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{\title /srv/samba/hardcopy/HARDCOPY JUDGMENT/03 Publishing/01 Macro//01 Incoming/1995-11-24 SC CAV 0001.1990 Ali v State.rtf}{\author masing_k}{\doccomm written by /usr/local/bin/process-documents.pl [Perl RTF::Writer v1.11]}{\operator sam_f}
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid9376354 IN }{\b\insrsid9376354\charrsid9376354 THE SUPREME COURT OF THE FIJI ISLANDS
\par AT SUVA
\par ON APPEAL FROM THE FIJI COURT OF APPEAL
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9376354 {\insrsid9376354 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9376354 {\insrsid9376354 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. CAV 0001/90
\par (Fiji Court of Appeal Criminal No.9/88
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9376354 {\insrsid9376354 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9376354 {\insrsid9376354 BETWEEN:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9376354 {\insrsid9376354 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9376354 {\b\insrsid9376354\charrsid9376354 AMZAD ALI
\par }{\insrsid9376354 Appellant
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9376354 {\insrsid9376354 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9376354 {\insrsid9376354 AND:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9376354 {\insrsid9376354 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9376354 {\b\insrsid9376354\charrsid9376354 STATE
\par }{\insrsid9376354 Respondent
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid9376354 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22356 {\b\insrsid9376354\charrsid10514096 Coram:}{\insrsid9376354  The Rt. Hon. Sir Robin Cooke, (presiding)}{\insrsid22356 
\par }{\insrsid9376354 The Hon. Sir Anthony Mason
\par The Rt. Hon. Sir Maurice Casey
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid9376354 
\par }{\b\insrsid10569752\charrsid10514096 Hearing:}{\insrsid10569752  23 November 1995}{\insrsid9376354 
\par }{\insrsid10569752 
\par }{\b\insrsid10569752\charrsid10514096 Counsel:}{\insrsid8411178  A. Gates for}{\insrsid10569752  Appellant
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22356 {\insrsid10569752 J. Naigulevu for the Respondent
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid10059647 
\par }{\b\insrsid10569752\charrsid10514096 Judgment:}{\insrsid10569752  24 November 1995
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10569752 {\b\insrsid10569752\charrsid10569752 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid10569752 
\par }{\insrsid8799768 On 31 October 1988 the appellant was found guilty in the Lautoka High Court of the offenc}{\insrsid1664123 e of aircraft sabotage under s.7}{\insrsid8799768 6 (1) (b) of the Penal Code}{\insrsid7807466 
 (Cap.17) and sentenced to two years imprisonment suspended for three years. His appeal to the Court of Appeal }{\insrsid292327 was dismissed and he now seeks special leave to appeal against his conviction}{\insrsid1843566 .}{\insrsid10569752 
\par }{\insrsid1843566 
\par Section 76 (1) (b) reads:
\par }{\b\insrsid1843566\charrsid1843566 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1843566 {\b\insrsid1843566\charrsid1843566 Aircraft Sabotage}{\b\insrsid1843566 
\par }{\b\insrsid1843566\charrsid1843566 
\par }{\b\insrsid1843566\charrsid16259425 76.}{\insrsid1843566\charrsid16259425  (1}{\i\insrsid1843566\charrsid8682031 ) Any person who - 
\par 
\par }{\i\insrsid1664123\charrsid8682031 \'85}{\i\insrsid1843566\charrsid8682031 
\par 
\par (b) places or causes to be placed on an aircraft in service by means whatsoever, a device or substance which is likely to destroy that aircraft or to cause damage to it which renders it incapable of flight
\par 
\par commits the offence of aircraft sabotage\'85
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1843566 {\insrsid1843566 
\par The appellant said at his trial that he intended to hi-jack an Air New Zealand plane as a protest against the coup of 14 May 1987. After obtaining four sticks of dynamite with fuses ready to ignite, he entered the plane on 19 }{\insrsid4929952 M}{
\insrsid1843566 ay as }{\insrsid4929952 it was being prepared for take-off at Nadi Airport}{\insrsid11083610 
. He threatened the pilot and crew that he would blow it up unless his demands were met and there was a frightening confrontation lasting about fou}{\insrsid4657791 r hours, during which }{\insrsid16259425 he }{\insrsid4657791 several ti}{
\insrsid11083610 mes held a burning }{\insrsid4657791 cigarette within a few millimeters of th
e fuse. He told the Court he had no intention of carrying out his threats, his purpose being only to induce compliance with his demands for restoration of the former constitutional position.}{\insrsid1843566 
\par }{\insrsid13048418 
\par }{\insrsid13048418\charrsid1664123 The focus in the Court of Appeal was on the meaning of the word \'93likely\'94 in the expression \'93likely to destroy that ai}{\insrsid8682031 rcraft or to cause damage to it\'94}{\insrsid13048418\charrsid1664123 
 in s.76 (1) (b). In directing the assessors on this point the trial judge told them it was sufficient if a lighted cigarette was held}{\insrsid1664123  so close to the fuse in such circums
tances as to be likely to cause explosion (damage) without the explosion actually occurring. On appeal this direction was criticized by appellant\rquote s then counsel, who submitted that term \'93}{\insrsid3032064 likely to destroy\'85or damage\'94
 the aircraft described the device or sub
stance itself, and not the circumstances in which it might be used or handled. The evidence established that without the human intervention of lighting the fuse, the dynamite could not affect the plane. To meet this objection the Court of Appeal adopted a
 purposive approach to the meaning to be given to the word \'93likely\'94, and concluded that it should be construed as meaning \'93capable of\'94
. Notwithstanding the perceived misdirection on this point by the trial judge, the Court considered there was no miscarriage of justice and upheld the conviction.}{\insrsid13048418 
\par }{\insrsid13240985 
\par With respect we cannot agree that \'93likely\'94 is sufficiently ambiguous to warrant the search undertaken by the Court of Appeal for an extended meaning, or with its conclusion that}{\insrsid1472964  it should be construed as \'93capable of\'94
. In common usage it can indicate a range of expectation that an event will occur, but as with the use of the word \'93probable\'94 in determining}{\insrsid15431558  responsibility for the foreseeable consequences of criminal conduct, \'93likely\'94
 has been held to denote an event which could well happen, rather than one which is more probable than not, as contended for by the appellant\rquote s counsel. We refer to the judgment of the Privy Council in }{\b\i\insrsid8682031 Chan Wing-siu. v}{
\b\i\insrsid15431558\charrsid8682031 . R}{\insrsid15431558 . [1984] 3 All E.R. 877, 881;}{\insrsid1838131  and to that of the majority of the High Court of Australia in }{\b\i\insrsid1838131\charrsid1853057 Boughey v. The Queen}{\insrsid1838131 
 (1986) 161 C.L.R. 10, 21 (in which the ordinary meaning conveyed by \'93likely\'94 was held to be the notion of a substantial \endash  a \'93real and not remote\'94 \endash  chance regardless of }{\insrsid11825533 
whether it was less or more than 50 per cent); and }{\i\insrsid11825533\charrsid11825533 to }{\b\i\insrsid11825533\charrsid1853057 R v. Piri}{\insrsid11825533  [1987] 1 N.Z.L.R. 66, 79 where the meaning of \'93likely\'94 and \'93probable\'94
 was discussed by the Court of Appeal in the context of the New Zealand Crimes Act, and held to indicate \'93a real risk, substantial risk, something that might well happen}{\insrsid2505964 \'94}{\insrsid11825533 .}{\insrsid13240985\charrsid1664123 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1664123 {\insrsid1843566 
\par }{\insrsid2505964 We are satisfied that these authorities indicate the appropriate meaning to be given to \'93likely\'94 in s.76(1)(}{\insrsid8986907 b). Having regard to the accused\rquote 
s admittedly dangerous conduct with the dynamite on board the plane, that substance \endash  harmless by itself \endash  became one likely to damage or destroy the aircraft during}{\insrsid15883677  his confrontation with the crew}{\insrsid6506830 
. In the strain he must have been under, there was a real risk of accidental contact between his cigarette and the fuse, notwithstanding his disclaimer of any intention to damage the aircraft.}{\insrsid2505964 
\par }{\insrsid2377989 
\par We are satisfied that the trial judge\rquote s direction was adequate and captured the essential features of s. 76(1)(b), and that the appellant was rightly convicted. The application for special leave to appeal is therefore refused.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11289300 {\b\insrsid2377989\charrsid1853057 SIR ROBIN COOKE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1853057 {\b\insrsid2377989\charrsid1853057 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11289300 {\b\insrsid2377989\charrsid1853057 SIR ANTHONY MASON
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1853057 {\b\insrsid2377989\charrsid1853057 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11289300 {\b\insrsid2377989\charrsid1853057 SIR MAURICE CASEY
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid1843566 
\par }{\b\insrsid2377989\charrsid8136584 Solicitors:}{\b\insrsid1843566\charrsid8136584 
\par }{\insrsid2377989 Koya and Co., Suva, for Appellan}{\insrsid1853057 t}{\insrsid2377989  }{\insrsid11289300 
\par O}{\insrsid2377989 ffice of the Director of Public Prosecutions}{\insrsid1517567 , Suva, for Respondent}{\insrsid1843566 
\par }}