{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi0\deflang2057\deflangfe2057\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol{\*\falt Symbol};}
{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings{\*\falt Wingdings};}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings{\*\falt Wingdings};}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0302020204030204}Calibri Light;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f1018\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f1019\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f1021\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f1022\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f1023\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f1024\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f1025\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f1026\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f1038\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f1039\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f1041\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek{\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f1042\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f1043\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew){\*\falt Courier New};}{\f1044\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic){\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f1045\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f1046\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese){\*\falt Courier New};}{\f1388\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f1389\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f1391\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f1392\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f1395\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f1396\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}{\f1418\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\f1419\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f1421\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f1422\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\f1425\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\f1426\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}
{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}
{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;
\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;
\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;\red79\green129\blue189;}{\*\defchp \fs22\loch\af31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \snext0 \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 Normal;}{\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext20 \slink15 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid2582409 heading 1;}{
\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon1 \snext20 \slink16 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid2582409 heading 2;}{\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon2 \snext20 \slink17 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid2582409 heading 3;}{
\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f37\fs24\cf17\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink18 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority9 \styrsid2582409 heading 4;}{\*\cs10 \additive \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid2582409 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused 
Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \b\f0\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \slink1 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid2582409 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \b\f0\fs26\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\slink2 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid2582409 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \b\i\f0\fs26\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \slink3 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid2582409 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs18 \additive 
\b\i\f37\fs24\cf17\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \slink4 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid2582409 Heading 4 Char;}{\s19\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext19 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 
Num List 1;}{\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\snext20 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 Paragraph - Numbered;}{\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext21 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 Indent1;}{\s22\qj \fi-601\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2761\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon19 \snext22 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 Num List 2;}{\s23\qj \fi-601\li3481\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls17\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin3481\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon22 \snext23 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 Num List 3;}{\s24\ql \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext24 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 Quote 1;}{
\s25\ql \li1440\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon24 \snext25 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 Quote 2;}{\s26\ql \li2160\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon25 \snext26 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 Quote 3;}{
\s27\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon19 \snext27 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid2582409 List Paragraph;}{\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext28 \slink29 \styrsid2582409 Body Text;}{\*\cs29 \additive \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \slink28 \slocked \styrsid2582409 Body Text Char;}{
\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon21 \snext30 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 Indent2;}{\s31\qj \li2880\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon30 \snext31 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 Indent3;}{\s32\qj \fi-601\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2761\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon36 \snext32 \styrsid2582409 List Bullet 2;}{\s33\qj \fi-601\li3481\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx2880\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin3481\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon32 \snext33 \styrsid2582409 List Bullet 3;}{\s34\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext34 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 Judgment Heading;}{
\s35\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext35 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 
Judgment Coversheet;}{\s36\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls19\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \snext36 \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 List Bullet 1;}{\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext20 \spriority0 \styrsid2582409 Paragraph - Indent;}{\*\ts38\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
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\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-720\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc255\levelnfcn255\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\'06;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10251488 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2582409 IN }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 THE SUPREME C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 OURT OF FIJI (WESTERN DIVISION)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 AT LAUTOKA
\par Appellate Jurisdiction
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 Criminal Appeal No.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2582409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 3 of 1984
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 ETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488 :
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 BRIJE NAND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  s/o Devi Prasad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488 
\par AND:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 REGINA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10251488 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2582409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 . I. Khan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2582409 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 Counsel for the Appellant
\par Mr. M. Raza, Principal Legal Officer,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 counsel for the Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2582409 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2582409\charrsid10251488 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12474204 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2582409 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 Cases referred to:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2582409 (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 Tapsell v Maslen (1967) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2582409 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 rim. LR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2582409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 53
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2582409 (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 Lyons v May}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2582409  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 1948}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2582409 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409  2 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2582409 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 l E
R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2582409  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557 6
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 2
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2582409 (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 Lloyd v Singleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 1953}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409  1 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 l }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 291
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2582409 (4) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 Goodburne v Buck}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 1940}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409  1 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557  61}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 3
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2582409 (5) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14243944\charrsid2582409 Grays Haulage Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409  Ltd. v Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12474204\charrsid2582409 196
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12474204\charrsid2582409  1 All E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 896
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2582409 (6) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557 James & Sons,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409  Ltd. v Smee, Green v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 urnett}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14243944\charrsid2582409 1954}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14243944\charrsid2582409  3 Al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 l ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691557  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 273
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2582409 (7) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 Ferrymasters Ltd. v Adams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12474204\charrsid2582409  (1980) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6691557 Crim. L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12474204\charrsid2582409 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6691557  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12474204\charrsid2582409 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6691557 8}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12474204\charrsid2582409 7
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2582409 (8) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 Baugh v Crago}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6691557  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid2582409 
(1976) Crim. L.R.72
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4224486 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 The appellant was convicted by the magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
s court at Ba on two counts of permitting another to drive a motor vehicle, firstly without a driving licence, and secondly when not covered by a policy of insurance in respect of Third Party risks. He appeals against the first conviction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4457547 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 The appellant wa
s jointly charged with his son who was, on his own pleas of guilty, convicted of driving the vehicle without a licence and whilst so uninsured. The evidence for the prosecution was brief, that of one police officer: his evidence and the record thereafter 
for 24th November, 1983, reads as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4457547 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 "20.3.83 2.30 p.m. King}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s road Vadravadra stopped Atish Kumar driving a tractor registered D6456. The accused 2. Asked him driving l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4457547 icence and he said no licence. O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 n admission made by him I saw his father the accused 1 who I cautioned and questioned about accused 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4457547 riving of tractor on 20.3.83. H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
e said permitted son to take to Vadravadra garage for repairs and that it was his father w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10423477 ho owned tractor but accused 1 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
ooked after it. Accused 1 said was aware about the law: I did not ask him if he knew son had a driving licence but he knew of effect of so driving - no 3rd party cover.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10423477 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
Cross-examination to Govind - Nil. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10423477 
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 Re-examination - Nil.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7879317 
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid7879317 Case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid7879317 
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 K. Govind - No questions re accused 1 to show knowledge "permitting" charged section speaks of "employ".
\par {\listtext\tab}Count 2 cannot stand if count 1 fails.
\par {\listtext\tab}Counsel - submit no case to answer and will not call any evidence in any event.
\par {\listtext\tab}Court - Adjourned to 30.11.83 for decision on submission."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7879317 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 The learned trial magistrate duly delivered his decision on 30th November. It reads as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10423477 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7879317 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid7879317\charrsid10423477 DECISIO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid6585653\charrsid10423477 N}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid14890243 
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
The accused 1 stands charged on the 1st count of permitting the driving of a motor vehicle when the driver did not have a valid driving licence contrary to section 23 of the Traffic Ordinance Cap. 152.
\par {\listtext\tab}The offence is one of absolute liability - the prosecution need only to prove the permitting, the onus of proving possession of a licence being on the accused.
\par {\listtext\tab}Learned counsel, to whom I am grateful drew the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s attention to the amen
dment in 1978 of this section which added the word }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
permitting" to the original provision of "employing". There is evidence that when seen by the police the accused admitted permitting driving by accused 2.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid424731 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
As to the offence on count 2 the section speaks of using or perm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14890243 itting a person to use when no 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
rd party cover in force. There is evidence which I accept - there being no competing evidence, the admission by me accused that he permitted the accused 1 to drive. The accused is not the owner but admits he was in charge - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid424731 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 e does not have to be the registered owner Lloyd v Singl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14890243 eton (1953) 1 AE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 R.
\par {\listtext\tab}The offence is an absolute one the mere permitting to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14890243  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14890243 drive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid14890243  throws the onus on the accused 1 to show a valid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14890243  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid14890243 insurance cover in respect of such driving. Satisfied of accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid14890243 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid14890243 s guilt on counts 1 and 2 to the requisite standard - beyond reasonable doubt, he is found guilty and is convicted of offence as cha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid424731 rged under such counts 1 and 2."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid14890243 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12737951 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 The learned counsel for the appellant Mr. Khan submits first of all that the learned trial magistrate fell into error in holding t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid424731 
hat the offence under the first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  count w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid424731 as one of absolute liability. As to the second count, I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  consider that the learned trial magistrate was quite correct in holding that the offence was absolute. The relevant wording under section 4 of the Motor Veh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid424731 icles I}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737951 nsurance) Act Cap. 153 (1967) E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 dition) is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737951 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9643421 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9643421 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737951 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737951 \'85.. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 no person shall use, or cause or permit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737951  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 any other person to use }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12737951 \'85\'85"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid12737951 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12737951 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 The relevant wording under section 143 of the English Road Traffic Act, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737951 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 972 is,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9643421 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 "it shall not be lawful for a person to use, or to cause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737951  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid12737951 or permit any other person to use}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid12737951  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12737951 \'85.."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid12737951 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12737951 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 Subject to a special defence for employees under section 143(2), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9643421 it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 was held in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6585653\charrsid9643421 Tapsell v Maslen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 (1) following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid6585653\charrsid9643421 Lyons v May}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  (2) that that section imposes an absolute liability in respect of using an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737951  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
uninsured vehicle, or causing or permitting it to be used, irrespective of whether or not the person who uses it, or the person causing or permitting the use of the vehicle knew that the vehicle was uninsured.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid12737951 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9134411 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
Again, as the learned trial magistrate correctly observed, on the authority of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6585653\charrsid9643421 Lloyd v Singleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
 (3), the offence of permitting the unlawful use of a vehicle can be committed by anyone in charge of the vehicle and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9134411  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 not only by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
owner. In the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid9643421 Lloyd v Singleton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9134411  (3) the Queens B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 ench, consisting of Lord Goddard C.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13376485 J., sitting with Groom-Johnson J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13376485 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
 Pearson J., declined to follow an earlier ex tempore dictum of MacKinnon L.J. in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid9643421 Goodburne v Buck}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  (4) where he said (at p.616):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid9134411 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9643421 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 "As at present advised, I can see no ground on which anybody can be in a position to forbid another person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13376485  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13376485 to use a motor vehicle except}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid13376485  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11737149 \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13376485 where the person }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid13376485 charged is the owner of the car."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid13376485 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13376485 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 The Court however approved of an earlier dictum of MacKinnon L.J. in the same judgment (at p.616) namely, that
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11737149 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
"In order to make a person liable for permitting another person to use a motor vehicle, it is obvious that he must be in a position to forbid the other person to use the motor vehicle."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13376485 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13376485 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 ord Goddard C.J. illustrated the issue thus (at p.293 at B):
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11737149 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
"In the course of the argument I put the illustration of a man, owning a car and employing a chauffeur, who leaves his car in the care of the chauffeur
. If, when the master is not in the car, the chauffeur allows somebody else to drive it, the chauffeur is permitting the use of it. The master is not permitting the use of it because he does not know it is being used. He has given no authority to the chau
ffeur to allow other people to drive. In the ordinary way he would forbid the chauffeur to allow anybody else to drive, but, whether the chauffeur is actually forbidden or not, he is the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13376485  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid13376485 person who permits the driving, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13376485 \'85\'85.."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid13376485 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4543636 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 The question arises as to whethe
r the offence of permitting the driving of a vehicle by an unlicensed driver is an absolute offence. Originally section 23(1) of the Traffic Act made it an offence to drive a motor vehicle without a driving licence or to "employ any other person" so}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4543636  t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 o dri
ve while unlicensed. As the learned trial magistrate observed, the section was amended by Act No. 9 of 1978 introducing the offence of "permitting". The sub-section now reads:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid4543636 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4939229 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 "23.-(1) Subject to the provisions of the next succeeding section it shall be a
n offence for any person to drive a motor vehicle of any class upon a road unless he is the holder of a driving licence valid in respect of such class under the provisions of this Part of this Ordinance or to employ or permit any other person so to drive 
a motor vehicle of any class unless such other person is the holder of such a driving licence."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2835284 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 The learned authors of Wilkinson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2835284 s Road Traffic Offences 10 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 dition observe at p.40:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4262719 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 "A distinction should normally be drawn between knowledge of the use of th
e vehicle and knowledge of the unlawfulness of its use. Knowledge of the former kind is an essential ingredient of permitting, knowledge of the latter kind, may or may not be an essential ingredient.
\par {\listtext\tab}Normally such knowledge of the unlawfulness of the vehicle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13584631 
 use is required to be proved. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 Permitting to be used}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  in contradistinction to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 using}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15756535  imports mens r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 ea. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid6585653\charrsid15756535 Aliter}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  in the case of insurance offences, where knowledge that the vehicle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s use}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3307735  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 was uninsured does not have to be proved."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3307735 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 In the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6585653\charrsid10516967 Grays Haulage Co. Ltd., v Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  (5) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10433273 Lord }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3307735\charrsid10433273 Par}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10433273 ker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
 C.J. in the Queens Bench observed (at p.898 at A),
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10516967 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
" In my judgment, there is a tendency today to impute knowledge in circumstances which really do not justify knowledge being imputed. It is of
 the very essence of the offence of permitting someone to do something that there should be knowledge. The case that is always}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10433273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10433273 referred to in this connexion is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10516967 James & Sons, Ltd. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10516967 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10433273\charrsid10516967  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10516967 
Smee, Green v Burnett}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10516967  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10516967\charrsid10516967 (6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10433273\charrsid10516967 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10433273 , where, in giving judgment, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10433273 I pointed out that knowledge is really of two kinds, actual knowledge, and knowledge which arises either from shutting one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10433273 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10433273 
s eyes to the obvious, or, what is very much the same thing but put in another way, failing to do something or doing something not caring whether contravention takes place or not."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10433273 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15083987 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 Section 84(2) of the English 1972 Act was amended in 1976. It is no longer an offence in England to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 employ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  an unlicensed person to drive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10567837 a }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 motor vehicle, but instead to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 cause or permit}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  him so to drive. In the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6585653\charrsid10567837 Ferrymasters Ltd. v Adams}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  (7) "employers were convicted of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15083987  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
permitting their employee to drive whilst unlicensed, as the justices held that the employers had failed to adopt any system of checking that employees}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  licences were renewed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567837  That finding clearly imported m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 ens}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567837  rea. The Divisional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 Court held that the case was indistinguishable from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10567837 Baugh v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10567837  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10567837 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15083987\charrsid10567837 rag}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10567837 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
 (8), an insurance case. The Court held that section 84(2) of the 1972 Act concerned driving licences, but "might have serious insurance implications." The learned authors of Wilkinson submit that the ratio decidendi of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10567837 Ferrymaster}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  (7) is inconsistent with other cases on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 causing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 permitting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 . In this respect I find myself in agreement with the learned commentators in (1976) Crim. LR}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7154463  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 73 and (1980) Crim. LR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7154463  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 187. The learned authors of Wilkinson at p.403 submit that,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid15083987 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7154463 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 "where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15083987 \'85\'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 the employee driver has deliberately concealed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15083987  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid15083987 the fact that he i
s unlicensed it would seem difficult to argue that the employer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid15083987 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid15083987 caused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10251488\charrsid15083987 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid15083987  or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid15083987 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid15083987 permitted}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid15083987 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid15083987 
 his employee to drive unlicensed. The better opinion would appear to be that the prosectuion must prove that the employer either knew or ought to have known (in the sen
se that he was negligent or shut his eyes to the fact) that his employee was unlicensed."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15476899 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 With those observations I respectfully agree. As}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15476899  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  see it, they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899 must apply all the mre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
 to someone who, like the appellant, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 permits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  b
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 ut who is nonetheless not an employer as such. In the present case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 the only evidence before the court as to the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s knowledge in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 the matter was the bare statement: "I did not ask him if he knew son had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7154463 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 driving licence but he knew of effect of so driving." That, on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 face of it, seemingly constitutes a contradiction: the latter part of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 statement suggests that the witness asked the appellant whether he realised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 the serious consequences of his son being unlicensed, but that approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 is contradicted by the fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899 
rst part of the statement. If, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 n the latter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 part of the statement, the witness was merely saying that "ignorance of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 the law is no excuse", the onus nonetheless rested upon the prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 of establishing a breach of the law. In any event, I cannot see that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 there was satisfactory evidence establishing that the appellant knew}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 or ought to have known that his son was unlicensed and I do not see how}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 the conviction on the first count can be sustained.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid15476899 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1328944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 Mr. Khan further submits that the learned trial magistrate}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s ruling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15476899  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 on the submissi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1328944 on of no case to answer was in f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 act a judgment, that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1328944  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 learned trial magistrate failed to rule }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1328944 on the submission and failed al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 together to put the appellant on his defence. Section 211(1) of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1328944  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 Criminal Procedure Code, which applies to trials in a magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s court,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1328944  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 reads as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid1328944 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7154463 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1328944 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 211.\emdash 
(1) At the close of the evidence in support of the charge, if it appears to the court that a case is made out against the accused person sufficiently to require him to make a defence, the court shall ag
ain explain the substance of the charge to the accused and shall inform him that he has a right to give evidence on oath from the witness box, and that, if he does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2108160  so, he will be liable to cross-}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 examination, or to make a statement not on oath from the dock
, and shall ask him whether he has any witnesses to examine or other evidence to adduce in his defence, and the court shall then hear the accused and his witnesses and other evidence (if any)."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1328944 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 The question arises as to whether a magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s court must co
mply with the above provisions where the accused, as in the present case, is represented by counsel. By way of comparison I set out the corresponding provisions relating to trials before the Supreme Court contained in section 293(2) of the Criminal Proced
ure Code:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls18\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2108160 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
"(2) When the evidence of the witnesses for the prosecution has been concluded, and the statement or evidence (if any) of the accused person before the committing court has been given in evidence, the court, if it considers that there is evidenc
e that the accused person or any one or more of several accused persons, committed the offence, shall inform each such accused person of his right to address the court, either personally or by his barrister and solicitor (if any) to give evidence on his o
w
n behalf, or to make an unsworn statement, and to call witnesses in his defence, and in all cases shall require him or his barrister and solicitor (if any), to state whether it is intended to call any witnesses as to fact other than the accused person him
s
elf. Upon being informed thereof, the judge shall record the same. If such accused person says that he does not mean to give evidence or make an unsworn statement, or to adduce evidence, then the barrister and solicitor for the prosecution may sum up the 
case against such accused person. If such accused person says that he means to give evidence or make an unsworn statement, or to adduce evidence, the court shall call upon such accused person to enter upon his defence."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13329820 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 In my view those provisions place the duty upon the Supreme }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13329820 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
ourt of putting the accused upon his defence and of informing him what o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13329820 ptions are open to him. The sub-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
section contemplates the presence of defence counsel but does not state that the court is thereby absolved from its duty in the matter. The only allowance made for the presence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13329820 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 f counsel is that counsel, rather than the accused may address the court, and the court may require counsel, rather than the accused, to state whether it is intended to 
call any witnesses as to fact other than the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13329820  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 accused. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13329820 While the provisions of the sub-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 section present some difficulties }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1400756 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 interpretation, nonetheless they seem to me to make it clear that it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1400756 is f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 or the accused and not counsel to state whether he intends to give evidence, or make an unsworn statement.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid13329820 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9532803 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
Those consideration must apply a fortiori to a trial in a magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13329820 o}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 urt. It will be seen that the provisions of the Code again contemplate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13329820  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400756 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 possible presence of defence counsel at such a trial: see for example th
e provisions of section 209 and 213. Indeed, if counsel is not present the additional duty is placed upon the court under section 209 of asking the accused, in respect of each and every prosecution witness, wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13329820 ether he wishes to cross-examin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 e that witness. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid9532803 No allowance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  for the prese}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1400756 nce of counsel is made however }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9532803 
n the provisions of section 211(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 1), the court is there required to "again explain the substance of the charge to the accused", as it has already done, and is re
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9532803 quired to do, under section 206 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 1).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9532803 Again}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  the court is required to inform the accused that he is liable to cross}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9532803 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 exam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9532803 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 nation if he goes into the witness box.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid9532803 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 The contents of paragraph 4 - 392 of Archbold, Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice, 41 Edition, require a Judge to explain to an 
unrepresented accused not alone his right of cross-examination of prosecution witnesses, but also the options open to him when put on his defence. The passage indicates that there is no duty to do so when the accused is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9532803  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 represented. But as to the latter duty, the passage contemplates trial by Judge and jury, and not trial in a magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s court. Again, trials before our Supreme Court and magistrates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  courts are governed by the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code. I am in no doubt that the provisions of sections 210 and 211 clearly place upon a magistrate a duty to inform the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9532803  ac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 cused personally whether or not a case has been made out against him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9532803  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 sufficiently to require him to make a defence", that is, to deliver a ruling in the matter, whether or not a s}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195303 ubmission of no case to answer h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
as been made by counsel, and thereafter, under section 211 to explain the charge to the accused once again, to explain the options open to him and to ask him whether he has any witnesses t
o examine or other evidence to adduce in his defence. That duty lies upon the magistrate whether or not the accused is represented by counsel. As an officer of the court, no doubt counsel has carried out his duty in the matter and advised his client accor
dingly. That does not absolve the court of its statutory duty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid9532803 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13632750 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
The learned counsel for the prosecution Mr. Raza, Principal Legal Officer, submits that it would be prudent to send the record back to the learned trial magistrate and ask him whether the record}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2782568  is correct. I
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  see no basis for doing so. There might be some basis for such a course where the record has been challenged, by way of affidavit, by the appe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632750 
llant. That i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s not the case here. It is to be assumed that the record is correct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2782568  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632750 The }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 learned trial magistrate has countersigned the record as being a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632750  t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 rue copy of the man}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2782568 uscript record, which latter I h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 ave also carefully}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13632750  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 examined.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid13632750 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1053138 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
The learned counsel for the appellant in the court below indicated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13632750  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 that he would not "call any evidence in any event." That statement, as I}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1053138  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 see it, was no doubt made so as to advise the learned trial magistrate of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1053138  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
likely duration of the remainder of the proceedings, so that the magistrate could fix an appropriate date and time for continued trial. While it might have absolv
ed the learned trial magistrate from enquiring as to whether the appellant intended to adduce evidence from witnesses other than himself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1053138  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 (though here again the appellant might well }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1053138 have changed his mind some six d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 ays later when the court sat again), it did not absolve the learned trial magistrate from delivering a ruling as to whether or not a case to answer had been establish}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1053138 ed, nor from re-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 explaining the charge to the appellant, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459413 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 or from explaining the options open to him and calling upon the appellant pe
rsonally to indicate what he proposed to do. Mr. Raz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459413 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
 submits that in any event there has b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1053138 een no miscarriage of justice. I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
 think there is no means}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1053138  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
knowing this. For one thing, the appellant and his counsel were deprived}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1053138  o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
f the right of addressing the court under section 213. Again, there is no means of knowing what course of action the appellant or his counsel might have decided upon, had the learned trial magistrate simply ruled that there was a case to answer.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid1053138 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 In any event, the primary question for t
his court to decide is whether or not the appellant was properly tried. In my view he was not. I do not see how a court can convict an accused without ever putting him on his defence. It is a fundamental principle of any trial that anything less than}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1053138  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9459413  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 prim
a facie prosecution case cannot place even an evidential burden upon the accused, and he must be acquitted forthwith: this principle is given statutory effect in section 210 of the Code. Similarly if a prima facie case is made out the accused must be info
rmed of such, and thereafter given full opportunity to p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11166581 resent his defence, if any. To d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 o any less than that is to deny an accused a fair trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid1053138 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11166581 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
I do not see that the learned trial magistrate had any power to record findings of guilty or convictions or to impose any sentences without}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11166581  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 first complying with th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11166581 e provisions of section 211, 213 and 215}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  of the Code. Such findings, convictions and se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11166581 ntences must be regarded as null}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 ities. As matters stand I can only regard the learned trial magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10251488\charrsid10251488 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 s Decision as a ruling that there was a case to answer on both counts. As I have indicated, a prima facie case had not been made out in respect of the first count.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid11166581 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 The appeal is allowed therefore. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11166581 For the avoidance of doubt I ord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
er that the findings, convictions and sentences in the court below be and are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11166581 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
ereby set aside and that the appellant is acquitted on the first count.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11166581 As to the second count, in the exercise of my revision jurisdiction I order that the case be remitted to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14046461 
learned trial magistrate, that he enter a ruling that a case has been made out against the appellant on that count sufficiently to require him to make a defence, and that he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15535066  th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 ereafter put the appellant on his defence with regard to the second count, that is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13044653 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488  that the learned trial}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15535066  magistrate comply with the prov}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 isions of section 211(1) and the relevant succeeding provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15535066 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 Delivered In Open Court At Lautoka This 5th}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 Day of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15535066 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 ay,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251488  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13044653 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 4
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13044653 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15535066\charrsid13044653 (B. P. Cullinan)
\par J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6585653\charrsid13044653 udge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6585653\charrsid10251488 
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