{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi0\deflang2057\deflangfe2057\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol{\*\falt Symbol};}
{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings{\*\falt Wingdings};}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings{\*\falt Wingdings};}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0302020204030204}Calibri Light;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f41\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f49\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f61\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f62\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr{\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f64\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f65\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f66\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew){\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f67\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic){\*\falt Courier New};}{\f68\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f69\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese){\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f411\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f412\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f414\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f415\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f418\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f419\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f431\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f432\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f434\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f435\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\f438\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f439\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;
\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;
\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;\red79\green129\blue189;}{\*\defchp \fs22\loch\af31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \snext0 \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 Normal;}{\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext20 \slink15 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid4144840 heading 1;}{
\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon1 \snext20 \slink16 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid4144840 heading 2;}{\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon2 \snext20 \slink17 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid4144840 heading 3;}{
\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f37\fs24\cf17\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink18 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority9 \styrsid4144840 heading 4;}{\*\cs10 \additive \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid4144840 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused 
Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \b\f0\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \slink1 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid4144840 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \b\f0\fs26\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\slink2 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid4144840 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \b\i\f0\fs26\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \slink3 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid4144840 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs18 \additive 
\b\i\f37\fs24\cf17\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \slink4 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid4144840 Heading 4 Char;}{\s19\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext19 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 
Num List 1;}{\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls13\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\snext20 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 Paragraph - Numbered;}{\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext21 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 Indent1;}{\s22\qj \fi-601\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2761\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon19 \snext22 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 Num List 2;}{\s23\qj \fi-601\li3481\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin3481\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon22 \snext23 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 Num List 3;}{\s24\ql \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext24 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 Quote 1;}{
\s25\ql \li1440\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon24 \snext25 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 Quote 2;}{\s26\ql \li2160\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon25 \snext26 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 Quote 3;}{
\s27\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon19 \snext27 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid4144840 List Paragraph;}{\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext28 \slink29 \styrsid4144840 Body Text;}{\*\cs29 \additive \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \slink28 \slocked \styrsid4144840 Body Text Char;}{
\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon21 \snext30 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 Indent2;}{\s31\qj \li2880\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon30 \snext31 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 Indent3;}{\s32\qj \fi-601\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2761\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon36 \snext32 \styrsid4144840 List Bullet 2;}{\s33\qj \fi-601\li3481\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx2880\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin3481\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon32 \snext33 \styrsid4144840 List Bullet 3;}{\s34\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext34 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 Judgment Heading;}{
\s35\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext35 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 
Judgment Coversheet;}{\s36\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext20 \spriority0 \styrsid4144840 Paragraph - Indent;}{\*\ts38\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13787874\charrsid16721395 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13787874 Civil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13787874\charrsid16721395  Jurisdiction
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874 Action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874\charrsid16721395 . No. 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874 081}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874\charrsid16721395  of 198}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874 2
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874\charrsid16721395 
\par Between:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4144840 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13787874\charrsid4144840 WONG'S SHIPPING CO. LTD}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid13835724\charrsid4144840 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874\charrsid10960589 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874\charrsid16721395 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs25 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs25 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874\charrsid16721395 and
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13835724\charrsid4144840 QUEENSLAND INSURANCE (FIJI) LTD
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13835724\charrsid10960589 Defendant
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13787874 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787874 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4732121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Mr V Parmanandam for the Plaintiff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4732121 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Mr K Chauhan for the Defendant
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4732121 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9783385\charrsid4732121 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4732121 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4144840 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s claim against the defendant company is to be indemnified for the damage sustained by its vessel }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  which went aground on a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11342383  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 reef near Vunisea, Kadavu, on the evening of the 2nd day of December, 1981.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11342383 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The vessel was at the time of the mishap covered}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11342383  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
a Marine Insurance policy No. 33 M/116268 dated the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11342383  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 12th June 1981, issued by the defendant company. Under the policy th
e defendant undertook to indemnify the plaintiff in respect of "Perils, Losses and Misfortunes that have or shall come to the Hurt, Detriment or Damage of the subject matter of this insurance."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid478496 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The defendant denies liability and alleges that the plaintif}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4144840 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s
 loss was not occasioned by any of the perils covered by the policy and, alternatively, that the vessel was knowingly and wilfully sent to sea in an unseaworthy condition by the plaintiff company.
\par The alleged unseaworthy condition is said to be the condition of the steering gear on the vessel which, as a result of that condition, suddenly jammed as the vessel was passing a beacon resulting in the vessel going aground on the reef.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14770677 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The contract of marine insurance was a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2036347 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 time policy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
, that is to say it was a contract to insure the vessel for a definite period of time and not just for the one adventure or voyage.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2036347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
Subsection (5) of Section 40 of the Marine Insurance Act provides as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8719269 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 "(5)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
In a time policy there is no implied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2036347  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
warranty that the ship shall be seaworthy at any stage of the adventure, but, where with the privity of the assured the ship is sent to sea in an unseaworthy state, the insurer is not liable for any loss attributable to the unseaworthiness."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10033384 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The policy contains what is known in marine insurance circles as the "Inchmaree clause."
\par The "Inchmaree" was a steamer insured by a time policy in the ordinary form on the ship and her machinery, including the donkey engine, which was being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10033384  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 used in pumping water into the main boilers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Either}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10033384  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 accidently or due to the negligence of the engineer a valve which should have been left open was closed. This caused damage to the donkey engine.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6757533 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The House of Lords in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid9783385\charrsid12872162 The Thames & Mersey Marine Insurance Company Limited v Hamilton Fraser & Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4878619  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 1887}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4878619 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6757533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 12 AC 484 reversing the decision of the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6757533  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 (17 Q.B.D.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12872162  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 195), held that whether there was negligence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6757533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 or not the injury to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
Inchmaree}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  was not covered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6757533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 by the policy as such a loss did not fall under the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6757533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 words "perils of the seas".
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6641921 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
This case resulted in Inchmaree clauses being inserted in marine policies.
\par Clause 7 of the Institute Time Clause annexed to the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s said policy is what is termed an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6641921  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 "Inchmaree Clause."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
It provides as follows:-
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4878619 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 "7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
This insurance includes loss of or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6641921  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 damage to the subject matter insured directly caused by:-
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid4878619 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
Accidents in loading discharging}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14949153  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 or shifting cargo or fuel
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4878619 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Explosions on shipboard or elsewhere
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4878619 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Breakdown of or accident to nuclear installations or reactors on shipboard or elsewhere
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4878619 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Bursting of boilers breakage of shafts or any latent defect in the machinery or hull
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4878619 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Negligence of Master Officers Crew or Pilots
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4878619 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Negligence of repairers provided such repairers are not Assured(s) hereunder
\par {\listtext\tab}(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Contact with aircraft
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4878619 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Contact with any land conveyance, dock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2785214  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 or harbour equipment or installation
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4878619 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Earthquake, volcanic eruption or lightning }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4878619 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2785214 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 provided such loss or damage has not resulted from want of due diligence the the Assured, Owners or Managers.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14947297 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
Masters Officers Crew or Pilots not to be considered as part Owners within the meaning of this clause should they hold shares in the Vessel."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14947297 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The plaintiff in its Statement of Claim invoked the "Inchmaree" claim mentioning negligence of "master officer crew or pilots" but did 
not specifically plead that damage had resulted from the negligence of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  captain.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7742251 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
It did however plead that the vessel had run aground and sustained damage particulars of which were given.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5791626 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 No objection was taken by the defendant to the form of
 pleading. The defendant was aware that the plaintiff was claiming that the damage was caused by the stranding of the vessel, an alleged peril of the sea, and also as a result of the negligence of the captain which it alleged was covered by the "Inchmaree
" claim in the policy.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7489882 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
In the "Rules of Construction of Policy" in the Marine Insurance Act Rule 7 provides as follows:-
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12912235 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 "7.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
The term "perils of the seas" refers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7489882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 only to fortuitous accidents or casualties of the seas. It does not include the ordinary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7489882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 action of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 wi}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7489882 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s and waves."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15538635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The defendant alleges the vessel at the time was not seaworthy and that she had put to sea in that condition with the knowledge of the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12912235 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s manager or director.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15538635  
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 In the recent case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9783385\charrsid12912235 Skandia Insurance Company}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10960589\charrsid12912235  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9783385\charrsid12912235 Limited v Skoljarev and Another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  (1978-80) 142 CLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12912235  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 345 the High Court of Australia considered the issue of burden of proof in a Marine Time Policy.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1905333 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Mason }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15538635 J}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  at pp 386,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3300779  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 387 made these statements:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3300779 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 "It has always been held that the insured}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1905333  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 carries the burden of proving that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1905333  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 loss was due to the perils o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14373507 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  the sea. He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1905333  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
must therefore show on a balance of probabilities that the loss was attributable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1905333  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 to a fortuitous accident or casualty of the seas.
\par {\listtext\tab}"The insured is not required to establish that the vessel was seaworthy at the commencement of the voyage as an essential element in his cause of action."
\par {\listtext\tab}"It has been universally stated that the onus of proof of unseaworthiness is on the insurer."
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14373507 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
"In a time policy he (i.e. the insurer) carries the onus of proving that, with the privity of the insured, the ship was sent to sea in an unseaworthy state in which event he is not liable for any loss attributable to that unseaworthiness."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12990487 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14373507 will }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 consider the issue of burden of proof after stating the facts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12990487  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14373507 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Before stating the facts, a description of the steering system of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  at the time of the mishap will assist in understanding its alleged failure to}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12990487  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 operate properly due to jamming.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16391259 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
The steering gear was a chain and rod type. From a quadrant attached to the rudder head chains went from both sides of the quadrant along the port and starboard sides of the vessel and around the steering wheel or helm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16391259  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 in nautical parlance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
The chains were held in position by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16391259  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 sheaves which allowed free movement of the chains
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4876688 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
Of particular importance in this case was the presence of two rod and chain adjusting screws attached to the chains on either side which were used to take up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4876688  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 any slack in the chains.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 They were also called ring screws}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4876688  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 by one of the witnesses.
\par Mr. D.E. Worthington, a marine surveyor inspected the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 
'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
 on the 24th day of December, 1981 after its mishap as it lay on the hard at the Government Slip Way at Walu Bay and submitted a written report to the defendant company. The report is item 8 in the agreed list of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4876688  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 documents.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid614707 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
His inspection of the steering gear disclosed that there was full play of the rudder to the extent of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14699546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14699546 \'ba}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  i.e. moving without application of the helm.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 He found}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14699546  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 slack in the steering chains. When the helm was rapidly applied either to p
ort or starboard from the amidship position slackness in the forward chains caused a riding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid614707  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 turn to gather on the steering wheel shaft.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 This effectively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid614707  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
jammed the steering until the helm was applied in the opposite direction.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12723964 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The port chain he found to be
 severely corroded, but he did not state that this played any part in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12723964  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 jamming.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 It was evidence of lack of proper maintenance.
\par The defendant contends that the steering gear of the vessel had been in that condition for some considerable time before Mr Worthington inspected the vessel to the knowledge of the plaintiff.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16725763 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
 could not legally proceed to sea without a valid sea going certificate (Section 47 Marine Board Act).
\par There are three types of survey carried out by the Marine Board - sight, f
ull and special. No certificate will be issued by the Board for a vessel to proceed to sea without a survey certificate which is valid only for 6 months. Before it can be renewed another survey of the vessel is required.
\par The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  had a full survey on the 4th November, 1980. Survey was carried out, as were all such surveys, by a surveyor employed by the Marine Board.
\par The report dated 18th January, 1981 by the surveyor specifically indicates that the steering gear was checked. His comment on the form (Exhibit 0) about the steering gear was that it was "good" indicating it was in good condition.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3112129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
On the 21st July 1981 the same surveyor did a sight survey on the vessel. There were no special comments about the steering except the same comment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 good}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 .
\par I accept those reports as establishing that on the dates of the two surveys the steering gear of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  was in proper working order and the vessel was seaworthy.
\par At the time of the mishap the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  was about due for its annual full survey. There was a valid sea going certificate in respect of the Evelyn in force at the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3112129  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 time the vessel went on the reef.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9113859 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
 left Suva for Kadavu at 7.30 a.m. on 2nd December, 1981. There is no evidence that when she left on that voyage the steering was in the condition mentioned by Mr Worthington. She arrived at Vunisea at about 3.30 p.m.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9113859\charrsid10960589 Vunisea }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
is in a bay on the northern coast of Kadavu. Charts indicate that there are a number of reefs in the vicinity. Evidence also indicates that there are beacons marking a channel but none of them has a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9113859  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 light at night.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063471 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
 left for Tavuki at about 10 p.m. that day. The night was dark and the Captain was on deck forward of the helm directing the helmsman.
\par It was at this stage of the evidence that there}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8063471  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 is a conflict. The plaintiff called two witnesses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 One}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8063471  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 was the vessel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s quartermaster, Josua Wailili, who normally}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8063471  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 was at the helm. The other was Josefa Mara,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 a clerk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8063471  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 employed by the plaintiff, who was on deck at the time the vessel went aground.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12651152 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The defendant called the captain of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12651152  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Luke M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12651152 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 ce.
\par As to the credibility of these three witnesses the evidence of Josefa Mara must be accepted in toto. He did not have much to say but what he did say was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12651152  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 important.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6443847 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6443847  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Chauhan did not cross examine this witness but, appreciating his oversight, he asked permission of the Court to ask the witness a question which brought a reply}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6443847  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 that the witness did not know what had caused the vessel to go on the reef.
\par The House of Lords case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9783385\charrsid5786455 Browne v Dunn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  (1893) 6 R.67 is the authority for the proposition that where Counsel decline to cros
s examine a witness the evidence of that witness must be accepted as factual.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10100991 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
The Captain did not impress me at all whereas I was impressed by the other two witnesses. The evidence of Josefa Mara supports that of Josua Wailili in one important aspect which establishes that Luke M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10100991 o}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 ce was not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10100991  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 telling the truth.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 I will refer to his evidence after}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10100991  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
referring to Josua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s evidence and that of the Captain.
\par Josua said the vessel was proceeding at full speed (6 knots) and the Captain was forward of the mast}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10100991  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 directing 
him by saying (in Fijian) "right" "left".}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15671340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 says that for 5 minutes before the vessel went aground Captain Luke had given him no instructions.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15671340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
Josua denied that the steering jammed that night. He had been three years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15671340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15671340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 
'}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  and had during all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15671340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 that time been the helmsman.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 He said he had never had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15671340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
any trouble with the steering and he emphatically denied Luke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s allegation that the steering had jammed when going}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15671340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 to starboard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
He stated that Captain Luke had not asked}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15671340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 for the engine to be slowed down.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid15671340 
He also refuted an allegation made by Luke that there had been frequent trouble with the steering gear previously. He had never heard the Captain complain about the steering. He said steering gear (chain) had been replaced in January 1981 and it was not t
rue that steering jammed two months later.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12070970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
In answer to a question from the Court he said the passage was straight and wide and vessel had gone aground on the seaward side of the reef where there was a beacon.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16088924 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Captain Luke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s version is that Josua was at the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12070970  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
helm and he the Captain was directing him by saying right}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12070970  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 and left. He ordered the engine to be slowed and Josua said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12070970  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 the chain had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 got stuck}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  (i.e. jammed) and then the vessel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16088924  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 went aground. Captain Luke said it was not the first time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16088924  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
the chain had jammed - it had happened frequently in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16088924  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 past. A new ring screw and chain had been fitted in January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16088924  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 1981 and two months later it had jammed again and had happened}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16088924  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 about 20 times.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11886487 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 He said that when the ring screw was tightened}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11886487  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 up "it went well".}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Two months later there would be the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11886487  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 same trouble.
\par He said the vessel was travelling at about 3 knots and he admitted that if it had been going at full speed the vessel would have gone on the reef.
\par Under cross examination he stated that when the vessel came off the reef the steering was all right. He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11886487  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 tested it himself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The vessel then proceeded to Tavuki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11886487  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 and later returned to Suva. He experienced no trouble with the steering.
\par He made written statement after the grounding about the incident and admitted he had made no mention therein of the alleged defective steering. He gave no explanation, in that statement as to how the vessel went on the reef.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3811800 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
He also stated in evidence that when the ring screws were tightened slack in the chains would be taken up,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3811800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 t
hat it was the duty of the crew to keep the screws tight. He also saw to the screws being tightened. He then made admissions which should have resulted in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3811800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 defendant admitting liability.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 I quote Captain Luke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3811800  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 words:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3546973 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 "I did see that screw was tightened
 up before we left Vunisea. There was no slack when we left Vunisea. When we left Suva on that voyage there was no slack."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15152015 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The vessel only travelled about 1 mile on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15152015  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 leaving Vunisea before going on the reef.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The chains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15152015  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
had been tightened before leaving and the possibility of those chains becoming loosened in so short a distance is so remote that it can be ignored.
\par Josua Mara confirmed the positions on deck of the helmsman and the Captain. He also confirmed that the Captain was directing the helmsman and that for 3 minutes before the vessel went on the reef the Captain gave no instructions to Josua.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2242831 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
The 3 minutes silence is highly significant and satisfies me that not only was Captain Luke not telling the truth but it was one more indication of his negligence.
 There was a beacon on the reef where the vessel went aground and the Captain should have seen it had he been keeping a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2242831  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 proper look out.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 If he was unable to see it because the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2242831  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 night was dark it was negligence on his part to proceed to sea at all.
\par I accept Josua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s evidence which establishes that the night was dark and he could not see well and that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2242831  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 vessel was travelling at 6 knots when it grounded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2242831  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 accept also that he experienced no trouble at all with the steering which on the Captain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s evidence had been checked and the chains adjusted shortly before the vessel left Vunisea.
\par Mr Worthington}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
s survey report is of no assistance to the defendant on this issue and there is no proper basis or justification for the opinion he expressed that "the stee
ring gear would have been in the condition noted upon the vessels departure from Vunisea." He should not have expressed that positive opinion in his report to the defendant. He failed also to point out in his report the ease and speed with which any jammi
ng of the helm could be cleared. His report left the impression that the jamming was the cause of the stranding.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5378363 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
Mr J S Figgess, a ship pilot and master mariner and a surveyor of vessels, in answers to questions by the Court whether the helmsman would have had any difficulty in steering if the helm jammed said:-
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10112301 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 "All he has to do is move wheel in opposite direction. If it had happened earlier and on several occasions helms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 man would have been aware of the situation and responded to it."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1715667 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 A vessel moving at 6
 knots does not turn like a motor vehicle. It would be slow to respond to the helm at that speed and the helmsman would have had plenty of time to turn the wheel the other way if Luke had seen the beacon and called a warning. However, I am satisfied and f
ind as a fact that the steering did not jam that night.
\par Accepting Mr Worthington}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
s report does not establish that the steering gear was inoperative at the time of the mishap. Even he stated that the steering was jammed until the helm was applied in the opposite direction - a movement which could only have taken a second or so to make.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5914838 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
However, the evidence before me establishes beyond any reasonable doubt that there was no trouble with the steering after the vessel left Vunisea nor after the mishap and on its return to Suva under its own power.
\par The burden of establishing the vessel was unseaworthy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 at the time lay on the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 It has failed to discharge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 that burden.

\par I find as a fact that the cause of the stranding was the negligence of Captain Luke in ordering the vessel to sea on a dark night in waters with reefs which were not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5914838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 marked by lighted beacons.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 In particular he was negligent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5914838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 in failing to leave the bay at a slow speed or to reduce speed and failing to keep a proper lookout.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9246166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The plaintiff has est
ablished that the damage to the vessel resulted from stranding on the reef on the night in question.
\par I find as a fact that stranding on a reef is a peril of the sea which is covered by the policy. The damage which the vessel sustained was also damaged cove
red by the policy in the Inchmaree clause (clause 7), namely, as a direct result of the negligence of master Luke.
\par The only other issue to consider is whether it has been established that the proviso to the clause operates to negative the operative part of the clause. The burden of establishing this was on the defendant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11557472 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
Mr Wong Hoy Sing, the managing director of the plaintiff company, denied all knowledge of any defective steering gear. Even if it was in fact defective there is no evidence before me that any officer of the company was aware of the fact.
\par The Company was aware that the vessel travelled at night but a certificated Captain was employed and it was not negligent of the company or indicative of any want of diligence not to have taken steps to prohibit sailing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11557472  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 of the vessel at night in unlit coastal waters.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 Vessels}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11557472  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 do travel at night and provided care is exercised reefs, if their existence is known, can be avoided.

\par I hold as a fact that the defendant company has failed to establish that the vessel was unseaworthy or that the company had knowledge of any defect in the vessel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11557472  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 steering.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 I hold that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9585798  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 the company is liable under the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9585798  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 policy to indemnify the plaintiff company.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9585798 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
It was agreed by counsel that only the issue of liability should be tried and if the defendant was held liable to refer the question of assessment of damages to the Chief Registrar.
\par It appears that the measure of damages might be in the vicinity of the sum
 of $21,558 the amount of Carpenters Industrial tender for repairs. That tender was however, subject to a rise and fall condition. The amount of $29,529 claimed by the plaintiff exceeds the amount for which the vessel was covered under the policy.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15230009 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 The plai
ntiff also claims interest on the amount found to be owing by the defendant at the rate of 13.5 per centum per annum.
\par The Court has power under section 3 of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions)(Death & Interest) Act to award interest on debts and damages.
\par I consider this a proper case in which to award}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15230009  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 I have no evidence on the trading banks current}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15230009  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
rate of interest or whether the plaintiff had to borrow money to pay for the repairs. It could, however, have invested the money at 12% interest and it is that rate I propose to accept.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11417502 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
The claim form is dated 12.2.81. Allowing reasonable time for the defendant to process it, order that interest at the rate of 12% be paid by the defendant to the plaintiff on the amount which the Chief Registrar assesses as being the loss susta}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11417502 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 ned by the plaintiff.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11417502  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
Interest is to be calculated from the 1st day of March}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11417502\charrsid10960589 , 1982}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 .
\par There will be judgment for the plaintiff for the loss sustained by the plaintiff in respect of the stranding of the vessel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
Evelyn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589  to be assessed by the Chief Registrar with interest thereon at the rate and from the time herein-before ordered.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14749833 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 
Had the defendant properly investigated the cause of the stranding the claim would have been met and the plaintiff company saved considerable trouble and loss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749833  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 which it can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14749833  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 not recover from the defendant. Mr Parmanandam abandoned the company}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960589\charrsid10960589 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 s claim for loss of profits which was not covered by the policy.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9312479 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 T
he plaintiff company is to have the costs of this action to be taxed on the higher scale if not agreed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9312479 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10968439 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9783385\charrsid10968439 R.G. KERMODE
\par JUDGE
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10968439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10968439 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9312479 SUVA,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9312479\charrsid9312479 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9312479 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10968439 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9312479  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9783385\charrsid10960589 April, 1985
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