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\par AT SUVA
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid9852430 Appeal No CAV0001 of 2003S
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\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid9852430 Respondent
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\par Coram:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9852430  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid9852430 Hon. Justice Daniel V. Fatiaki, President of Supreme Court
\par Hon. Justice Robert French, Judge of Supreme Court
\par Hon. Justice Mark Weinberg, Judge of Supreme Court
\par 
\par Hearing:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9852430  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid9852430 Thursday, 20th May 2004, Suva
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\par Counsel:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9852430  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid9852430 Mr Paul Greaney and Ms S. Sorby for the Appellants
\par Mr Gregor Allan for the Respondent
\par 
\par Date of Judgment:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9852430  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid9852430 21 May 2004, Suva 
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\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9852430\charrsid9852430 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Introduction}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9852430 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9852430\charrsid9852430 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Grahame Southwick was charged with a number of criminal offences in 1998.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
At the commencement of his trial in July 1999 a motion for a permanent stay of the proceedings against him was granted.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
He subsequently applied for an order for costs in his favour under section 158(2) of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Criminal Procedure Code Cap 21}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The application was refused on the basis that Mr Southwick had not shown that the prosecutor either had no reasonable grounds for bringing the proceedings or had unreasonably prolonged them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Mr Southwick a
ppealed to the Court of Appeal against the refusal of the costs motion, but the appeal was dismissed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The Court of Appeal granted leave to him to appeal to this Court on questions relating to the proper construction of section 158(2) having regard to the 
provisions of section 28 of the Constitution which confers the right, upon persons charged with an offence, to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The related contention in respect of which leave to appeal was granted was that if th
e section could not be interpreted consistently with his proposed construction of section 28, it should be declared invalid to the extent that it imposed the requirement that a costs order not be made unless the prosecution had acted unreasonably in the w
ays mentioned in the section.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
His appeal also involved the contention that if valid the section does not require the applicant for costs to show unreasonable conduct on the part of the prosecution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
For the reasons that follow, we are of the opinion that the appeal should be dismissed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Factual and Procedural History}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
On 7 October 1998, Grahame Southwick and Visanti Makrava were committed for trial by the Chief Magistrate following a Preliminary Enquiry at which oral evidence was given for the prosecution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The charges upon which the two men were committed related to an alleged conspiracy to o}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 btain money by false pretences.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 5\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Prior to their joint trial, Mr Makrava was acquitted, after trial, of a charge of official corruption, the evidence in which was closely related to the evidence to be adduced in the joint conspiracy proceedings.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 6\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
At the commencement of their joint trial counsel for the prosecution conceded that the conspiracy charges against Mr Southwick and Mr Makrava jointly could not proceed in view of Mr Makrava\rquote s acquittal on the official corruption charge.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 This concession was said, by counsel for the Petitioner, to have been based upon the proposition that }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93autrefois acquit\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315  applied to pr
otect Mr Makrava from further prosecution and that Mr Southwick could not be convicted of a conspiracy with a man who had been acquitted in respect of the same agreement.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 It was also conceded that Mr Southwick could not be convicted upon remaining counts 
of fraudulent conversion because they related to the use of a loan obtained pursuant to the agreement said to constitute the conspiracy alleged against both accused.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The prosecution is said to have conceded that Mr Makrava\rquote s acquittal affected the whole Information.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 In addition, it was accepted that a fair trial was not possible because certain documents were missing which might have materially undermined the State\rquote s case.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The learned trial judge, Pathik J}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 , said, according to his notes:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93I endorse the re
marks of both Mr Stewart and Mr Shankar that Mr Schuster has informed (sic) his function as a prosecutor remarkably well bearing in mind the facts and circumstances of this case.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Fair trial and justice is all one looks to in any criminal trial and I must say that on the facts and circumstances of this case and the difficulties likely to be encountered by the prosecution Mr Schuster\rquote 
s approach to the matter was the only approach open to him.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 I therefore in the exercise of the Court\rquote s inherent power support
ed by authorities referred to by counsel, I grant a permanent stay of the trial of this case and therefore the information would be marked \'93Stayed\'94
 in (sic) the ground that the continuation of the case would constitute a misuse of the process of the Court and a fair trial was not possible.\'94 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The judge then said that both accused were to be discharged.
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 7\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
By a motion dated 13 July 1999, Mr Southwick applied to the learned primary judge, under section 158(2) of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Criminal Procedure Code}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 for an order for costs against the State in the amount of $F582,577.77.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Argument on the motion proceeded before Pathik J on 21 July 1999.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 On 19 November 1999, his Lordship dismissed the motion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Mr Southwick then appealed to the Court of Appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 On 1 March 2002, the Court dismissed that appeal.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
On 28 February 2003, the Court of Appeal, differently constituted, granted leave to Mr Southwick to appeal to the Supreme Court from the judgment of the Court of Appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The Certified Question}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 8\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Section 122(2) of the Constitution provides that an appeal may not be brought from a final judgment of the Court of Appeal unless the Court of Appeal gives leave to appeal on a question certified by it to be of significant public importance or the Supreme
 Court gives special leave to appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The question certified by the Co}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 
urt of Appeal in this case was:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93Is the proviso to section 158(2) of the Criminal Procedure Code inconsistent with the Constitution of the Republic of the Fiji Islands?\'94
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The Statutory and Constitutional Framework}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 9\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Section 158(2) of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Criminal Procedure Code}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  provides:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93It shall be lawful for a judge of the Supreme Court or any magistrate who acquits or discharges a person accused of an offence, to order the prosecutor either public 
or private, to pay to the accused such reasonable costs as to such judge or magistrate may seem fit: 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Provided that such an order shall not be made unless the judge or magistrate considers that the prosecutor either had no reasonable grounds for bringing the proceedings or has unreasonably prolonged the same.\'94
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 10\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The provisions of the Constitution which are said, in this case, to be relevant to the construction and valid}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 ity of s 158 are the following:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'932(1)}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 This Constitution is the supreme law of the State.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (2)}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Any law inconsistent with this Constitution is invalid to the extent of the inconsistency.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 3.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 In the interpretation of a provision of this Constitution: 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li1440\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (a)\tab 
a construction that would promote the purpose or object underlying the provision, taking into account the spirit of this Constitution as a whole, is to be preferred to a construction that would not promote that purpose or object; and 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li1440\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (b)\tab 
regard must be had to the context in which this Constitution was drafted and to the intention that constitutional interpretation take into account social and cultural developments, especially: 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-742\li2160\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (i)\tab 
developments in the understanding of the content of particular human rights; and 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-742\li2160\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (ii)\tab 
developments in the promotion of particular human rights.\'94
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 11\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Chapter 4 of the Constitution establishes a Bill of Rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
It commences in section 21 with general provisions about the application of the rights:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93(1)}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 This Chapter binds: 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li2143\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin2143\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (a)\tab 
the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government at all levels: central, divisional and local; and 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li2143\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin2143\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (b)\tab 
all persons performing the functions of any public office.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi17\li720\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (2)}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The rights and freedoms set out in this Chapter apply according to their tenor and are subject only to the limitations under laws of general application permitted by this Chapter and to such derogations as are authorised under Chapter 14.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi17\li720\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (3)}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Laws made, and administrative and judicial actions taken, after the commencement of this Constitution are subject to the provisions of this Chapter.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi17\li720\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (4)}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 In 
considering the application of this Chapter to particular legislation, a court must interpret this Chapter contextually, having regard to the content and consequences of the legislation, including its impact upon individuals, groups or communities.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi17\li720\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (5)}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 This Chapter applies to all laws in force at the commencement of this Constitution.
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi17\li720\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (6)}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 To the extent that it is capable of doing so, this Chapter extends to things done or actions taken outside the Fiji Islands.\'94
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 12\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Section 28 deals with \'93}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Rights of charged persons\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 It provides, inter alia:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93(1)}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Every person charged with an offence has the right: 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li2143\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin2143\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (a)\tab 
to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law; 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'85
\par }\pard \s19\ql \fi-703\li2143\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin2143\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (d)\tab 
to defend himself or herself in person or to be represented, at his or her own expense, by a legal practitioner of his or her choice or, if the interests of justice so require, to be given the services of a legal practitioner under a scheme for legal aid;
\'94
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 
Section 43(3) provides:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid16073692 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93
A law that limits a right or freedom set out in
 this Chapter is not invalid solely because the wording of the law exceeds the limits imposed by this Chapter if the law is reasonably capable of a more restricted interpretation that does not exceed those limits.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 In that case, the law must be construed in accordance with the more restricted interpretation.\'94
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid16073692 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The Judgment in the High Court
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 13\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Pathik J at first instance dismissed the motion for costs.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 His Lordship observed that he had a discretion to award costs provided that the prosecution had }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93no reasonable grounds for bringing the proceedings\'94 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 or had }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93unreasonably prolonged the same\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 He rejected the contention that the prosecution had no reasonable grounds for bringing the proceedings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 He observed that at no stage of the proceedings had the defence contended that they were not reasonably brought.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 No such contention was made at the preliminary hearing.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The matter had been properly investigated and the prosecution\rquote s view was that the case was not so thin that no prosecution should have followed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 His Lordship was satisfied that the prosecution did have sufficient evidence to lay the information.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 This was confirmed by the decision of the committing magistrate. His Lordship also held that there was ample evidence to justify the prosecution.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 No good grounds were shown for the exercise of the discretion under section 158(2).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 

\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 14\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
It should be noted that there was reference in the course of argument, acknowledged by his Lordship, to sectio}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 n 28(1)(d) of the Constitution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The Court of Appeal}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 15\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
There was a debate before the Court of Appeal on whether it had the jurisdiction to deal with Mr Southwick\rquote s appeal against the decision of Pathik J.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The Court concluded that the judgment below was }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93final\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315  and given in the exercise of the original jurisdiction of the High Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 It held it had jurisdiction to entertain the appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
It found that the grounds for an award of costs under sectio}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 n 158(2) had not been made out.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Grounds of Appeal
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 16\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The grounds of appeal involve two sets of propositions.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The first set of propositions relate to the construction and validity of section 158(2) in the light of the provisions of the Constitution.
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 They are as follows:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 1.\tab The Court erred in impliedly adopting a strict interpretation of section 158(2) of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Criminal Procedure Code.

\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 2.\tab 
The Court erred in failing to construe section 158(2) in a manner which took into account social and cultural developments including developments in other jurisdictions and in the understanding of the content of particular human rights.
\par 3.\tab In the event that no such interpretation was possible the Court should have declared the section invalid to the extent necessary to ensure an appropriate interpretation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The Court failed to take into account that in the modern world an accused person against whom
 criminal proceedings have terminated without conviction is entitled to his costs of defending himself unless there is some valid reason for not making an award.
\par 4.\tab Construing section 158(2) according to the requirements of the Constitution the Court should have struck out the proviso to the section establishing the conditions upon which no order for costs can be made. 
\par 5.\tab The Court should have ruled that only the first part of section 158(2), suitably interpreted, remains valid.
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 17\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The preceding grounds re
late to the constitutional validity and construction of section 158(2) having regard to human rights considerations.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 By way of al}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 ternative, it is asserted that:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 1.\tab The Court erred in law in ruling that the onus of proving that the prosecution had no reasonable grounds for bringing proceedings must rest on the applicant for costs.
\par 2.\tab The preceding reflects the general principle in criminal proceedings that the burden of proof rests on the prosecution subject to any express or implied statutory provision to the contrary.
\par 3.\tab No express burden is placed upon an applicant for a costs order under section 158(2). It must rest upon the prosecution to prove that it had reasonable grounds for bringing the proceedings and has not unreasonably prolonged them. 
\par 4.\tab The burden upon the prosecution must be discharged to the criminal standard.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The Constitutional Inflation of Section 158(2)}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 18\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
It is convenient to deal with the first set of grounds together.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 That may be done quite shortly.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The resolution of the questions th
ey raise turns upon the juristic character of section 158(2), the proper construction of the Constitution and the proper limits of the Court\rquote s function.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 19\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Section 158(2) of the }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Criminal Procedure Code}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
confers upon a judge or magistrate a positive power to award costs to an accused person who is acquitted or discharged from criminal proceedings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The section creates an express power conditioned upon the existence of unreasonable conduct on the part of the prosecutor in bringing the prosecution or in prolonging it.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 There is no common law power to award costs in criminal proceedings.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Even if there were, the section does not in terms limit any existing powers or rights.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 20\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The submissions advanced by Mr Southwick\rquote 
s counsel involved the proposition that the right to the presumption of innocence, guaranteed by section 28 of the Constitution, applies not just within the four corners of the criminal trial process but also to processes ancillary to it.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The presumption is therefore to be taken as informing the ba
sis upon which the Court should approach an application for costs in the event of an acquittal or discharge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The prosecutorial unreasonableness condition imposed upon the power conferred by section 158(2) offended, so it was submitted, against the presump
tion of innocence because it would, as a matter of practical reality, require an applicant to show that he or she was innocent as part of demonstrating the unreasonableness of the prosecution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 21\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 These submissions are rejected.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The presumption of innocence is not a true presumption but a shorthand way of referring to the proposition that, in a criminal trial, the burden of proving guilt rests upon the prosecution and not upon the accused.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 This is
 reflected in the language of section 28 itself which talks about the presumption of innocence operating in respect of a person charged with an offence }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93
until proven guilty according to law\'94}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Moreover, there is no legitimate conceptual basis upon which th
e presumption of innocence can be extended to affect the resolution of a question which as a matter of principle involves no determination of guilt or innocence but rather whether the prosecutor acted unreasonably in bringing the prosecution or unreasonab
ly prolonged it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 22\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Counsel for Mr Southwick relied upon a decision of the European Court of Human Rights in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Minelli v Switzerland}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 (1983) 5 EHHR 554}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 . }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
In that case a private prosecution for criminal defamation was terminated before judgment on the ground that a statutory limitation period had expired.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 However costs were awarded against the defendant.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The European Court of Human Rights held that the nature of the proceedings was criminal in character.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The prosecution being private, the costs would not be paid by the State but had to be borne by the parties themselves.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Article 293 of the 
}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Zurich Code of Criminal Procedure}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315  provided:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93The losing party shal
l bear the court costs and shall pay compensation to the other party in respect of his expenses; a departure from this rule can be made only if special circumstances so warrant.\'94
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 23\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The court which awarded costs against the defendant in that case took the approach that it was entitled, in assessing the apportionment of costs, to consider what the judgment would have been had the case not fallen foul of the limitation provision.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The question of principle identified in the judgment was whether it was conson
ant with the presumption of innocence to direct that a person shall pay court costs and compensation in respect of expenses where he has been acquitted or where the case has been discontinued, discharged or terminated on account of a time limitation.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The Court said at [37] of the judgment:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93In the Court\rquote s judgment, the presumption of innocence will be violated if, without the accused\rquote 
s having previously been proved guilty according to law and, notably, without his having had the opportunity of exercising his rights of defence, a judicial decision concerning him reflects an opinion that he is guilty.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
This may be so even in the absence of any formal finding; it suffices that there is some reasoning suggesting that the court regards the accused as guilty.\'94
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid16073692 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The Assize Court which imposed the costs order had concluded that, in the absence of limitation, the defendant would very probably have been convicted.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 In the words of the European Court of Human Rights: 
\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid16073692 
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li737\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin737\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93
In setting out [its] reasons, the Chamber treated
 the conduct denounced by the private prosecutors as having been proved; furthermore, the reasons were based on decisions taken in two other cases to which, although they concerned the same facts, Mr Minelli had not been a party and which, in law, were di
stinct from his case.\'94
\par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri737\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin737\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\i0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid16073692 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 24\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
As appears from this review of the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Minelli}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
 decision, the problem it addresses is conceptually distinct from that involved in a demonstration that a prosecution was brought unreasonably or unreasonably prolonged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The dicta in that case have no application to the present situation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
We leave open the question whether a positive finding, in the course of a decision refusing a costs order under section 158(2), that the applicant for costs would have been found guilty had the case proc
eeded would offend the presumption of innocence and require reconsideration of the motion.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
No finding of guilt or innocence is required in order to determine whether the condition for the exercise of the power und}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 er section 158(2) is satisfied.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 

\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 25\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Furthe
r, given the juristic character of section 158(2) as a beneficial, albeit limited, power-creating provision it cannot be open to constitutional attack upon the basis that it does not go far enough.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 What counsel for Mr Southwick seeks to do is to invoke se
ction 28 of the Constitution to extend the application of the power as a matter of construction or to rewrite it by striking out the limitation upon its exercise.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 This submission does not invite the Court to exercise its traditional judicial function of testing the validity of legislation against constitutional principles.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Rather it invites the Court to legislate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 This would involve a clear transgression of the constitutional limits upon its function.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The Burden of Proof}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 26\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Strictly the argument relating to burden of proof does not fall within the scope of the certified question.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
It can however be dealt with briefly.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
In considering the second group of grounds relating to the burden of proof in an application for costs under section 158(2), it is necessary to have regard to the character of the power created by the section.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 It is}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
expressed in the first limb of the section as a power, under certain conditions, to award reasonable costs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The necessary condition is that a person accused of an offence has been acquitted or discharged by a judge of the High Court or any magistrate.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The second limb commences with the word }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \'93provided\'94}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315  and might, at first, be thought to be a proviso.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
However, it is in terms expressed as a necessary condition for the exercise of the power to make an order for costs.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
That is to say, it is a condition which must be satisfied before such an order can be made.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
On ordinary principles the person seeking the order must show that the conditions for the exercise of the power to make it have been satisfied.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 27\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
In the case of an acquittal after trial it may be expected that the judge or magistrate making the order will be in a good position to assess whether the prosecution was brought on reasonable grounds and whether the prosecutor 
has unreasonably prolonged it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The burden of proof will be essentially argumentative rather than evidentiary.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 It may be that in other cases a prosecution will be abandoned by way of }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 nolle prosequi}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315  or consent to the dismissal of a complaint in summary pro
ceedings in circumstances which would allow an inference of unreasonableness to be drawn in the absence of any explanation by the prosecutor.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 The variety of circumstances which can lead to acquittal or discharge is such that the weight of the burden of pr
oving the condition necessary for a costs order will vary significantly from case to case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
However, the words of the section are clear, there is a condition which must be established before the order can be made and that condition must be established by the person seeking the order.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li-720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin-720\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Conclusion}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692\charrsid13844315 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\s18 \fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 28\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \fi-720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls14\pnrnot0
\pndec\pnfs20\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120\pnhang }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Having regard to our conclusions on the two principal grounds of appeal the question of the reasonableness of the costs claimed by Mr Southwick does not arise for consideration.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 For the preceding reasons the appeal is dismissed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16073692  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
The appellant is to pay the respondent\rquote s costs of the appeal.
\par }\pard\plain \s26\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13844315\charrsid16073692 
\par }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\b\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315   }}{\fldrslt }}{\b\ul\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Orders
\par }{\insrsid16073692 
\par }{\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 1.\tab The appeal is dismissed. 
\par 2.\tab The appellant is to pay the respondent\rquote s costs of the appeal.
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
Hon. Justice Daniel V. Fatiaki
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Presiding Judge of Supreme Court
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid16073692 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Hon. Justice Robert French
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Judge of Supreme Court
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid16073692 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Hon. Justice Mark Weinberg
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Judge of Supreme Court
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16073692 {\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid16073692 
\par }{\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 Solicitors:}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13844315\charrsid13844315 
\par Messrs. Howards, Suva for the Appellant
\par The Director of Public Prosecutions, Suva for the Respondent
\par }}