{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi0\deflang2057\deflangfe2057\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol{\*\falt Symbol};}
{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings{\*\falt Wingdings};}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings{\*\falt Wingdings};}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0302020204030204}Calibri Light;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f49\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f50\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f51\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f52\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f64\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f65\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr{\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f68\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f69\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew){\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f70\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic){\*\falt Courier New};}{\f71\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f72\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese){\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f414\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f415\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f418\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f421\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f422\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f444\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f445\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f447\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f448\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\f451\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f452\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;
\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;
\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;\red79\green129\blue189;}{\*\defchp \fs22\loch\af31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \snext0 \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 Normal;}{\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext20 \slink15 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid5721994 heading 1;}{
\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon1 \snext20 \slink16 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid5721994 heading 2;}{\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon2 \snext20 \slink17 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid5721994 heading 3;}{
\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f37\fs24\cf17\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink18 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority9 \styrsid5721994 heading 4;}{\*\cs10 \additive \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid5721994 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused 
Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \b\f0\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \slink1 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid5721994 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \b\f0\fs26\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\slink2 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid5721994 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \b\i\f0\fs26\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \slink3 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid5721994 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs18 \additive 
\b\i\f37\fs24\cf17\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \slink4 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid5721994 Heading 4 Char;}{\s19\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls22\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext19 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 
Num List 1;}{\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\snext20 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 Paragraph - Numbered;}{\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext21 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 Indent1;}{\s22\qj \fi-601\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls22\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2761\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon19 \snext22 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 Num List 2;}{\s23\qj \fi-601\li3481\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls22\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin3481\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon22 \snext23 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 Num List 3;}{\s24\ql \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext24 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 Quote 1;}{
\s25\ql \li1440\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon24 \snext25 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 Quote 2;}{\s26\ql \li2160\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon25 \snext26 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 Quote 3;}{
\s27\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls22\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon19 \snext27 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid5721994 List Paragraph;}{\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext28 \slink29 \styrsid5721994 Body Text;}{\*\cs29 \additive \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \slink28 \slocked \styrsid5721994 Body Text Char;}{
\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon21 \snext30 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 Indent2;}{\s31\qj \li2880\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon30 \snext31 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 Indent3;}{\s32\qj \fi-601\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls24\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2761\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon36 \snext32 \styrsid5721994 List Bullet 2;}{\s33\qj \fi-601\li3481\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx2880\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls24\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin3481\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon32 \snext33 \styrsid5721994 List Bullet 3;}{\s34\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext34 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 Judgment Heading;}{
\s35\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext35 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 
Judgment Coversheet;}{\s36\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls24\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext20 \spriority0 \styrsid5721994 Paragraph - Indent;}{\*\ts38\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid530334\charrsid5721994 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI
\par Civil Jurisdiction
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid530334\charrsid5721994 
\par Civil Action No. 691 of 1985
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid5721994 Between:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid530334\charrsid5721994 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid291566\charrsid5721994 DEO DATT SHARMA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid5721994  s/o Brahmadin
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid530334\charrsid5721994 Plaintiff
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11628348\charrsid5721994 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362879 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid5721994 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid291566\charrsid5721994 FIJI MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid530334\charrsid5721994 Defendant
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14362879 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362879 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid5721994 For the Plaintiff: In Person
\par For the Defendant: Mr. E.G. Keil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362879\charrsid5721994 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11628348 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid5721994 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11628348 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Cases referred to:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14362879 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8414514 (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid14362879 Suttons Hospital Case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
 (1612) 10 Co.Rep.30b
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8414514 (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid14362879 Riche v. Ashbury Railway Carriage Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
. (1874) L.R. 9 Exch. 224; (1875) L.R. 7 H.L.653 sub.nom. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid14362879 Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. v. Riche}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8414514 (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid14362879 Institution of Mechanical Engineers v. Cane}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362879  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 1960}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362879 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  3 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362879   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 715; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362879 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 1961}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362879 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  AC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362879  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 696.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8414514 (4) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid14362879 Eastern Counties Railway Company v. Hawkes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
 (1855) 5 H.L.C. 331; 10 ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14362879  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 928.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13463138 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 This is an originating summons in which the plaintiff, a member of the defendant Association, seeks declarations and an injunction.
\par The Association was established under section 41 of the Medical & Dental Practitioners Act Cap. 255 which reads as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1125540 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
"41.-(1) There is hereby established an association under the name of the Fiji Medical Association, with perpetual succession and a common seal.
\par {\listtext\tab}(2) The Fiji Medical Association shall have power to hold real and personal property and may sue and be sued in matters whether relating to contract or tort or otherwise in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13463138  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid13463138 connection with the exercise of its powers or the carrying out of its functions under this Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid13463138 
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13463138 (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
Membership of the Fiji Medical Association shall be open to every person who is registered as a medical practitioner in Part II of the medical register.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13463138 (4) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 The Fiji Medical Association may make rules for the election of officers of the Association, the s
ummoning of meetings of the Association, the regulation and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13463138  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid13463138 conduct of meetings and the proceedings there
at and for all such matters as may be deemed necessary and proper to ensure the efficient functioning of the Association:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid13463138 
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
Provided that until such rules are made, the rules of the association hitherto known as the Fiji Medical Association in force immediately prior to the commencement of this Act shall be the rules of the Fiji Medical Association established by this Act."

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13463138 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 The objects of the Association are then set out in section 42 of the Act, thirteen specific objects with a standard fourteenth object, namely,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3675332 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid15682004 "to do}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  all such other things as are in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12125356 cidental or co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 nducive to the attainment of the foregoing objects or any of them."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12125356 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
Section 43 of the Act provided for the vesting of all property assets and liabilities of the existing Fiji Medical Association in the statutory Association and for the dissolution of the existing Association upon completion of the formalities}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12125356  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 connected with the transfer of all such property and assets to the statutory Association.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid12125356 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 In 1972 Rules were apparently made under section 4(4) of the Act entitled "Fiji Medical Association Constitution (1972)". The format of the Rules is that of an association fo
rmed by the members thereof. Rule 14 prescribed that only an Annual General Meeting or Extraordinary General Meeting ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12125356 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  the power "to}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12125356  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 rescind, alter or add to any of these rules." Rule 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12125356  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 provided that the quorum for such meetings was twenty per centum of
 the voting members, or twenty voting members of the Association, whichever is the less. The membership of the Association is close on 200 so that the quorum for a meeting was 20 voting members. A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 voting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  member under Rule 9, is one who is not "more than Twelve months in arrears of subscriptions". A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 voting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  member is however described by the members as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 financial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  member, which term I propose to adopt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid12125356 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 An Extraordinary General Meeting was convened in accordance with the Rules for the purpose of introduc
ing a new body of Rules for the Association. That meeting was held on 1st June, 1985 at Hoodless House, Suva. The new Rules were adopted by the latter meeting. In consequence the plaintiff makes application for the following:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9594729 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 "(a) A Declaration that the E
xtra ordinary General Meeting of the Fiji Medical Association held on 1st day of June, 1985 at Suva did not have the required quorum and therefore unconstitutional and null and void.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12125356 (b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 A Declaration that the new constitution of the Fiji Medical Associat
ion purportedly adopted at the aforesaid Meeting of 1st June, 1985 was therefore null and void.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12125356 (c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid5981140\charrsid11958468 A PROHIBITORY INTERIM INJUNCTION/INJUNCTION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
: restraining the Fiji MEDICAL ASSOCIATION not to hold the election of the office}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11958468  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 bearers for year 1985-1986 acc
ording to the new Constitution purportedly adopted at the Extraordinary General Meeting on 1st day of June, 1985.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11958468 (d) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Award of cost of this action to the Plaintiff."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11958468 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 It is not contested that 23 medical practitioners attended the meeting on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11430724 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 st June, 1985.
 The defendant Association claims that 22 of those were financial members of the Association. The plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11958468  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
however claims that at least three of the latter 22 members were not financial members and that therefore a quorum was never present from the start.
 In this respect the Treasurer of the Association Dr. Sachida Nand Mudaliar testified that he had prepared a list of financial members as at 31st May, 1985, but that the list was incomplete, due to incomplete records, which have now been brought up to dat
e. The said list does not contain the names of the three members whom the plaintiff alleges were not financial members: indeed the list prepared by the Treasurer forms the basis of the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11958468 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 s allegation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid11958468 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 The Treasurer gave evidence. I must confess that
 I found it somewhat confusing, but I believe that confusion may have arisen from the fact that some past records were not properly maintained or were non existent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6709115  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 The Treasurer was cross-examined on another list, that is, a list of all the members showing their financial standing as at June 1984, prepared for the Annual General Meeting in September, 1984: subscriptions were paya}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6709115 ble under Rule 8 "by September }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 each year". The list indicates that one of the three members cited by the plaintiff was not in ar
rears in June 1984. The latter member had in fact paid his annual subscription before 1st June, 1985 and made complaint to the Treasurer at the meeting on that date; the Treasurer, after checking the cash book added the member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 s name to the list of financial members i.e. as at 31st May, 1985, circulated to members.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7277108 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 As to the other two members cited, the Treasur}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6709115 er testified that he discovered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  from checking the list of subscriptions collected at the Annual General Meeting in September 1984, that the said tw
o members had then effected payment of $48, which would mean of course that they were not "more than twelve months in arrears of subscriptions" on 1st June, 1985: indeed on the latter date one of the said two members effected payment for 1985. The latter 
member had been in arrears}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7277108  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
of $72, according to the list prepared in June 1984, i.e. $24 and $48 in respect of 1983 and 1984 respec
tively. This was also the case in respect of a fourth member who had also paid $48 at the Annual General Meeting in September 1984. When queried as to why payment of the outstanding $24 had not been effected by either member, the Treasurer testified that 
b
oth members had contested the latter sum, claiming that they had previously effected payment thereof. It appears that the records previously maintained were in an unsatisfactory condition. The previous Treasurer was consulted in the matter, and thereafter
 the present Treasurer decided to take the word of the two members in the matter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid7277108 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 I do not see that the latter decision can be queried. Such matters must be left to the discretion of an office bearer in a voluntary association acting in good faith. The nece
ssity for such decisions only arise however where proper records are not maintained. While th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4391456 e Treasurer took over duties in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
 September 1984, and while he may have inherited some difficulties, nonetheless the failure to update a list of financial members,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7277108  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
circulated to members on 10th June, 1985, in preparation for the forthcoming Annual General Meeting, has led to much difficulty in this case. I appreciate that all office bearers in the Association are engaged in onerous duties of national importance: I w
ould expect that they are dedicated to such duties and have little time to spare for the thankless tasks associated with office bearing in a voluntary association. Nonetheless, I express the hope that the Association}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 s financial records will have been perfe
cted by the forthcoming Annual General Meeting. Meanwhile, suffice it to say that I accept that 22 members initially present at the Meeting on 1st June, 1985 were financial members.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid7277108 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 The plaintiff claims that whereas 22 members were present at the start of the meeting, delayed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7277108  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 45 minutes due to a lack of quorum, as little as 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7277108  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 members remained after an adjournment for a "tea-break" from about 5p.m. to 5.30p.m., yet the meeting nonetheless continued. He called oral evidence on the point.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5981140\charrsid7277108 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Dr. Santokh Singh te
stified that he was present throughout the meeting. He had not counted those present. After the tea-break the Secretary had announced that there were only 17 members present. When cross-examined on the point he said that some members, as medical practitio
ners, were "on call" and, he presumed, "they could have left". He recalled that some had left and did not come back. When pressed he stated that it was possible that some members had come back. He was adamant that no one had said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4391456 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 we now have a quorum and let}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
s carry on". He was also certain that some members}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  did not come back.
\par There was specific evidence on the latter point. Dr. Karam Singh testified that the Association Secretary had counted the members present when the meeting opened and declared a quorum
. He had not counted those present. He had left the meeting during the tea-break informing the President of his departure.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15472798 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
Dr. Vijay Prakash Kapadia testified that he has gone to Hoodless House, part of the Fiji School of Medicine complex, on 1st June, 1985, in order to attend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15472798  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
to a sick medical student. He came across the meeting by chance: he may have been sent notification of the meeting but he had not been aware of it before that. He stayed at the meeting for no more than two minutes, sometime after 5p.m.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid15472798 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
Dr. Vir Indra Singh testified that he had personally counted 22 members present when the meeting commenced. After the tea-break he observed that fewer members were present, though he did not count them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15472798  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 "A few people I knew were not there then", he said,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15472798  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
"Dr. Kapadia, Dr. Rathod were not then present."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid15472798 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
On the other hand, the Treasurer testified that two additional members not shown on the list of those present, prepared by the Secretary, namely, Dr. Selva Nathan Mudaliar and Dr. Daya Singh, "showed up dur
ing the meeting and then left as they were on call". He himself had also left the meeting briefly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15472798  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
for about ten minutes to attend to a patient in the Casualty Department and had returned thereto.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid15472798 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
The Secretary of the Association Dr. Vinod Kumar Singh testified that 23 members were present at the meeting, including one medical practitioner (referred to in the list prepared by the Secretary, and exhibited to his affidavit, as an "Associate Member") 
who, the Secretary claims, in his affidavit, is a member by virtue of the provisions of section 10 of the Act, but was not a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15472798  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 financial member at the time. After the tea-break the Secretary counted 19 members present, when he informed the President thereof. 
Someone returned to the meeting at that stage - he thought it was Dr. C. Rathod - when he counted 20 members in attendance. The meeting thereafter continued. Under cross-examination he said he counted later again and found 22 members present.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid15472798 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3214057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 The President of the Association Dr. Balram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  Iyer testified that 22 or 23 members were present at the meeting. He corroborated the Secretary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
s evidence, that is, as to the latter informing him that only 19 members were present after the tea-break. He then declared that the meeting could not continue. After a few minutes he saw "at least one member returning and I continued",}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3214057  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
that is, after he had then counted 20 members present. He testified that it was not true that Dr. Rathod had left the meeting: "I can clearly visual
ise him sitting there". he said. Indeed he recalled that when the meeting was over, the Treasurer, Dr. Rathod, himself and at least one other doctor stayed behind to partake of more tea and sandwiches. He also recalled that at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3214057  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 least two other members, Dr. 
Daya Singh and another, were also at the meeting. He was not sure if the latter member was Dr. Selva Nathan Mudaliar.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid3214057 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 The evidence of Dr. Karam Singh and Dr. Vijay Kapadia that they left the meeting has not been contested. It is clear therefore that the qu
orum was reduced to no more than 20 thereby. Dr. Vir Indra Singh takes matters further however and testified that Dr. Rathod also left. When cross-examined in the matter he testified that after the tea-break he had turned around and observed those present
. "I didn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
t look after that" he said. When asked if Dr. Rathod was present "at the end", he replied, "No he was not there". He had not observed whether Dr. Karam Singh was then present, as "we were all in a hurry home", he said. That aspect did not ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16602890 ply to Dr. Rathod, he said, as "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 he was my immediate neighbour at the meeting up to tea-break. I looked around after the tea-break and I didn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 t see him".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16602890 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
I observe however that the witness refreshed his memory from the list of those members present, prepared by t
he Secretary, in recalling the members not present after the tea-break. Further, while he could not recall whether or not Dr. Karam Singh was present at the end of the meeting, as "we were all in a hurry home", yet he could recall the presence of Dr. Kapa
dia at the meeting, and further that the latter was not present either after the tea-break or at the end of the me}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16602890 eting, although, in Dr. Kapadia'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 s evidence, he had spent but two minutes at the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13250237 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 eeting, when no doubt the opportunity to observe him was limit
ed. As against that, there is the evidence of the Secretary, and in particular that of the President who was quite adamant that Dr. Rathod was present at the end of the meeting. On the balance I consider that Dr. Vir Indra Singh may well be mistaken: in t
he least I am in some doubt in the matter, and of course the onus lies on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13250237  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 the plaintiff.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4134189 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4134189 
On the other hand there is the evidence of Dr. Santokh Singh that the Secretary informed the meeting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 that only 17 members were present after the tea-break. It may be tha
t Dr. Singh is mistaken in the matter. I observe that he did not then count the members present, as one might expect from a very active member at the meeting. His evidence on the point is not directly corroborated by Dr. Vir Indra Singh. It is contrary to
 the evidence of the President and the Secretary.
\par I observe from the minutes of the meeting that Dr. Santokh Singh was easily the most active member at the meeting. His name is recorded some ten times therein, having raised six motions and seconded another 
four. He specifically testified that the Secretary had pointed out that there was no quorum while they were discussing Rule 31 of the new Rules. The minutes indicate however that the witness thereafter raised two more motions and at the end of the meeting
 stated that "he wished to express his thanks to the Executive Council for undertaking the task of revising the rules and performing an excellent work".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9444236 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
It is not contested that the Secretary drew attention to the lack of quorum. That established his sense 
of duty in the matter. I find it difficult to appreciate that thereafter a meeting of such responsible persons as medical practitioners, members of a statutory professional body, could, without objection it seems, continue to conduct a most important Extr
a
ordinary General Meeting without a quorum. I say there was no objection, as not one single witness before this court has given evidence thereof. On the contrary, the witness whose evidence is most damaging to the defendant Association, was the most active
 member at the meeting, not just before but throughout the alleged continuing lack of quorum.
\par On the other hand, there is the aspect that the list of members prepared by the Secretary specifies attendance by Dr. Kapadia, when he was but two minutes at the meeting. Again, I do not appreciate why if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9444236  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
Dr. Selva Nathan Mudaliar and Dr. Daya Singh were at the meeting, even if briefly, their names were not also contained on the list; but then the Secretary may not have observed such members at the meeting as he gav
e no evidence thereon. I must observe that the recording of the minutes of the meeting leaves a lot to be desired. It is recorded therein that 22 members were present, without specifying the name of each office bearer and member: I do not appreciate why s
uch names were not included in the minutes, when the names of three members who had tendered apologies for non-attendance were included. It is not clear therefore, whether the figure of 22 includes the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Associate Member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  earlier mentioned, or indeed whether
 it represents the situation when Dr. Kapadia joined the meeting. Dr. Kapadia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 s arrival or departure are not recorded in the minutes: neither is Dr. Karam Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
s departure: they should have been recorded. Neither is the adjournment for tea-break or the crucial aspect that the meeting continued at a particular time only after a quorum was reached.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid9444236 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529549 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
As in the case of the Treasurer however, I appreciate that the Secretary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
s duties as a medical practitioner in Lautoka must surely leave him with little time for the perfecting of the minutes of a voluntary association based in Suva. I consider that the recording of the minutes could well be improved upon. Nonetheless on 
the balance I prefer the evidence of the President and the Secretary on the point. Putting the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9444236 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 s case at its strongest, I find myself in some doubt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12529549  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
The onus lies on the plaintiff in the matter. I find therefore that the Extraordinary General Meeting of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12529549  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 1st June, 1985 did not lack for a quorum.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid12529549 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
The plaintiff claims however that there was no motion passed at the meeting to adopt the new Rules. The minutes do not reveal that any such formal motion was made, seconded or passed. Instead the minutes read as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4610872 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 "The President thanked all the members present and reminded everybody to sign the little note attached which said that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 the F.M.A. Constitution 1972 is hereby revoked.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4610872  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 "
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529549 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Copies of the said "little note" were given to members at the meeting. The note reads as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4610872 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
"The Fiji Medical Association Constitution (1972) is hereby revoked save that any person appointed or elected to any office under that Constitution shall be deemed to have been appointed or elected under these Rules and any fun
ds and accounts established under these Rules shall be deemed to be in continuation of the corresponding funds and accounts established under the revoked Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12529549  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid12529549 Dated the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid12529549  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4610872 \'85. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid12529549 day of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid12529549  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4610872 \'85\'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid12529549 1985."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid12529549 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529549 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 There is no evidence as to how many if any members signed copies
 of the said document. It appears that it was intended that the signed documents should be retained by the members: I do not appreciate why this was considered appropriate or necessary. In any event, there is no formal document before me of adoption, by m
otion or otherwise,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12529549  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 of the new Rules.
\par I appreciate that the minutes before the Court are draft minutes, and must be confirmed at the Annual General Meeting. Nonetheless it was not advanced by any witness that a formal motion in the matter had been passed at
 the Meeting. The minutes however clearly indicate that the whole purpose of the meeting was to adopt new Rules for the Association and to revoke the existing Rules. The entire minutes deal with amendment to the draft new Rules, with discussion thereon, w
ith particular motions arising therefrom and with the results of voting in respect of each such motion. There are then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12529549  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 the two concluding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
parag}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12529549 raphs of the minutes reproduced }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
above, wherein Dr. Santokh Singh expressed his thanks to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12529549  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 the Executive Council and
 the President thanked all members and requested them to each sign a document of revocation of the 1972 Rules. There is in particular no record of any dissent in the matter or any motion to the contrary: I can only regard the minutes in their totality the
r
efore as a record of adoption by the meeting of draft new Rules for the Association, that is, as amended by the meeting, and of revocation of the existing Rules: indeed the last of the new Rules, Rule 49, is couched in exactly the same terms as the docume
nt circulated to the members at the close of the meeting, reproduced above. I am satisfied therefore that the draft new Rules were properly adopted by the meeting on 1st June, 1985.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid12529549 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 It will be seen that the plaintiff, under sub-paragraph (b) of his originat
ing summons, seeks a declaration that the new Rules of the Association "purportedly adopted at the aforesaid Meeting of 1s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2054594 t June, 1985 was therefore null/a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 nd void". I take the word }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  to refer to the allegation that the meeting lacked for quorum. 
In a supplementary affidavit however the plaintiff contests the validity of Rules 7 and 8 of the new Rules. Further, a good deal of his submissions was concerned with the provisions of those particular Rules. I consider therefore that in effect the plaint
iff seeks a declaration in respect of those particular Rules. They read as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12141338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 "7. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid5981140\charrsid12141338 Associate Membership}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5981140\charrsid12141338 
\par {\listtext\tab}A. Associate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  membership shall be open to the following:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12141338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2054594 (i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Registered Medical Assistants registered under the Medical Assistants Act Cap. 255(A).

\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2054594 (ii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Students of the Medical Course of the Fiji School of Medicine and the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2054594  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 University of the South Pacific who are in the clinical years of their studies.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2054594 (iii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Medical practitioners who have retired from practice, who would normally be eligible for regis
tration under Part II of the Medical and Dental Practitioners Act, Cap. 255.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2054594 (iv) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Medical practitioners registered under Part I of the Medical and Dental Practitioners Act, Cap. 255.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12141338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 B. Associate members are not entitled to hold any office or vote at busin
ess meetings of the Association. However, they should receive notice of and are entitled to attend and speak at such meetings.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid12141338 8. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid5981140\charrsid2054594 Honorary Membership
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Persons, not necessarily members of the medical profession who because of their interest in and assistance to the medical profession and health services in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15628832  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Fiji are deemed to be suitably qualified may be elected to honorary membership by recommendation of
 the Council, to the Annual General Meeting and ratification by a vote of eight percent of the voting members present."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3764351 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Rule 9(iii) provides that,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3764351 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 "(iii) Associate members shall be liable to pay an annual subscription of not more than fifty per centum of 
that paid by ordinary members, the amount of which shall be fixed by Council from time to time".
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15628832 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 The plaintiff submits that the provisions of section 41(3) of the Act are quite clear and that membership of the Association is open only to a person "who is 
registered as a medical practitioner in Part II of the medical register." The plaintiff stresses that the medical practitioner must be registered under Part II of the medical register, and not Part I thereof. I observe that under section 10 of the Act a p
erson conditionally registered under section 9 of the Act, i.e. under Part I of the register, "shall be deemed to be a medical practitioner registered in Part II of the medical register", if other conditions are fulfilled. It would seem there
fore that membership of the Association is also open to a person conditionally registered as a medical practitioner,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15628832  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 that is, in Part I of the medical register, provided the conditions stipulated in section 10 are fulfilled. In any event, the plaintiff maintains that th
e new Rules 7 and 8 do not comply with the provisions of section 41(3), and, I would add, section 10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid15628832 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 I observe that section 32 of the Legal Practitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
s Act Cap. 254 is couched in terms almost identical to those in section 41(1) and (2) of Cap. 255. It will be seen however, under sections 35, 36 and 37 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15628832  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
Cap. 254 that membership of the Fiji Law Society is not confined to legal practitioners in practice, but includes e.g. "such other legally qualified persons ... as may be determined", who are admitted t
o membership upon application, and further that the Council of the Society "may elect as honorary members of the Society, such persons as it may think fit", section 38 providing however that no honorary member shall be liable to pay the prescribed annual 
subscription. Such provisions are not to be found in Cap. 255.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid15628832 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
Mr. Keil submits that the Fiji Medical Association is a voluntary association: membership thereof is not a necessary requirement to the practice of medicine under Cap. 255, whereas to practice l
aw in Fiji one has to be a member of the Fiji Law Society. I agree with the latter submission: to practice law one must first be admitted to practice as a barrister and solicitor and obtain a practising certificate,: thereafter, by virtue of the provision
s
 of section 35(a) and (b) and section 19(4), (6) and (7) of Cap. 254, one automatically becomes a member of the Fiji Law Society with all "the rights or privileges of such membership": nonetheless under section 39 of Cap. 254 a member of the Society "shal
l not be permitted to resign from membership" while he holds a practising certificate. In any event I accept Mr. Keil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
s submission that even though the Fiji Medical Association is a statutory body, it is nonetheless a voluntary association, as membership thereof is expressed to be "open" to particular persons.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8335677 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 The long title to Cap. 255 declares that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8335677  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 the Act is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid8335677 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6821822 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
"An Act To Make Better Provision For Medical and Dental Practitioners And To Incorporate The Fiji Medical Association And The Fiji Dental Association."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6821822 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
To that extent the Act under sections 41 and 44 respectively incorporated the two Associations. Under section 44(3) membership of the Fiji Dental Association is "open to every person who is registered as a dental practitioner in the dental register."

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid419487 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
It will be seen that neither the Medical Assistants Act Cap. 255A, nor indeed the Nurses and Midwives Act Cap. 256, make any provision for the establishment of any appropriately named association. One of the objects of the Fiji Medical Association is expr
essed at section 42(m) of Cap. 255 to be
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12526810 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 "to cultivate a generous professional spirit among medical practitioners by encouraging meetings of members of the Fiji
 Medical Association and persons connected with matters of medical interest;"
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid419487 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 It may well be that the Legislature considered that meetings with e.g. Medical Assistants or medical students would be a praiseworthy and worthwhile object,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid419487  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 in the interests of the Association and the nation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid419487 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 a whole. That is altogether a different matter however from o
pening up membership of the Association to such persons and others.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid419487 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 It will be seen that Rule 7B confers on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Associate Members}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  the right to attend and speak at meetings. That as I see it confers a right of association and necessarily the right to seek to 
influence the course of any meeting. Further Rule 9(iii) provides for the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid419487  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
payment of a subscription, even though a reduced one. That aspect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10102792  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
may well ultimately have the effect of conferring proprietary rights upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Associate Members}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 . All of this is contrar
y to the Act which incorporated the Association, vested property therein, and stipulated, in effect, that membership was confined to medical practitioners registered under Part II of the Medical register.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5981140\charrsid419487 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2972592 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Mr. Keil submits that nonetheless, as the Associati
on is a voluntary association, the doctrine of ultra vires has no application thereto. There is a dearth of authority in the matter. In the 17th Century case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid10102792 Sutton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid291566\charrsid10102792 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid10102792 s Hospital}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
 (1), concerning a charter by which the King had incorporated the first governors of the Charterhouse, the judgment of the court, as,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2972592  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
reported by Coke, was that,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10102792 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 "When a corporation is duly created all other incidents are tacite annexed; .... and, therefore, divers clauses sub
sequent in the charter are not of necessity, but only declaratory, and might well have been left out. As, ...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2972592  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid2972592 
to restrain them from aliening or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2972592  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid2972592 
demising, but in a certain form; that is an Ordinance testifying the King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid2972592 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid2972592 s desire, but it is but a precept and doth not bind in law."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid2972592 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2972592 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Those dicta were quoted by Blackburn J. in delivering his judgment in the case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid6559733 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5981140\charrsid6559733 Riche v. Ashbury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid291566\charrsid6559733  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid6559733 Railway Carriage Co.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  (2) at p.263. He went on to observe:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6559733 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 "This seems to me an express authority that at common law it is an incident to a corporation to us
e its common seal for the purpose of binding itself to anything to which a natural person could bind himself, and to deal with its property as a natural person might deal with his own. And further, that an attempt to forbid this on the part of the King, e
ven by express negative words, does not bind at law. Nor am I aware of any authority in conflict with this case."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2972592 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Those dicta were adopted by Lord Denning in the House of Lords case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid14176809 Institution of Mechanical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid291566\charrsid14176809  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid14176809 Engineers v. Cane}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  (3) to which Mr. Keil has refer
red me. In delivering his opinion in the House, Lord }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14176809 Denning observed at pp.728/729 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  to E:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9398849 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
"If you are considering a limited liability company, such as the British Iron and Steel Research Association, you know that the purposes of the company are determi
ned exclusively by its memorandum of association. No fresh purpose can in law be pursued, even with the assent of all the shareholders: see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid9398849 Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. v. Riche}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  (2). So naturally enough you look at the purposes for which the company
 was originally instituted. But, when you are dealing with a voluntary association of individuals, the doctrine of ultra vires has no place. The purposes of such a society can be changed after its original institution, by the mutual assent of the members,
 
without any record in the formal documents. If the society, without such assent, does in fact pursue a new or additional purpose, not fairly incidental to its original purposes, any member can object and take proceedings to stop it; but no one else can. I
f no member objects, then you may assume that its new purposes are duly authorised.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2122245 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
"So also, in the case of a society incorporated by royal charter, the doctrine of ultra vires has no place. Such a society, when duly created by the charter, has in law the self-same capacity as a natural person. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 divers clauses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 , as Lord Coke says, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 are not of necessity, but only declaratory, and might well have been left out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 : See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid2122245 Sutton Hospital Case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
 (1). If it should pursue purposes other than those set out in the ch
arter, its activities are perfectly valid. True it is that any member or any person who is injured by a violation of the charter can take proceedings in the name of the Crown to repeal the charter; but if the Crown takes no such steps, it does not lie in 
the mouth of the society to say that the purposes which it in fact pursues are ultra vires or beyond its powers: see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid2122245 Riche v. Ashbury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid291566\charrsid2122245  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid2122245 Railway Carriage Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 . by Blackburn J.(2)."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6381139 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 The judgment of Blackburn J. was reversed on appeal to the House of Lords, but not,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6381139  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
I wish to add, because of the passage in his judgment reproduced above. I observe also that Lord Denning was the only one of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6381139  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 five Law Lords to hold in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid269015 Institution of Mechanical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid269015  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid269015 Engineers v. Cane}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  (3), which was a rating case, that regard must be had to t
he present activities of that Institution to determine the purposes for which it was instituted: Lord Radcliffe apparently was of the opinion that regard could be so had. Nonetheless, there is nothing in the opinions delivered in the House to suggest that
 any activities outside the charter of the Institution were invalid.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid6381139 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Lord Denning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 s dicta however, in the passages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6381139  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 quoted above, concerned a society incorporated in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6381139  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 England by Royal charter, an instrument of distinctive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6381139  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 legal character. I do not see that such dicta necessarily}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6381139  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 apply to an association incorporated by an Act of Parliament.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid6381139 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 The position in the case of a company incorporated under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6381139  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 the Companies Act is clear: as Lord Selborne observed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6381139  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid269015 Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. v. Riche}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  (2) at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6381139  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 p.694,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid6381139 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid269015 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 "(it is) incorporated only for the objects and purposes expressed in that memorandum:"
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4657262 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Subject then to the question of an exception in the case of a person dealing with the company in goo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7829251 d faith, the doctrine of ultra v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 ires applies. Lord Selborne went on to observe in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid7829251 Ashbury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
 case (2) at p.694 that he was
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7829251 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
"unable to see any distinction for this purpose between statutory corporations under Railway Acts, and statutory corporations under the joint Stock Companies Act of 1862."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4657262 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Lord Selborne had however earlier said at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4657262  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 p.693,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid4657262 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7829251 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 "I only repeat what Lord Cranworth in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5981140\charrsid7829251 
Hawkes v. Eastern Counties Railway Company}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  (4) (at pp.934/935 10 E.R.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4657262  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
(when moving the judgment of this House), stated to be settled law, when I say that a statuto
ry corporation, created by Act of Parliament for a particular purpose, is limited, as to all its powers, by the purposes of its incorporation as defined in that Act."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4657262 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 I must confess that I am unable to see any distinction for this purpose between a statutory company as such and a statutory corporate body, that is, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4657262  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 statutory incorporated association.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid4657262 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 In any event, as I see it, the dicta of Lord Denning apply to the objects, purposes, activities, or vires of an incorporated association. In the present case 
the Association has not pursued any object, purpose or activity, nor exercised any power as such which is not contained in the Act. It has instead in effect purported to amend its form of incorporation or constitution, or its statutory personality. The Fi
j
i Medical Association is a statutory association of medical practitioners registered under Part II of the medical register. It was incorporated as such. Rules 7 and 8 purport to change such incorporation. Quite clearly it was never intended that the provi
sions of section 41(4) of Cap. 255 should produce such effect. Quite clearly any change in the form of incorporation can only be effected by an Act of Parliament.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid332888 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 There is of course nothing to prevent the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4657262  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 members from forming an association of medical pract
itioners (registered or otherwise) and also of the other persons envisaged in Rules 7 and 8. Such an association would not however be the Fiji Medical Association as incorporated under the Act. The effect of Rules 7 and 8 if applied would in fact be to fo
rm another Association altogether, a non-statutory one. Quite clearly that was never the intention of the members. There has been no transfer of any property: the Rules themselves and also the minutes clearly indicate an intention to adhere to the terms}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid332888  of the Act. I am satisfied that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
none of the members realised the true nature of the desired change: there cannot have been any consensus therefore. I do not say that the Association}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 s action in the matter was ultra vires: there was no question of the exercise of any power excessive or otherwise. I simply say that the Association}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid332888  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 action was contrary to the Act and amounted to a nullity as do Rules 7 and 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid332888 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid332888 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 observe incidentally that the medical practitioners to whom reference is made under Rule 7A(iv) could 
well be members of the Association, provided the conditions stipulated in section 10 of the Act are met: if in any case such conditions are not met then membership is not open to the medical practitioner. Again, Rule 6 is not necessarily in conflict with 
the Act as long as the particular Life Member or Fellow retains the sole statutory qualification for membership, tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10434574 t is, registration under Part II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  of the medical register.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10434574 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10434574 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
do not wish to be understood as being in any way opposed to, or for that matter in favour of the proposals involved in Rules 7 and 8. That is not my function or concern. That is the function and concern of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9648950 
he members of the Association. I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  appreciate the reasons behind the proposals, as revealed by the minutes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10434574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10434574 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 merely say that as Rules 7 and 8 represent the Association}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
s wishes in the matter, then the only means of giving effect to such wishes is by amendment of the legislation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid10434574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 The grant of a declaration involves the exercise of the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid291566\charrsid291566 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
s discretion. The plaintiff submits that his
 right of association with his fellow medical practitioners is infringed. There is also the aspect that his proprietary rights within the Association may ultimately be affected. Under the circumstances, in respect of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9648950 the second declaration sought, I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566  grant a limited declaration. The applications for the first declaration sought and also an injunction are dismissed.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10434574 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 declare that Rule 7 and Rule 8 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10434574  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Rules made by the Association on 1st June, 1985, are each a nullity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid10434574 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 Delivered at Suva This 6th Day of September, 1985.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10434574 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5981140\charrsid9648950 (B.P. Cullinan)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9648950 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid9648950 JUDGE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5981140\charrsid291566 
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