380579\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 The Court of Appeal dismissed }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488020\charrsid2702490 Mr Hassan\rquote s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490  appeal with}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488020\charrsid2702490  costs on 29 July 2005, and o
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 n 25 November 2005 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488020\charrsid2702490 it}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 
 refused an application for leave to appeal to this Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 
Subsequently Mr Hassan filed a petition in this Court seeking an extension of time and special leave to appeal against the judgment of the Court of Appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488020\charrsid2702490 The Transport Workers Union which appeared in the High Court and Court of Appeal did not appear and was not represented in this Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 The application for an extension of time was not opposed and time was extended to enable the Court to entertai}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 n the petition}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1320934 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680204\charrsid2702490 Statutory framework}{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12874908\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [21}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9380579\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 The }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4735712\charrsid2702490 Trade Unions (Recognition) Act 1998}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680204\charrsid2702490  commenced on the same date }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 as t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680204\charrsid2702490 he }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4735712\charrsid2702490 Constitution Amendment Act 1997}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680204\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680204\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9380579\charrsid2702490 [2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9380579\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680204\charrsid2702490 Section 3 of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7814993\charrsid2702490 Recognition }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680204\charrsid2702490 Act creates the entitlement to }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 recognition}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680204\charrsid2702490 
 and provides, inter alia:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680204 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi703\li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 (1)\tab Where there is \endash 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 (a)\tab a registered trade union of which more than 50}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 %}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490  of the persons eligible for membership and employed by an employer are voting members; and 
\par (b)\tab no other registered trade union claiming to represent those persons,
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 
that trade union is for the purpose of collective bargaining entitled to recognition by the employer in accordance with a voluntary recognition agreement executed between the employer and the trade union. 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 (2)\tab 
An application for recognition under subsection (1) must be in writing and sent to the employer by registered or courier mail, or hand delivered to the employer, with a copy to the Permanent Secretary in either case.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi17\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 (3)\tab 
An employer who has received an application for recognition from a trade union under subsection (2) must respond to the application within 7 days of receiving it. 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi17\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 (4)\tab 
A registered trade union which has applied for recognition by an employer under subsection (1) but \endash 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi17\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 (a)\tab has been refused recognition by the employer; or
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 (b)\tab has not been afforded recogni}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 tion by the employer within 1 month}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490  of the application,
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 may apply to the Permanen}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 t Secretary for the issue of a c}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 ompulsory }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8613984\charrsid2702490 recognition o
}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 rder under section 8.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi17\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [23}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9380579\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806\charrsid2702490 Section 8 provides:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11025806 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13574330\charrsid2702490 (1)\tab 
The Permanent Secretary, on receipt of an application under section 3(4) must consider the application, taking into account all the facts and circumstances appearing to be relevant and may, subject to section 11, make a compulsory recognition order 
\endash 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13574330\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-737\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13574330\charrsid2702490 (a)\tab 
declaring that a registered trade union is entitled to recognition; and 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7227008\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-737\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13574330\charrsid2702490 (b)\tab 
specifying the manner in which the employer is to accord recognition to the trade union.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13574330\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13574330\charrsid2702490 (2)\tab 
A compulsory recognition order made under subsection (1) is effective from the date it is made or as otherwise specified in the order.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid680204\charrsid2702490  

\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354907\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9380579\charrsid2702490 [2}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9380579\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354907\charrsid2702490 The duration o}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 f a }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 Compulsory Recognition Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354907\charrsid2702490  is covered by s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7814993\charrsid2702490 ection}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354907\charrsid2702490  10 which provides:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14354907 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061887\charrsid2702490 (1)\tab 
A registered trade union which is entitled to recognition under section 3(1) or 4(2) continues to be so entitled until such time as the Permanent Secretary, on an application by the employer or a majority trade union, determines that over a period of 6 mo
nths ending not more than 2 months before the date of application, the average number of persons in the employment of the employer who were voting members of the recognised trade union was less t}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 han 50% of the average number o}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061887\charrsid2702490 f persons who were eligible for
 membership in the union, in which case from the date of such determination the registered trade union ceases to be entitled to recognition.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061887\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061887\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061887\charrsid2702490 
Subsections (2) to (4) are not material for present purposes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2061887 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [25}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 Section 2 of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7814993\charrsid2702490 Recognition }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 Act sets out the definitions of various terms used in the Act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 
In particular, the foll}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 owing definitions are relevant:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 employee and employer}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 
 have the meanings respectively assigned to those terms by the Trade Unions Act;
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 Permanent Secretary}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490  means the Permanent Secretary to the Minister; 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 recognition}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490  means recognition for the purpose of collective bargaining;}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [26}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 The }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13775816\charrsid2702490 Trade Unions Act Cap 96}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 defines}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 
employee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 " in s 2(1) thus:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 ""}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 employee}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490  means any person who has entered into or works und}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707805\charrsid2702490 e}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 
r contract with an employer, whether the contract be for manual labour, clerical work or otherwise, be expressed or implied, oral or in writing, and whether it be a contract of service apprenticeship or a contract personally to execute any work;}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6684981\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 [2}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 7}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 Despite the definition of }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 employee}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490  and }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 employer}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490  in the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7814993\charrsid2702490 Recognition }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490 Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490 
 which purports to adopt the definitions of those terms in the }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13775816\charrsid2702490 Trade Unions Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14962586\charrsid2702490 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490  there is no definition of }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 employer}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490  in the latter Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707805\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707805\charrsid2702490 The term }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 trade union}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490  is defined }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 thus:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707805 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 ""}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707805\charrsid2702490 trade union}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707805\charrsid2702490 
 means any combination whether temporary or permanent, of more than six persons the principal objects of which are under its constitution and rules the regulation of the relations between employees and employers, or between employees and employ
ees, or between employers and employers, whether such combination would }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 
or would not, if this Act (or the Industrial Associations Act) had not been enacted, have been deemed to have been an unlawful combination by reason of some one or more of its objects being in restraint of trade:}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6707805\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi703\li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 \'85}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 
Reference should also be made to s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7814993\charrsid2702490 ection}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490  32 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490 of the }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490 Trade Unions}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7814993\charrsid2702490  }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490 Act }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 which provides:
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 (1)\tab 
No person shall be a voting member of a trade union unless he is normally employed and normally resident within Fiji.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 [2}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 8}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 It is clear enough from the provisions of the }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13775816\charrsid2702490 Trade Unions Act}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 that although}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490  they do not comprehensively pre}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 scribe eligibility rules for the membership of trade unions, they are confined to employees}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 , and this was common ground}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 
The grounds upon which judicial review was sought}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 [2}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 9}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 The grounds upon which judicial review was sought}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 , as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 set out }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 
in the application for leave to apply for judicial review, were uninformative.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 They asserted failure to take into account relevant matters
, failure to give proper reasons and abuse of power and discretion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 The ap}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 
plication for judicial review, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 as filed, was quite unsatisfactory.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 
It is not good enough to collect from a textbook on administrative law the traditional grounds of review and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022100\charrsid2702490 invoke}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490  them }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022100\charrsid2702490 without elaboration}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 The application should allege precisely }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022100\charrsid2702490 
each ground actually relied upon and the particulars of error or procedural failure upon which the ground is based.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490  [See }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 The State v Permanent Arbitrator ex parte FEA}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10241164  [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490 1997}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10241164 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8192017\charrsid2702490  43 FLR 123 and }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490 The State v SCC ex parte Island Buses Limited }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10241164 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490 1997}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10241164 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490  43 FLR 129]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 
Reasons for judgment in the High Court
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [30}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 
The primary judge identified three issues in the proceedings: 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 (a)\tab whether the Permanent Secretary had complied with the provisions of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7814993\charrsid2702490 Recognition }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 Act }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490 before}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490  granting the Compulsory Recognition Order; 

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4408863\charrsid2702490 (b)\tab whether the Sanyo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 drivers were independent contractors or employees; 
\par (c)\tab whether the Permanent Secretary considered all relevant matters before granting the Compulsory Recognition Order.
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [31}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490 The}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490  primary judge found that the Permanent Secretary had }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490 complied with}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490  the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490 Recognition Act before }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 issuing the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490 Compulsory Recognition Order.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [32]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 \tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 The second issue, namely whether Mr Hassan\rquote 
s drivers were independent contractors or employees, was said by the lear}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15231474\charrsid2702490 ned primary judge to lie }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 at the core of the applicant\rquote s contention}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12719543\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12719543\charrsid2702490 His Lordship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031085\charrsid2702490 
 set out the standard agreement and referred to the tests that had been formulated to distinguish the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 master/servant relationship}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490  from that of an independent contractor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 
He observed that the degree of control and the nature of control by Mr Hassan of his drivers was one, but only one, of the factors to be considered in deciding the nature of their relationship.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [33}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022100\charrsid2702490 His Lordship}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490  said that the relationship rested on the written agreement and the issue was }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 really \'85 one of interpretation of the agreement}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 He noted that both the car and the relevant taxi permit belonged to Mr Hassan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490 I}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 n fact}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8807136\charrsid2702490 , as appears from the record,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12719543\charrsid2702490  some of the cars}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 were owned by third parties and op}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4408863\charrsid2702490 erated as part of the Sanyo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 fleet by Mr Hassan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 This, however, makes no difference to the characterisation of the relationship between Mr Hassan and his drivers. 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [34}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 The primary judge observed that Mr Hassan was res
ponsible for the roadworthiness of the vehicles.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 The capital outlay was his.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 The drivers probably only provided fuel, although that was not specified.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 
There were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 areas, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 specified }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 in }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490 clause 4}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490  beyond which a driver could not drive.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 This meant there was control as to the area of operation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 The driver could not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 undertake repair works except}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 
 in an emergency.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 This was characterised as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15555810\charrsid2702490 control as to what a driver }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 can do to the vehicle}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 The driver could not permit anyone else to drive the vehicle.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 This meant that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7814993\charrsid2702490 he}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490  could not employ someone else to generate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490  income for himself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490 He}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490  observed that an independent contractor normally has the liberty to cho}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15231474\charrsid2702490 o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 se his own employees.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 Mr Hassan provided, maintained and insured the vehicles and therefore incurred considerable expense.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [35}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1120057\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 Factors contra}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 indicating an employe}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7814993\charrsid2702490 r/employee }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 
relationship were the description of the drivers in cl}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15231474\charrsid2702490 ause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490  3 as }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490 independent contractors}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490  and the requirement that }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 they}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490  pay their own}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2574293\charrsid2702490  taxi and FN}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 PF levies.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 Mr Hassan had no control over }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 their }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 daily driving and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 drivers were required to indemnify him for any damages arising out of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490 their}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490  negligence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 His Lordship s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 aid: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 The applicant under the agreement is charged with providing, maintaining and insuring the vehicles.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 He incurs considerable expense and capital outlay.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 
He maintains a significant amount of control over the driver.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 
There is provision for instant dismissal of the driver but the driver is required to give a week\rquote s notice if he desires to leave which are conditions normally found or implied in contracts of employment.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 An independent contractor maintains a certain amount of discretion and flexibility over the management of his affairs.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 Serious constraints have been placed on the element of discretion and flexibility.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 The driver is limited by area controls and inability to employ others.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13913412\charrsid2702490 The applicant has retained }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 to himself a measure of control and also the right to exercise his control.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 I am certain if there was a c
ollision between the vehicle of the applicant, a third party and the third party got injured, the applicant would not be able to say that he is not vicariously liable.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 These drivers are representatives of the applicant I conclude.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 
They are not independent contractors but employees.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 His Lordship}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490  went on to refer to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 agreement entered into }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 with the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490  non}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 dri}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4408863\charrsid2702490 ving staff }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 of}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4408863\charrsid2702490  Sanyo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 
He described that as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 creating }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 a clear cut}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 employer/employee relationship.
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [36}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 In }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490  closing paragraph }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 of his reasons for judgment }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12719543\charrsid2702490 his Lordship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490  concluded that the cumulative effect of the terms of the contract showed that }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 overall in substance the drivers remained employees and not independent contractors}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 
He found that the Permanent Secretary was entitled to take the view, as he did, that they were }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 working }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14377682\charrsid2702490 
under employment contracts.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 
The reasons for judgment of the Court of Appeal
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [37}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 
The notice of appeal in the Court of Appeal raised a number of grounds.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 It}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 
 asserted error on the part of the judge in holding that the Permanent Secretary had followed the requisite statutory process and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3422300\charrsid2702490 in holding that the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 contracts }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 made}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490  the drivers}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 employees and not independent contractors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 There was also a complaint that the learned trial judge erred in holding that the Perma}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022100\charrsid2702490 nent Secretary was entitled to }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 take into account the Wages Council Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490  the employer
\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 obligation to make }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 contribution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490  under the }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3422300\charrsid2702490 National Provident Fund Act}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 and the fact that the drivers were a disadvantaged group which needed protection.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [38}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 T}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 he Court of Appeal identified as the most impo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 rtant issue in the proceedings:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 \'85 whether the Permanent Secretary in \lquote taking into account all the facts and circumstances appearing to be relevant\rquote 
 (s 8(1)) before issuing the Compulsory Recognition Order was correct in rejecting the appellant\rquote s contention that however many persons in his workforce the union might claim to have as members, none of them was an employee and 
therefore the union was not entitled to recognition at all, whether voluntary or compulsory.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 
In other words the question of recognition simply \lquote did not arise\rquote .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146484\charrsid2702490 
Their Lordships observed that in support of his argument that the drivers were independent contractors rather than employees, Mr Hassan\rquote s counsel, Dr Cameron, focussed }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 on the terms under which they worked for Sanyo and the proper tests to be applied and the inferences properly to be drawn from them}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 Their Lordships agreed that the central questio
n was to be answered by application of common law tests which had been considered by the High Court of Australia in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3422300\charrsid2702490 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490  (2001) 207 CLR 21.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [39}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7022100\charrsid2702490 After setting out }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 
the terms of the standard agreement their Lordships posed the rhetorical question }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 if \'85
 this was not a case of an employer/employee agreement then what was it?}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 Counsel submitted that it was little more than a rental car agreement between individual taxi drivers and Sanyo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4408863\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 Once the taxis had been rented they were used by the drivers to perform services for their clients.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 The drivers performed no services for Sanyo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 , which simply }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 received $66 per day }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1193943\charrsid2702490 as}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490  its hiring charge.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [40}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 Their Lordships referred to what they described as 
}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 the classic common law tests}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490  and then said}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807408\charrsid2702490  (at [19])}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695 

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 Whereas the degree of control and superintendence exercised by the putative employer over the putative employee was form}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 
erly predominant}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 , the present approach is to consider the \lquote totality of the relationship\rquote }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807408\charrsid2702490 ,}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490  in which the degree of control will still be an important consideration.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7227008\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191695\charrsid2702490 They referred to }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3422300\charrsid2702490 Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 
(1986) 160 CLR 16 at 29.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [41}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 Their Lordships }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 considered the standard agreement}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490  and noted that }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 clause 11}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 provided}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4408863\charrsid2702490  that Sanyo wo}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 uld }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 have no control over the employee\rquote s daily driving}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814968\charrsid2702490 They}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 observed, howev}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 er, that it was evident from cl}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3422300\charrsid2702490 ause}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 s 4, 9, 10 and 15 that this was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 not in fact the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 Clause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 s 4 and 9 restricted the area of use, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 cl}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3422300\charrsid2702490 ause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490  10 restricted the dri}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 ving to the named driver and cl}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3422300\charrsid2702490 ause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490  15}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 
 required the taxi to be presented for daily inspection.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 Clause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 
 15, it was said, would not normally be found in a rental car agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [42}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 In}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490  Mr Hassan\rquote s affidavit of 31 December 2002 he had listed 11 substantial companies and organisations which were }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 fixed customers of the business}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 He said t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 hese would be lost if he did not gi}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4408863\charrsid2702490 ve them the services.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4408863\charrsid2702490 Sanyo\rquote }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 s letterhead described the firm as }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 fully RT controlled}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 
There were seven clerks and controllers working fr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 om the taxi base.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 
Of this evidence the Court of Appeal said}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807408\charrsid2702490  (at [22])}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 In these circumstances it is clear to us that Sanyo is a highly organised and controlled operation of which the drivers were an essential part.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7019781\charrsid2702490 While the drivers undoubtedly had the freedom to ply for }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
hire when not otherwise required}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 to assist in the discharge of Sanyo\rquote s services to its \lquote fixed customers\rquote 
 we are unable to accept that the driver\rquote s freedom to drive where and when and as they wished could reasonably be compared to that enjoyed by the driver of a rented car.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14572763\charrsid2702490 And further}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9400102\charrsid2702490 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 at [24]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9400102\charrsid2702490 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14901837\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
In our view, the primary function of the drivers was to drive taxis provided and maintained by Sanyo on behalf of Sanyo.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
By so doing they earned Sanyo the $66 per day which was the income upon which Sanyo depended.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
That it might have been the case that once the primary duty had been performed}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807408\charrsid2702490 ,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
 the drivers were relatively free to decide how hard or how long they wished to work for themselves for such sums as
 they were able to earn beyond the $66 which they were obliged to pay Sanyo, does not in our view alter the basic nature of the relationship.\rquote 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [43}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9587552\charrsid2702490 The Court of Appeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
 concluded that the Permanent Secretary arrived at the correct conclusion and that the learned primary judge was correct to find that the reality of the total relationship between the drivers and Sanyo was that of employer and employees.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091\charrsid2702490 The reasons for t
he Court of Appeal refusing leave to appeal
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [44}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091\charrsid2702490 In refusing leave to appeal the Court of Appeal}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6503271\charrsid2702490  noted}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091\charrsid2702490  submissions by Dr Cameron on behalf of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 applicant}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091\charrsid2702490  that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 it had adopted an incorrect interpretation }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091\charrsid2702490 of the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 standard }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091\charrsid2702490 agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091\charrsid2702490 Their Lordships said, however}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4807408\charrsid2702490  (at [17])}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 :}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091\charrsid2702490 \lquote 
We would point out that, whether right or wrong, the Court\rquote s decision was based solely on the effect of the particular contents of a particular agreement.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091\charrsid2702490 Mr Cameron does not challenge the common law tests upon which the Court based its decision so much as the conclusion it drew from them in }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 relation to the Sanyo agreement}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091\charrsid2702490 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091\charrsid2702490 The issues raised and}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490  the question posed are similarly challenges to the Court\rquote s inte
rpretation of the agreement when applying those established principles of law.\rquote 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7227008\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6503271\charrsid2702490 They}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490  went on to say that the judgment was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 based on the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 
 interpretation of the Sanyo agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 There was no challenge }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 to the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 legal test to be applied.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 
The matters in issue were contractual in nature and their meaning and significance depended upon the facts of the particular case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 
While the Court acknowledged that the outcome of the case might be of considerable interest to other taxi proprietors in Fiji, the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 
interpretation of the terms of the Sanyo agreement was not a matter of significance beyond Mr Hassan and his drivers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [45}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 
With respect to the Court of Appeal, we do not accept that the case was one about the interpretation of the terms of the standard form contract.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 It was in truth about the c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6503271\charrsid2702490 haracterisation of the relationship defined by that contract}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490  and whether it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6503271\charrsid2702490 was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490  an employer/empl}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 oyee relationship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13658091 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
The grounds of the petition
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [46}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
The principal grounds upon which the petition was based were that the Court of Appeal erred in fact and in law when it held that: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 (a)\tab The petitioner was \lquote employer\rquote , and that those persons who drove taxis pursuant to contractual agreements with it were the \lquote employees\rquote 
 within the meaning of s 2 of the Act and for the purposes of ss 3, 6, 7 and 8 of the Act; and 
\par (b)\tab The petitioner\rquote s letter to the first respondent dated 24 December 2002 was a refusal of recognition of the first respondent within the meaning of s 7 of the Act; and 
\par (c)\tab That the second respondent\rquote 
s Compulsory Recognition Order (CRO) dated 8 January 2003 was validly made in compliance with the provisions of the Act insofar as it followed procedures laid down in the Act for the issue of such an Order followin
g refusal of recognition by an employer within the meaning of s 7 of the Act.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15674435\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [47}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087\charrsid2702490 The question of law identified in the petition as raising matters of }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087\charrsid2702490 great general and public importance}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  was expressed thus:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087\charrsid2702490 (a)\tab The contractual arrangements between t
he petitioner and the drivers who leased taxis from the petitioner are similar to contractual arrangements entered into by the majority of taxi drivers in Fiji, as well as a number of other persons, such as couriers and tanker drivers who operate under si
milar arrangements in the belief that they are independent contractors and conduct their financial affairs in relation to the payment of taxes and contributions to the Fiji National Provident Fund on that understanding, as}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087\charrsid2702490 do those who enter into contractual arrangements with them.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087\charrsid2702490 (b)\tab 
If the judgment of the Court of Appeal were allowed to stand it would have an adverse impact upon the operation of a number of business operations in Fiji and could have unforeseen and unforeseeable economic effects.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [48}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6503271\charrsid2702490 D}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087\charrsid2702490 espite the way }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087\charrsid2702490 
he petition was framed, the question on the special leave application concerned the characterisation by the Court of Appeal of the relationship between Mr Hassan and his drivers based almost entirely upon the terms of the standard contract.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2042087 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 
The criteria for the grant of special leave}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [49}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 
Section 122 of the Constitution confers exclusive jurisdiction on the Supreme Court, subject to such requirements as the Parliament prescribes, to hear and determine appeals from all final judgments of the Court of Appeal.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 By s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16730234\charrsid2702490 ection}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490  122(2) an appeal may not be brought from a final judgment of the Court of Appeal unless the Court of Appeal itself gives leave to appeal on a question of significant public importan
ce or the Supreme Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  gives special leave to appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [50}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1205456\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 Section 7 of the }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16730234\charrsid2702490 Supreme Court Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490  provides, inter alia:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 (2)\tab In relation to a civil matter (including a matter involving a constitutional question), the Supreme Court must not grant special leave to appeal unless the case raises: 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi703\li1457\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1457\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 (a)\tab a far}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 reaching question of law; 
\par (b)\tab a matter of great general or public importance; 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 (c)\tab 
a matter that is otherwise of substantial general interest to the administration of civil justice.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 
Whether a ground for special leave has been made out}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [51}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403368\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 The central issue is not the interpretation of the standard contract}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 , i}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 t is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6503271\charrsid2702490 the}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490  characterisation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6503271\charrsid2702490  of the relat}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 ionship defined by it}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 There are three characterisations open, although }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 the third,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490  was not considered }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 below}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 The first}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 ,
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490  is that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6503271\charrsid2702490  of employer and employee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 
, found by the primary judge and the Court of Appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 The second}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490  is that of principal and independent contractor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 The third}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490 , which is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid997839\charrsid2702490 usually although not}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490  necessarily exclusive of }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14502410\charrsid2702490 the others, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9989382\charrsid2702490 is that of bailment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791596\charrsid2702490 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9989382\charrsid2702490  the relationship between the owner and hirer }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 of a chattel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 The c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6503271\charrsid2702490 haracterisation of the relationship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 
 raises a question of law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 It was said}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9989382\charrsid2702490 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9989382\charrsid2702490 against the grant of special leave, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 that the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6503271\charrsid2702490 relevant }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8805513\charrsid2702490 common law test}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693153\charrsid2702490  was not in issue. }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490 Whether or not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693153\charrsid2702490 it was}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490  in issue, }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693153\charrsid2702490 the result}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864347\charrsid2702490 below is contrary to a considerable body}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid997839\charrsid2702490  of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490  case law}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid997839\charrsid2702490  dating back into the 19th century}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864347\charrsid2702490 which w}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9400102\charrsid2702490 as}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864347\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490 not referred to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864347\charrsid2702490 , that is}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490  directly relevant to the relationship between taxi }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864347\charrsid2702490 owners}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490 
 and their drivers}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864347\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490  Indeed the contractual arrangements }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9989382\charrsid2702490 
between Mr Hassan and the Sanyo drivers}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490 may well have been based }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864347\charrsid2702490 indirectly 
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490 upon }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864347\charrsid2702490 that long standing case law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [52}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403368\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490 
The affidavits filed in support of the petition suggest that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693153\charrsid2702490 standard }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490 form of agreement used }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16730234\charrsid2702490 by Sanyo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1532630\charrsid2702490 at the time of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864347\charrsid2702490 the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864347\charrsid2702490 Compulsory Recognition Order}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1532630\charrsid2702490  wa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490 
s similar to that used throughout the taxi industry in Fiji.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490 
The degree of that similarity and its relevance could not be judged as other forms of agreement were not put on the record.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490 However there is 
no doubt that there are common features }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490 many }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490 taxi owner and driver arrangements which have been consider}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 ed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490  in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693153\charrsid2702490 other jurisdictions}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490 
That is not to say that all owner and driver arrangements in the taxi industry}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864956\charrsid2702490  will always}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 attract }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490 the same characterisation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7811599\charrsid2702490 Each must be looked at by reference to any written or oral contract and the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 real}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490  relationship }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490 between the parties}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490 . 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [53}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403368\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490 The}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693153\charrsid2702490 se proceedings have }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490 focused}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693153\charrsid2702490 
, at first instance and in the Court of Appeal, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490 upon the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490  standard contract used by Sanyo.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 
The evidence of other matters outside the contract relevant to the characterisation of the relationship was slight, and it was not suggested that the agreement did not reflect the real nature of the relationship.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [54}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403368\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490 Given its potential ramification
s for the taxi industry as a whole and the desirability of a corre}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693153\charrsid2702490 ct and consistent approach to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490 
characterisation of contractual service arrangements, we are of the opinion that this is a matter }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6763559\charrsid2702490 of great or general public importance }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490 in which special leave should be granted. 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9329235\charrsid2702490 The approach to characterisation}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490  of service contracts}{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14572763\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [55}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403368\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14572763\charrsid2702490 
The distinction between employees and independent contractors has a long history in statute law and at common law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14572763\charrsid2702490 
Master and Servant legislation of the 19th century was one of its early progenitors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14572763\charrsid2702490 
Common law doctrines relating to vicarious liability required consideration of the relationship between a person who committed an act or omission and a second person who was said to be liable on account of the first person\rquote s conduct.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14572763\charrsid2702490 Over time a body of law deve}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 loped in which the distinction wa}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14572763\charrsid2702490 s embedded}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 That}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1532630\charrsid2702490  distinction was originally based upon the degree of control exercised over the worker.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490 An employee was }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490 
a person subject to the command of his master as to the manner in which he shall do his work}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490  \endash  }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid532605\charrsid2702490 Yewens v Noakes}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 (1880)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490  6 QBD 530 at 532}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490 533.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490 The test was in a sense the product of a largely agricultural society.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490 
Its origins }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864956\charrsid2702490 we}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490 re explained in a passage from Glass, McHugh and Douglas, \lquote The Liability of Employers\rquote  in }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490 Damages for Personal Injury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490  (2nd ed, 1979) at 72}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2915787\charrsid2702490 73 which was quoted with approval by the High Court of Australia in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid532605\charrsid2702490 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490  (2001) 207 CLR 21,40}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9509607\charrsid2702490 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9509607 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9509607\charrsid2702490 \lquote 
It was first devised in an age untroubled by the complexities of a modern industrial society placing its accent on the division of functions and extreme specialisation.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9509607\charrsid2702490 At the time when the courts first formulated the distinction between employees and independent contractors by reference to t
he test of control, an employer could be expected to know as much about the job as his employee.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9509607\charrsid2702490 
Moreover the employer would usually work with the employee and the test of control and supervision was then a real one to distinguish between the employee and the independent contractor.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9509607\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [56}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403368\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 A frequently cited statement of the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1532630\charrsid2702490  test}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 was that of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1532630\charrsid2702490  McCardie J in }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid532605\charrsid2702490 Performing Right Society Limited v Mitchell and Booker }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3369622\charrsid2702490 (Palais De Danse) }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid532605\charrsid2702490 L}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3369622\charrsid2702490 imi}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid532605\charrsid2702490 t}{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3369622\charrsid2702490 e}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid532605\charrsid2702490 d}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1532630\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1532630\charrsid2702490 [1924] 1 KB 762 at 767}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3369622\charrsid2702490 76}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1532630\charrsid2702490 8}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414922\charrsid2702490 :}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14572763 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414922\charrsid2702490 \'85 the test to be generally applied, lies in the nature and degree of detailed control over the person alleged to be a servant .}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3369622\charrsid2702490 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414922\charrsid2702490 
. An independent contractor is one who undertakes to produce a given result, but so that in the actual execution of the work he i
s not under the order or control of the person for whom he does it, and may use his own discretion in things not specified beforehand.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14572763\charrsid2702490 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "
}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7227008\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 In }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3369622\charrsid2702490 Attorney}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3369622\charrsid2702490 General for New South Wales v Perpetual Trustee}
{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4539812\charrsid2702490  Company (Ltd)}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 
(1952) 85 CLR 237, Kitto J set out three elements of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 master}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 servant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490  relationship }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864956\charrsid2702490 in terms of a control test expressed in dated language (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5987547\charrsid2702490 at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864956\charrsid2702490 
299)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 :
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 1.\tab Obedience to orders by the servant.
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 2.\tab Obedience to orders in the doing of the work, including how i
t should be done.
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 3.\tab The doing of the work for the benefit of the master.
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [57}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403368\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 As the control test evolved it}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414922\charrsid2702490  did not require specific direction}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490 
 as to the performance of duties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490 A right to control came to suffice especially where the worker wa}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414922\charrsid2702490 s a person with special skills or knowledge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 
Trapeze artists in a circus were a case in point}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414922\charrsid2702490  \endash  }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814899\charrsid2702490 Zuijs v Wirth Brothers Pty Ltd}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814899\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414922\charrsid2702490 (1955) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814899\charrsid2702490 9}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414922\charrsid2702490 3 CLR 561 at 571.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 
Workers contracted to perform services not subject to direct supervision but obliged to comply with detailed procedures upon }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 pain}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490  of termination could be employees as the Privy Council held of Weight}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 
Watchers lecturers in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814899\charrsid2702490 Narich Pty ltd v Commissioner of Payroll Tax (NSW}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 [1983]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490  2 NSWLR 597}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 ; cf }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864956\charrsid2702490 cosmetic consultants in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 Commissioner of Payroll Tax (Vic) v Mary Kay Cosmetics Pty Ltd }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 (1982) VR 871 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864956\charrsid2702490 market research interviewers in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490  }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 The Roy }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814899\charrsid2702490 M}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 
organ Research Centre Ltd v The Commissioner of State Revenue}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490  (1997) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11814899\charrsid2702490 97 ATC 5070}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414922\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [58}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403368\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 What }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5641479\charrsid2702490 seemed to some }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 an alternative approach to characterisation was the so}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 cal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 led }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 
organisation test}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14829469\charrsid2702490 In}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 1947 Lord Wright said: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 \'85 it is in some cases possible to decide the issue by raising a
s the crucial question whose business is it, or in other words by asking whether the party was carrying on the business, in the sense of carrying it on for himself or on his own behalf and not merely for a superior.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15626331\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11625671\charrsid2702490 Montreal v Montreal Locomotive Works}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490  }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 [1947}{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 ]}{
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490  1 DLR 161 }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 PC }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 at 169
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 
Denning LJ, in 1953, spoke of an employee as one who is }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 part and parcel of the organisation}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490  \endash  }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861851\charrsid2702490 Bank Voor Handel An Scheepvaart NV v Slatford}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490 [1953] 1 QB 248 at 295.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490 Windeyer J in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861851\charrsid2702490 Marshall v Whittaker Building Supply Co}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490  (1963) 109 CLR 210 at 217 said that the distinction lies in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490 
the difference between a person who serves his employer in his, the employer\rquote s business, and a person who carries on a trade or business of his own}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16517638\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403368\charrsid2702490 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 59}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403368\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861851\charrsid2702490 Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Company Pty Ltd}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12274621\charrsid2702490 
(1986) 160 CLR 16 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 enunciated, for Australia, a multi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 
factor approach which treated control and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 organisational arrangements}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6763559\charrsid2702490  between }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 the parties}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 
 as relevant but not exhaustive considerations.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490 Mason J }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 
(Brennan and Deane JJ agreeing) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490 observed that the element of organisation }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6902829\charrsid2702490 
could be treated as a factor to be weighed with control in deciding whether the relationship was one of employment or of independent contract.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 Nevertheless priority seems to have been given to control. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6902829\charrsid2702490 His Honour said (at 27):}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6902829\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6902829\charrsid2702490 
For my part I am unable to accept that the organization test could result in an affirmative finding that the contract is one of service when the control test either on its own or with other indicia yields the conclusion that it is a contract for services.
}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6902829\charrsid2702490 Of the two concepts, legal authority to control is the more relevant and the more cogent in determining the nature of the relationship.}
{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6902829\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 H}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 is Honour interpreted Lord Wright\rquote s observations}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490  as consistent with that approach}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 He did not accept Denning LJ\rquote 
s view of the organisation test as an independent basis of characterisation which could replace }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 \'85
 the traditional approach of balancing all the incidents of the relationship between the parties}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490  (at 28).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 Mason J acknowledged the criticism of the
 control test that it was more suited to the conditions of earlier times than to the conditions of modern post}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 industrial society.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 He pointed to the development which shifted its focus from the actual exercise of control to the right to exercise control and added (at 29):
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8791640 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 Furthermore, control is not now regarded as the only relevant factor.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 
Rather it is the totality of the relationship between the parties which must be considered.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [60}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403368\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861851\charrsid2702490 Brodribb}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8521946\charrsid2702490  }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 Sawmilling}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490  involved timber workers}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 Particular factors mentioned by Mason J relevant to characterisation of their contractual relationship}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490  were:
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 1.\tab the work}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861851\charrsid2702490 
ers provide}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861851\charrsid2702490  their own equipment;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861851\charrsid2702490 2.\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 they set their own hours of work}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861851\charrsid2702490 ;}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861851\charrsid2702490 3.\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 the}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 ir}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490  remuneration was by way of payments determined by the volume of timber delivered }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2320119\charrsid2702490 to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 sawmill}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861851\charrsid2702490 ;}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12861851\charrsid2702490 4.\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 the company and the workers regarded the relationship as one of independent c}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12990398\charrsid2702490 ontractor rather than employee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826437\charrsid2702490 . 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6902829\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [61}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490 Wilson and Dawson JJ }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 also favoured a multi}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 factor approach.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 They }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490 viewed the formulations by Windeyer J and Denning LJ as posing the ultimate question in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490 different way}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490 
 rather than offering a definition which could provid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 e}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490  an answer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490 Their Honours saw the question as }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14163211\charrsid2702490 \'85 one o}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 f degree}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10490710\charrsid2702490  for which there is no exclusive measure}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10490710\charrsid2702490  (at 36).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10490710\charrsid2702490 
They thought it appropriate to apply the control test in the first instance because it remained the surest guide to whether a person was contracting independently or serving as an employee.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10490710\charrsid2702490 Any attempt to list relevant matters however incomplete could mislead because they could be no more than a guide to the existence of the relationship of master and servant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490  (at 37)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10490710\charrsid2702490 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15626331 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10490710\charrsid2702490 
The ultimate question will always be whether a person is acting as a servant of another or on his own behalf and the answer to that question may be indicated in ways which are not always the same and which do not always have the same significance.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10490710\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10490710\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 The judgments }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 were in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 accord on a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 totality }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 relationship}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490  approach.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10490710 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [62}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 The difficult distinctions involv}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 ed in}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490  multi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 factor }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864956\charrsid2702490 approach}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 re illustrated by the difference in outcomes between the decision}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490  of the Court of Appeal }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 of}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490  New South Wales in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 Vabu}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2320119\charrsid2702490 
 Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490  (1996) 86 IR 150 and of the High Court in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2320119\charrsid2702490 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 
 company provided }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 courier}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490  services }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 and t}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 he question in the New South Wales Court of Appeal case was whether }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 it}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490  was an employer for the purposes of superannuation legislation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676\charrsid2702490 The company
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 \rquote s couriers were paid }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 for}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 
 the number of successful deliveries undertaken.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 
They owned the cars, motor bikes and bicycles which they used and had to meet the cost of maintaining, repairing and insuring them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 
They had to provide themselves with street directories and telephone books.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 The}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 y}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490  had to wear a company uniform and to comply with the company conduct }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 standards}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 
Their working hours were fixed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 There was no discretion to refuse work allocated by the company.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 However, becau
se of the payment arrangements and the responsibility of the couriers to supply their own equipment they were held to be independent contractors.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11870676 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [63}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 
The High Court case involving Vabu arose out of an accident in which a person was injured by the negligen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 ce}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 
 of one of its bicycle couriers }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 while }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 making a delivery.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 The High Court held 6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 1,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 that the company was vicariously liable for the act of its courier.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 
In relation to the bicycle couriers it }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2699669\charrsid2702490 differed from}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490  the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 
New South Wales Court of Appeal in the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 earlier }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 superannuation case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [64}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 The majority judgment discussed the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 control}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 
 test and observed that in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8944328\charrsid2702490 Brodribb}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864956\charrsid2702490 the Court}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490  had been }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490 adjusting the notion of \lquote control\rquote 
 to circumstances of contemporary }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10821380\charrsid2702490 life}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10821380\charrsid2702490  (at 40).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10821380\charrsid2702490 The Court quoted with approval the observations of Mason J and in particular the passage in which }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 he}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10821380\charrsid2702490  identified }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10821380\charrsid2702490 the totality of the relationship between the parties}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10821380\charrsid2702490 
 which must be considered for the purpose of its characterisation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10821380\charrsid2702490 
After reviewing the various elements of the working relationship between Vabu and its couriers, the majority said}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490  (at 45)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10821380\charrsid2702490 : 
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10821380 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 \'85Vabu\rquote s business involved the marshalling and direction of the labour of the couriers, whose efforts comprised the very essence of the public manifestation of Vabu\rquote 
s business.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 
It was not the case that the couriers supplemented or performed part of the work undertaken by Vabu or aided from time to time; rather, \'85 they }{\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 were}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490  Vabu and effectively performed all of Vabu\rquote s operations in the outside world.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 It would be unrealistic to describe the couriers other than as employees.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11235393\charrsid2702490  
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [65}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 The decision of the High Court of Australia differed from that of the New Zealand Court of Appeal on similar facts in }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 TNT Worldwide Express (NZ) Ltd v Cunningham}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16734432\charrsid2702490  [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 1993}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16734432\charrsid2702490 ]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490  3 NZLR 681.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 That too concerned owner}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 driver couriers employed under standard contracts}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490  which}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490  declared that the relationship }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 between}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490  the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864956\charrsid2702490 drivers }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 and}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864956\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 the company was that of independent contractor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1864956\charrsid2702490 s}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 It}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 
 contained terms which, as the Court of Appeal in New Zealand found, suggested that }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 
each party was genuinely trading off benefits under one relationship for perceived advantages under the other}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490  (at 695).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 Although the company controlled the livery of the vehicle, the courier control}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 led}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490  his own chosen area or territory.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 He}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490  was responsible for employing relief drivers and would profit from sound management and performance of his task.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [66}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 A declaration in a contract that a party }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490  an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 
independent contractor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490  does not determine the character of the relationship.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 In }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 Ready}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16734432\charrsid2702490  M}{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 ix}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16734432\charrsid2702490 ed}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 
 Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16734432\charrsid2702490  [1968]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 
 2 QB 497, MacKenna J pointed out that the characterisation of the relationship as independent contractor or otherwise is a matter of law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 
It is dependent upon the rights and dut}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 ies imposed by the contract.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 If}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490  a contr}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 act established}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 
 a relationship of employer and employee it would be irrelevant that the parties declared it to be something else.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 MacKenna J did not }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 deny}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490  some utility for such declarations}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 
, because they might help resolve cases of doubt. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 His judgment was approved }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5252690\charrsid2702490 by }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 the majority of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490  the Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490 Ferguson v John 
}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5252690\charrsid2702490 Dawson}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7174976\charrsid2702490  and Partners (Contractors)}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490  Ltd}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490  [19}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8944328\charrsid2702490 76}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 ]}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8944328\charrsid2702490  1 WLR 1213.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950253\charrsid2702490 Browne LJ}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 (at 1270) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950253\charrsid2702490 was prepared to assume that a declaration as to the nature of a relationship by the parties is }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950253\charrsid2702490 a relevant but }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 certainly }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950253\charrsid2702490 not a conclusive factor}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950253\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950253\charrsid2702490 (See also }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950253\charrsid2702490 Massey v Crown Life Insurance Company}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950253\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787145\charrsid2702490 [1978]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950253\charrsid2702490  1 WLR 676).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950253 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 67}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11950253\charrsid2702490 The present position under the common law of England, Australia and New Zealand requires}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506896\charrsid2702490 
 the Court to consider the whole relationship.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2178043\charrsid2702490 The primary consideration must be the degree of control, direction or constraint exercised }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506896\charrsid2702490 or entitled to be exercised }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2178043\charrsid2702490 by the person receiving }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506896\charrsid2702490 the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2178043\charrsid2702490 services over the person providing them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460294 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2178043\charrsid2702490 S}{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 tatutory construction and the common law of Fiji}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11277698\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [68}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2178043\charrsid2702490 B}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693153\charrsid2702490 efore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734\charrsid2702490  applying the employee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2178043\charrsid2702490 independent }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734\charrsid2702490 contractor distinction in }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2178043\charrsid2702490 
a statutory context, the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734\charrsid2702490 question }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2178043\charrsid2702490 must be asked}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734\charrsid2702490  what is the proper interpretation of the statute?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734\charrsid2702490 For the statute may }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506896\charrsid2702490 define}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734\charrsid2702490 employee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734\charrsid2702490  or }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734\charrsid2702490 employer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734\charrsid2702490  in a way which }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490 elides the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490  distinction.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 The common law does not determine the meaning of the statute.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 
However, where there is an established common law principle the statute is not generally taken to displace }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490 it unless }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506896\charrsid2702490 
it does so }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490 expressly or by necessary implication}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490 There is an overlapping interpretive principle that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 
where terms are used in a statute which have acquired an established judicial interpretation, there will be an inference that the legislature intended that interpretation to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490 apply}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490  to those terms.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2178043\charrsid2702490 There is nothing in the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506896\charrsid2702490 Recognition Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2178043\charrsid2702490  to suggest }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506896\charrsid2702490 
that it extends beyond employments existing at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2178043\charrsid2702490 common law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [69}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 
To the extent that this case involves the common law }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490 governing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490  the characterisation of contractual service relationships}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6763559\charrsid2702490  and bailment relationships}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 , the Court is concerned with the common law of Fiji}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4016088\charrsid2702490 ,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490  which is ultimately that declared by this Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 Doctrines and principles accepted in Australia will be part of the common law of Australia.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 The same is true of New Zealand and Canada and other countries.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 
They, like Fiji, inherited the common law from England.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 But at particular times, and in particular ways, t
he common law, as declared in the courts of those countries, may have diverged from }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506896\charrsid2702490 the common law elsewhere}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 The question must always be asked \endash  what is the common law of Fiji?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490 That does not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506896\charrsid2702490 entitle}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490  th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490 is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6960730\charrsid2702490  Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3222921\charrsid2702490 li}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490 ghtl}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7930149\charrsid2702490 y to set that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3222921\charrsid2702490  common law in directions 
which diverge from its historical origins or that of other countries with whom it sha}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 res its legal heritage.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3222921 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [70}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3222921\charrsid2702490 In some cases, part}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490 icularly those affected by its c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3222921\charrsid2702490 onstitution}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490 
al principles including those relating to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3222921\charrsid2702490 human rights and fundamental freedoms}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1975598\charrsid2702490 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9854351\charrsid2702490  Fiji may diverge from other jurisdictions which have been, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1975598\charrsid2702490 like it, the inheritors of the common law of England.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1975598\charrsid2702490 But a conservative principle should be applied to maintain, so far as possible, a degree of certainty and predictability about the judge}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1975598\charrsid2702490 made law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1975598\charrsid2702490 
With its historical depth of trial and error evolution it provides an immense resource upon which to draw in dealing with disputes between people which are part of the common lot of humanity }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490 and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1975598\charrsid2702490 know no jurisdictional boundaries.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10309734 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [71}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460294\charrsid2702490 There is a rel
evant criticism of the current common law approach to the characterisation of employer/employee relationships and independent contractor arrangements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460294\charrsid2702490 Creighton and Stewart have observed that a difficulty with the prevailing judicial approach is that it pe
rmits one or both of the parties to a work relationship to evade obligations otherwise imposed by awards or statutes:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460294 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5899926\charrsid2702490 \'85 with a modicum of care and ingenuity it remains possible for businesses to obtain work from individuals who are virtually indistinguis
hable from employees, in terms of their close connection to the organisation and subordination to its managers and supervisors, yet whom the common law does not characterise as }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5899926\charrsid2702490 employees}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5899926\charrsid2702490 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5899926\charrsid2702490 This can in most instances be achieved simply through a well}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5899926\charrsid2702490 draft
ed contract that is designed to look as much like a client/contractor agreement as possible.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5899926\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5899926\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5899926\charrsid2702490 Creighton B and Stewart A, }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5899926\charrsid2702490 Labour Law }{\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5899926\charrsid2702490 (4th ed, Federation Press, 2005, par 11.43)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid460294\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11735452\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5899926\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [72}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 The learned authors point to the international dimensions of the problem of }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 disguised employment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 .}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 
They refer to a report prepared for the International Labour Conference in 2003 which surveyed a range of countries and referred to an increasingly widespread phenomenon of dependent workers lacking labour protection.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  The ILO Report said:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5899926 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 The growing lack of protection of many dependent workers, although not the same in all countries, is a challenge to the effective functioning of labour law.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 The non}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 protec
tion of dependent workers harms workers and their families; it also affects the viability of enterprises and has consequences for society and governments.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi703\li737\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin737\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 Creighton and Stewart, op cit par 11.45.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [73}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 The concern expressed by the authors of the 4th edit
ion of Labour Law can properly be acknowledged without the necessity to set Fiji\rquote s common law on a path that diverges from those jurisdictions which share its common law heritage.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 The approach to characterisation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8407545\charrsid2702490  should involve close scrutiny }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 of arrangements which involve standard form contracts declaring the nature of the work relationship which they cover as that of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490 independent contractor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6506896\charrsid2702490 when this is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15609492\charrsid2702490 coupled with significant constraints on the way the contractor is to do his or her work}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1269606\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2100418 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1269606\charrsid2702490 Taxi drivers}{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1269606 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8785392\charrsid2702490 [74}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1269606\charrsid2702490 
Taxi drivers who do not own their taxis are a category of workers whose contractual arrangements with owners or suppliers of their taxis have long been the subject of judicial consideration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15609492\charrsid2702490 In }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15609492\charrsid2702490 Fowler v Locke }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15609492\charrsid2702490 
(1872) 7 LRCP 272 the owner of a horse and cab let it out for hire to a driver who paid 18 shillings a day and took the rest of the profit or loss upon himself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15609492\charrsid2702490 Grove J observed that the cab man was under no control as to his }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 movements by the cab owner.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 He could make special bargains with the public.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 He was not carrying out any directions of the owner.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 
There was no provision for notice of dismissal but only a refusal to supply cab and horse on non}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 payment.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 There were no correlative duties beyond those of bailor and bailee.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 He said}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490  (at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 280}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490 )}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1269606 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 I feel obliged to come to the conclusion that the cab man is not the servant of the cab}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 owner.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 [7}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 Byles J said (at 281):}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779 

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 The driver, as between the cab}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 
owner and himself seems to me to have the complete and exclusive control and disposition of the vehicle within a certain district, and not to be a servant of the proprietor}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490 .}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 
In rejecting the characterisation of the relationship between the owner and driver as that of employer and employee, the decision reflected an application of the control test discussed earlier. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [76}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 In }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 Doggett v Waterloo Taxi}{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779\charrsid2702490 Cab }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 Company Ltd}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490 [1910]}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 
 2 KB 336, the Court of Appeal came to a like conclusion in relation to taxi drivers who took their cabs on a day to day contract, were free to go where they wanted, were paid a percentage of taximeter takings and could not be }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 dismissed}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490  but merely refuse
d the use of a cab.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490 They rejected the driver\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 claim for workmen
\rquote s compensation }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490 because he was not}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490  a servant of the owner }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490 although}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490  Cozens}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 Har}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7930149\charrsid2702490 d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 y M}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
R entered the caution (at 341):}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid880779 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 There may be cases in which the proprietor of a taxi}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 
cab exercises such a degree of control over the driver as to justify the conclusion that the relation of master and servant exists.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 

\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15626331\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 
Buckley LJ referred to the lack of control exercised over the driver (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490 at }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 342)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490  and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 Kennedy LJ noted that there was no evidence that the company cou
ld have ordered }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490 the d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 river to take this or that job (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490 at }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 344).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [77}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9202754\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 The decision in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 Doggett}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490  was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490 approved }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 in }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 Smith v General Motor Cab Company Ltd}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490  [1911] AC 188.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 Lord Shaw observed that }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 the point}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490  depended upon many circumstances}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490  (at 193)}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 : }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490 \'85
 the scope of the employment, the form of remuneration, the scope within which the person driving the cab has power to regulate his own times and seasons, or to drive or not to drive the cab as he wishes.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
"}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4009636\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490 Doggett}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490  and }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490 Smith}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490  were }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490 applied }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490 in New Zealand to 
characterise a taxi owner and driver relationship as that of bailor and bailee rather than partnership }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 - }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490 
Checker Taxi Cab Co Ltd v Stone}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490  [1930] NZLR 169.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490 The High Court }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9047957\charrsid2702490 of Australia }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490 applied that characterisation in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490 
Dillon v Gange }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490 (1941) 64 CLR 253 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11748688\charrsid2702490 citing}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490  }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490 Smith, Doggett}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490  and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016\charrsid2702490 Checkers}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  (at 258, 263, 265).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [78}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6763559\charrsid2702490 In }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6763559\charrsid2702490 Yellow Cabs of Australia Ltd v Colgan}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6763559\charrsid2702490  [1930] AR (NSW) 137, the New South Wales Industrial Commission decided that a taxi driver }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11748688\charrsid2702490 
who was a bailee of his vehicle was not an}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6763559\charrsid2702490  employee.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6763559\charrsid2702490 Street and Cantor 
JJ acknowledged that, where parties occupy a relationship in the nature of joint adventurers, a degree of direction or control is necessarily involved (at 165):}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6763559 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8859778\charrsid2702490 But this does not necessarily create the relationship of employer and employee, that question
, all the surrounding circumstances having been taken into consideration, being mainly determined by the degree and extent of the detailed control vested in one party over the acts of the other party in the actual execution of the work contemplated in the
 joint venture.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6763559\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8859778\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8859778\charrsid2702490 
In that case, the drivers kept their taxis at the company garage or not as they wished and worked the days or hours they wanted }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11748688\charrsid2702490 and}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8859778\charrsid2702490  were not required to record their time}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11748688\charrsid2702490  or}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8859778\charrsid2702490 
 to work for a specified period.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8859778\charrsid2702490 They were not under any directions as to the places in which they should look for work.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8859778\charrsid2702490 They paid for their own petrol and had to pay for the cost of repairs to their cabs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8859778\charrsid2702490 Street and Cantor JJ said (at 169):}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8859778 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8859778\charrsid2702490 \'85 each driver was substantially in the position of an independent contractor \lquote 
who undertakes to produce a given result but so that in the actual execution of the work he is not under the order or control of the person for whom he }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11433167\charrsid2702490 does it, and may use his ow
n discretion in things not specified before hand\rquote \'85}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8859778\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11433167\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [79}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11748688\charrsid2702490 This decision was followed in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11433167\charrsid2702490  }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11433167\charrsid2702490 Platt v Treweneck}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11433167\charrsid2702490 (1953) AR (NSW) 642,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11748688\charrsid2702490  where the drivers were bailees of their vehicles obligated to pay the owner in one case half, and in the other two thirds, of their daily takings.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11748688\charrsid2702490 The fact that in one case details of available jobs were obtained from the owner\rquote 
s office by telephone (p 647) and in the other case by radio (p 651) did not convert the bailor/bailee relationship into one of employer and employee.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12938016 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [80}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 
The question was recently considered by the Full Court of the Federal Court in }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 Commissioner of Taxation v De Luxe Red and Yellow Cabs Co}{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 operative (Trading) Society Ltd}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 (1998) 82 FCR 507.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 The case involved the liability of taxi fleet operators, co
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 operatives and plate owners to make }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1188886\charrsid2702490 superannuation contributions and }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11748688\charrsid2702490 income tax }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 deductions from remuneration received by their drivers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 This depended upon the characterisation of the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1188886\charrsid2702490 ir}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 
 relationship with the drivers as a relationship of employment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 The argu
ment against the Commissioner was that the relationship was one of bailment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 The Full Federal Court held that under }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11748688\charrsid2702490 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 general law the relationship between }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11748688\charrsid2702490 that }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 taxi cab owner and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11748688\charrsid2702490 its }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 driver }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11748688\charrsid2702490 wa}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 s bailment not employment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 They applied }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 Dillon v Gange}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 ,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490  and }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 Yellow Cabs}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490  referred to }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 
Northern District Radio Taxi Cab Cooperative Limited v Commissioner of Stamp Duties}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490  (1975) 1 NSWLR 346 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 where}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490  Sheppard J said (at 347}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 -}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 348):}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9130695\charrsid2702490 \'85 in most cases drivers of taxi cabs owned by other persons are not employees of such owners, but are bailees of the cabs which they drive.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9130695\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9130695\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [81}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612858\charrsid2702490 The}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1188886\charrsid2702490  Full Court said}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  (at 522):}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612858 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612858\charrsid2702490 We would be prepared to accept that the Commissioner\rquote s contentions might have some force}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12914967\charrsid2702490 ,}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612858\charrsid2702490  if they could be}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12914967\charrsid2702490 
 viewed apart from: (1) the direction in which the general law has developed, that is, towards bailment and away from employment; and (2) the acceptance of the general law bailment notion in the legislation governing the relationship between licence owner
 and driver.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12914967\charrsid2702490 
These considerations apart, there might have been something to be said for a conclusion that the presence here of at least some of the indicia of an employment situation justified the characterisation of the drivers as the providers of labour, 
and thus within the application of the two Commonwealth statutes now in question.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12914967\charrsid2702490 
But, in our view, it would be wrong to seek to divorce the issue of the true character of the relationship from its well established general law and statutory setting.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12914967\charrsid2702490 When t
he present circumstances are viewed in that setting or context, a conclusion that the drivers are bailees in a joint venture is appropriate, notwithstanding the degree of control reserved to the bailor.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }
{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12914967\charrsid2702490 Such a reservation is not, as was noted in }{\b\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12914967\charrsid2702490 Yellow Cabs}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12914967\charrsid2702490 , necessarily inconsistent with a bailment relationship.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12914967\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12914967\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [82}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12914967\charrsid2702490 The weight of established law governing the characterisation of the relationship that has historically }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid997839\charrsid2702490 existed between taxi owners and their drivers bears heavily upon this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4946451\charrsid2702490 
It is necessary now to have regard to the application of that case law to the arrangements in issue in this case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4946451 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4946451\charrsid2702490 
The nature of the relationship between Sanyo and the cab drivers}{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4946451 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [83}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4946451\charrsid2702490 The standard contract between Mr Hassan and his drivers involve the following elements:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4946451 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4946451\charrsid2702490 1.\tab 
Each driver was assigned a Sanyo taxi in which to offer taxi services to members of the public for a fare which was to be paid by the member of the public to the driver. 
\par 2.\tab Each driver had to pay $66 daily to Mr Hassan and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 could}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4946451\charrsid2702490  retain }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 the rest of his takings}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4946451\charrsid2702490 . 
\par 3.\tab The area in which the driver could operate the cab was defined by reference to Suva, Deuba along Queens Road, and Tailevu along Kings Road.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4946451\charrsid2702490 The cab could not be used outside these areas without Mr Hassan\rquote s permission.
\par 4.\tab The cab was restricted to the driver\rquote s personal use only and could not be made available to others to drive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4946451\charrsid2702490 
\par 5.\tab The driver could not undertake repair work on the cab other than in an emergency and then only sufficient to drive it to the nearest garage. 
\par 6.\tab The driver was liable in the event of an accident for which the driver was at fault while using the vehicle for private purposes.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4946451\charrsid2702490 
It is implicit in this provision that the driver was free to use the vehicle for his own purposes.
\par 7.\tab The driver was required to bring the vehicle in for inspection by management each day.
\par 8.\tab Under clause 11 of the agreement it was provided }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 the company shall have no control over the Employee\rquote s daily driving}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 Th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 e reference to employee may have been a slip but in any event it cannot be conclusive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 There was no express provision f}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 or termination by Sanyo however drivers were required to give }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 one week\rquote s notice of termination }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 
except in the casual dismissal}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 whatever that may mean}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 .}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [84}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 There was a control radio despatch system as appea
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 rs from the Sanyo letterhead. And t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 here was evidence that Sanyo had eleven }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 regular }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 clients.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 There was no evidence that driver}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 were or could }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 be directed to pick up }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10169400\charrsid2702490 someone for 
a regular customer or any other customer }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 phoning for a cab.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 
There was no evidence to suggest that the system was not one of bidding for jobs in the usual way.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310801\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 [8}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 5}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 The finding of the Court of Appeal that Sanyo }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 was }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10052739\charrsid2702490 a }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 tightly organised and controlled operation of which the drivers were an essential part}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 in our judgment }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 
was not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 supported by any evidence that such control was exercised.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6306961\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 [}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 86}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 The fact, relied upon by the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 second and third }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 
respondents in their further submissions, that Mr Hassan told the Minister for Labour that }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 
Sanyo Cabs cannot afford to have drivers on strike}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490  and that }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 all the drivers on strike have possession of my vehicles which are to be used for these services}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 does not assist.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 Mr Hassan\rquote s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 reference to}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 strike}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 
 and to the need to service fixed customers }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490  entirely consistent with bailment arrangements.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 It was plainly in his interest to have as many of the drivers as possible on the road and earning at least the daily sum of $66 which was }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 paid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490  to him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [87}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 The }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 second and third }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 respondents argued in further submissions that the evidence established that the drivers }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 drive the vehicles for the Petitioner\rquote s business and to serve Petitioner\rquote s fixed customers}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 but there was no evidence }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 that the drivers were subject to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490  control }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490  Mr Hassan.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12922631\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [88}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 
The respondents relied upon transport industry and labour regulations in aid of their submissions that the drivers are properly to be regarded as employees.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 They referred in particular to the }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10052739\charrsid2702490 Land Transfer (Public Service Vehicles) Regulations 2000}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 , the }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 Wages Council Act}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490  and the }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 Wages Regulation (Road Transport) Order 2002}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 .
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [89}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 It was contended that Regulation 17(1) of the }{
\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 Road Transport (Public Service Vehicles) Regulations}{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 
has the effect that a person who is the holder of a taxi permit cannot engage another person as a bailee to operate the taxi.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 
A permit holder can only appoint an employee to drive a vehicle for him.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 Whether that is right or not is not necessary to decide here.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 If it is right, then Mr Hassan might be in breach of the law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 So too may other taxi operators in Fiji.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 
The limitations, if any, imposed by the Regulations do not determine the character of the legal relationship between him and his drivers.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 
The Permanent Secretary erred in his reliance upon advice from the Land Transport Authority in that regard.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [90}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6488202\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 The respondent}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490  also pointed to the }{\b\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 
Wages Regulation (Road Transport) Order 2002}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490  as }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 
the relevant legislative provision governing terms and conditions of taxi drivers}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 as }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 light PSV drivers}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
"}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 O}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 rder, it was said, applies to all workers in the road transport industry and covers their terms and conditions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 These include minimum rates of remuneration, hours of work, public holidays, annual holidays, overtime work, subsistence allowances, meal allowances and sick leave.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 The Order, it was said: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9648875\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 \'85
 does not cover or recognise relationships of bailment}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 ,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 ,,}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 The issue in this case is}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490  not whether Mr Hassan has breached his obligations}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 , if any,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 under the Order.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 If he has, appropriate action }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 c}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 ould be taken}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490  against him}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4399690\charrsid2702490 The issue in this case is and }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 always has been, whether his arrangements with his drivers makes }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 them his }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 employees.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 The material properly before the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490  support}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 s a different characterisation}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [91}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904965\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 
The respondents have also referred to public policy considerations about the need to ensure that taxi drivers receive entitlements of the kind contained in the Order.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 It is not for this Court to determine such matters.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 
The Court is not equipped to make judgments about the costs and benefits in the taxi industry of such entitlements and effectively to impose them by extending the concept of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490 employee}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828\charrsid2702490  beyond its common law limits.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046828 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490 Conclusion
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [92}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904965\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490 
For the preceding reasons we are of the opinion that special leave to appeal should be granted and the appeal allowed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12738371\charrsid2702490 [93}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5904965\charrsid2702490 ]\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490 The orders of the Court will be: 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490 1.\tab Special leave is granted.
\par 2.\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 A}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490 ppeal allowed. 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490 3.\tab The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 
orders}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490  of the Court of Appeal dismissing the petitioner\rquote s appeal with costs }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 are}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490  set aside.
\par 4.\tab The }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 orders}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490  of the High Court dismissing the petitioner\rquote s application for judicial review with costs }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 are}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490  set aside. 
\par 5.\tab Compulsory Recognition }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 (No 1) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490 Order }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 2003 }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490 made by the second respondent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490  on 8 January 2003}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10911621\charrsid2702490  is quashed.

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3693511\charrsid2702490 6.\tab No orders as to costs in the High Court, Court of Appeal and this Court to the intent that each party will pay or bear his or its own costs.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15626331\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 Hon Justice Daniel V Fatiaki
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 President of the Supreme Court
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 
\par Hon Justice Robert French
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 
\par Hon Justice Kenneth Handley
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 Judge of the Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 Solicitors:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 Maharaj Chandra and Associates, Suva for the }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2717313\charrsid2702490 Petitioner}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 No Appearance from the Transport Workers Union for the 1st Respondent
\par Office of the Attorney General Chambers, Suva for the 2nd and 3rd Respondents
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2702490 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2702490 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4679094\charrsid2702490 CBV0006U.05S
\par }}