{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi0\deflang2057\deflangfe2057\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol{\*\falt Symbol};}
{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings{\*\falt Wingdings};}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings{\*\falt Wingdings};}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\f172\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 020b0609040504020204}Lucida Console;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0302020204030204}Calibri Light;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f405\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f406\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f408\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f409\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f410\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f411\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f412\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f413\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f425\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f426\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f428\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek{\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f429\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f430\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew){\*\falt Courier New};}{\f431\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic){\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f432\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f433\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese){\*\falt Courier New};}{\f775\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f776\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f778\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f779\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f782\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f783\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}{\f805\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f806\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\f808\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f809\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\f812\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f813\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}
{\f2125\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Lucida Console CE;}{\f2126\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Lucida Console Cyr;}{\f2128\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Lucida Console Greek;}{\f2129\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Lucida Console Tur;}
{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}
{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}
{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;
\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;
\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;\red79\green129\blue189;}{\*\defchp \fs22\loch\af31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \snext0 \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 Normal;}{\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext20 \slink15 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid8668657 heading 1;}{
\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon1 \snext20 \slink16 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid8668657 heading 2;}{\s3\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon2 \snext20 \slink17 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid8668657 heading 3;}{
\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f37\fs24\cf17\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink18 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority9 \styrsid8668657 heading 4;}{\*\cs10 \additive \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid8668657 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang2057\langfe2057\loch\f31506\hich\af31506\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused 
Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \b\f0\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \slink1 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid8668657 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \b\f0\fs26\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\slink2 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid8668657 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \b\i\f0\fs26\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \slink3 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid8668657 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs18 \additive 
\b\i\f37\fs24\cf17\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \slink4 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid8668657 Heading 4 Char;}{\s19\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls24\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext19 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 
Num List 1;}{\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls22\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\snext20 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 Paragraph - Numbered;}{\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext21 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 Indent1;}{\s22\qj \fi-601\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls24\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2761\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon19 \snext22 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 Num List 2;}{\s23\qj \fi-601\li3481\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls24\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin3481\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon22 \snext23 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 Num List 3;}{\s24\ql \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext24 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 Quote 1;}{
\s25\ql \li1440\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon24 \snext25 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 Quote 2;}{\s26\ql \li2160\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon25 \snext26 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 Quote 3;}{
\s27\qj \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon19 \snext27 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid8668657 List Paragraph;}{\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext28 \slink29 \styrsid8668657 Body Text;}{\*\cs29 \additive \f0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \slink28 \slocked \styrsid8668657 Body Text Char;}{
\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon21 \snext30 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 Indent2;}{\s31\qj \li2880\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon30 \snext31 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 Indent3;}{\s32\qj \fi-601\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx2160\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls26\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2761\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon36 \snext32 \styrsid8668657 List Bullet 2;}{\s33\qj \fi-601\li3481\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx2880\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls26\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin3481\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon32 \snext33 \styrsid8668657 List Bullet 3;}{\s34\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext34 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 Judgment Heading;}{
\s35\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext35 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid8668657 
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\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8668657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12149296\charrsid8668657 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2032386 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2032386\charrsid8668657 Cases Referred to:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2032386 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2032386 (1) Chandra Prakash Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5389470  v R }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668657 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5389470 FLR 188}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2032386 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5389470 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3094927  DPP v Mohammed Shameen FCA 33 of 1978}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5389470 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3094927 (3) R v Dang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668657 erfield [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3094927 1959}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668657 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3094927  3 All ER 88
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668657 (4) R v Meese [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3094927 1973}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668657 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3094927  2 All ER 1103
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668657 (5) R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3094927  Davies (1962) 3 All ER 97
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10029892 (6)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16281  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10029892 Sohan Ram v R Cr. App. 138 of 1977}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3094927 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668657 (7) R v Spurge [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10029892 1961}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8668657 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10029892  2 All ER 688
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916249 (8) R v McBride [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16281 1961}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916249 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16281  3 All ER 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10029892 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916249 (9) R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16281  Gosney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916249  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9136340 1971}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916249 ]}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9136340  All ER 220}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16281 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9136340 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1916249 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9136340 This is an appeal from the Magistrate's Court at Lautoka.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9136340\charrsid2032386 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12786735 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
The appellant was convicted on a count of driving a motor vehicle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13661838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 whilst under the influence of drink and also on a count of dangerous }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13661838 driving }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 contrary to section 39 and 38 respectively of the Traffic Act Cap. 152}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13661838  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 (1967) Edition. The learned trial magistrate imposed a fine of $200 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12786735  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
ordered that the appellant be disqualified from holding a driving}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12786735  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 licence for two years in respect of the first count: he imposed a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12786735  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 fine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12786735  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
of $50 in respect of the second count. He also ordered endorsement of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12786735  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 the driving licence held by the appellant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9835432 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The only direct evidence in the court below of the accident}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12194524  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 in which the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s vehicle was involved was that of the appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12194524  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
It was his evidence that he had worked long and late on the day in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12194524  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 question. He commenced work at 6 a.m. He ate lunch at 1 p.m. and some}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12194524  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 tea and biscuits at 3 p.m. He had been busy the whole day and was consequently tired. He finished work at
 8 p.m., read his mail and thereafter commenced drinking at a club premises in Lautoka at 9 p.m. He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7210118  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
drank until 10 p.m. during which time he consumed "3 nips of gin and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7210118  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 8/9 glasses if draught beer". Thereafter he purchased some bread nearby}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7210118  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 and drove home. En route at Vomo Street, Lautoka, his vehicle went out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9835432  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 of control at a roundabout. A prosecution witness testified that, alerted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9835432  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
by three loud bangs, the first two within a fraction of a second of each other, he found the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s vehicle nearby with o
ne front wheel on the kerb, the other touching the kerb: both front tyres and rear right tyre were punctured, with wheel rims damaged. The concrete island on the side of roundabout approached by the appellant was damaged at the edge and in the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13138188 middle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  thereof. There was no skid mark from the direction of approach of the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s vehicle up to the damaged section of the traffic island: there was, however, a tyre mark from such point for some 25 metres to where appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s vehicle was stationary up on the k
erb. The appellant was arrested. When brought to the police station he declined medical examination by a private or Government doctor.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13138188 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
The learned counsel for the appellant Mr. Khan has submitted a number of grounds of appeal. The first of those is that th
e learned trial Magistrate in view of the limitation of his powers under section 8 of the Criminal Procedure Code did not have jurisdiction to try the appellant. Section 8 reads as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7807238 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 "8.- A second class magistrate may, in the cases in which such sentences are authorised by law, pass the following sentences, namely:-

\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \li2160\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid7807238 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14441878 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year;
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14441878 (b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 fine not exceeding two hundred dollars;
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14441878 (c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 corporal punishment not exceeding twelve strokes."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4551963 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The relevant parts of sections 38 and 39 of the Traffic Act, Cap. 152 (1967 Edition) read as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12521900 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
"38.(1) If any person drives a motor vehicle on a road recklessly, or at a speed or in a manner which is dangerous to the public having regard to all the circumstances of the case includin
g the nature, condition and use of the road and the amount of traffic which is actually at the time or which might reasonably be expected to be on the road, he shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable upon conviction to imprisonment for two years
 or to a fine or to both such imprisonment and fine.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12453802 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3107366 (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The court shall order particulars of any such conviction to be endorsed on any driving licence held by the person convicted.
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3107366 (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 On a second or subsequent conviction under the provisions of this sec
tion the convicting court shall exercise the power conferred by this Part of this Ordinance of ordering that the offender shall be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driving licence unless the court, having regard to the lapse of time since the date
 of the previous or last previous conviction or for any other special}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3107366  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
reason thinks fit to order otherwise, but this provision shall not be construed as affecting the right of the court to exercise the power aforesaid on a first conviction."
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid393442 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 "39}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14628367\charrsid1127291 . (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 1) Any p
erson who when driving or attempting to drive or when in charge of a motor vehicle on a road or other public place is under the influence of drink or a drug to such an extent as to be incapable of having proper control of the vehicle shall be guilty of an
 offence and shall be liable upon conviction to imprisonment for two years or to a fine or to both such imprisonment and fine.
\par {\listtext\tab}(2) A person convicted of an offence under this section shall, unless the court for special reasons thinks fit to order otherwise
, and without prejudice to the power of the court to order a longer period of disqualification, be disqualified for a period of twelve months from the date of conviction from holding or obtaining a driving licence."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14903185 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Mr. Khan points to the fact that the maximum sentence of imprisonment under sections 38 and 39 of the Traffic Act is that of two years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  imprisonment: as the learned trial magistrate could not impose a term of imprisonment exceeding one year he had no jurisdiction to try the present case. This is
 a startling proposition. It means in effect that a magistrate has no power to try an offence unless he has power to impose the maximum punishment in respect thereof. I am quite satisfied that if a magistrate has no power to impose any minimum sentence wh
ich might be prescribed for an offence, he thus has no power to punish and therefore has no power to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8853752 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
ry. It is altogether a different proposition to base a magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
s jurisdiction on the maximum punishment prescribed for a particular offence. To do so wo
uld in my view make nonsense of the provisions of sections 4 and 5 of the Criminal Procedure Code and the First Schedule thereto. It will be seen therefrom that there are many offences under the Penal Code triable by a resident magistrate or second class 
m
agistrate, sometimes without the consent of the accused, where the maximum punishment in respect thereof well exceeds the respective powers of those magistrates. To be more specific, the learned counsel for the respondent, Mr. Raza points to the latter pa
rt of the First Schedule (at page 130 Cap. 21) which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6430557\charrsid1127291 refers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
 to "Offences Under Other Laws Where No Specific Provisions Is Made to the Contrary In Those Laws." I am satisfied that the legislature there intended reference inter alia to offences under the Traf
fic Act. It will be seen that such offences "if punishable with imprisonment for one year or upwards, but less than three" are triable by a resident magistrate or second class magistrate.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6430557 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
Again, section 222 of the Criminal Procedure Code makes specific provision for a resident magistrate to commit an accused to the Supreme Court for sentence where the magistrate is of opinion that "greater punishment should be inflicted in respect of the o
f
fence than the magistrate has power to inflict." Although the power to commit has been limited by the legislature to resident magistrates only, a limitation which I find difficult to appreciate in view of the enabling provisions of the First Schedule in r
espect of second class and to a lesser extent third class magistrates, nonetheless the provisions of section 222 serve but to emphasise such enabling powers: a magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s jurisdiction to try offences is not related to the maximum punishment which may be imposed in respect of such offence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8144985 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
Mr. Khan, however, has referred me to the following dictum contained in the judgment of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14236572 e Court of Appeal delivered by G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
ould V.P. in the case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8144985 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 f }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid14236572 Chandra Prakash Singh v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  (1) at p.190 at E:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14236572 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 "In th
e Supreme Court the learned Judge held that the criterion for jurisdiction is clearly the maximum punishment to which the accused is liable in law for the offence with which he is charged. With that we are in entire agreement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3230056 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The Court of Appeal were the
re considering the provisions of section 211 (now 221) of the Criminal Procedure Code, the provisions of which section authorise a shortening of the normal procedure in trials by resident magistrates of minor cases. The particular provisions empowered suc
h procedure, upon request by the public prosecutor, in respect of -
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14236572 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
Any offence of which the maximum penalty does not exceed a fine of one hundred dollars, or imprisonment for six months or both such fine and imprisonment."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12927521 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 It will be seen that those prov
isions specifically confer upon a resident magistrate a jurisdiction to adopt the shortened procedure, in relation to the maximum punishment fixed by law in respect of the particular offence charged. The appellant in the case before the Court of Appeal ha
d
 been convicted, under the procedure outlined in section 211 of being drunk and disorderly contrary to section 200(d) of the Penal Code (now section 4 of Cap. 18). Any person convicted under that section was liable to imprisonment for the maximum term of 
one month, three months and one year in respect of a first offence, second offence and third or subsequent offence respectively. In its judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid8027921 Chandra Prakash Singh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1127291\charrsid8027921  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid8027921 v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11960193  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
(1) the Court of Appeal went on to say (at p.190 at F).
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid8027921 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 "The learned Judge said al
so that the accused, being a first offender was properly tried under the provisions of section 211 of the Criminal Procedure Code as in law his liability to punishment under section 200(d) of the Penal Code was limited to a maximum of one month}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s imprisonm
ent. On the basis upon which the argument was presented to the Judge this was a justifiable conclusion and if that were all, this appeal would have to be dismissed."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12939180 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The Court of Appeal in fact observed that as the provisions of section 200(d) of the Penal Code provided for imprisonment only, under section 28(3) of the Penal Code the magistrate (who had in fact imposed
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12939180  a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 fine of $8) had the power to impose a fine, and under section 30(1)(a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11536689 (now 35(1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 )(a))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11536689  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 of the Penal Code that fine could be unlimited but not
 excessive. The Court of Appeal were unable to hold as a matter of law that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12939180  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
a magistrate could not impose a fine exceeding $100 on a first offender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12939180  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 under section 200(d). As the maximum fine which might thus be imposed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12939180  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 under section 200(d) exceeded the maximum of $100 specified in the provisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12939180  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 of section 211 of the Criminal Procedure Code, there was no power to try}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12939180  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
the appellant under those provisions and such trial was a nullity (see now}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12939180  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 section 221(1)(e) of the Criminal Procedure Code).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15881252 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 It will be seen, 
however, (at p.191) that the Court of Appeal were considering the magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s jurisdiction to try the appellant under}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15881252  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 the general provisions of the Codes: he clearly had jurisdiction to do so. Instead the Court were considering provision which prescribed 
a mode of trial in respect of certain offences: those offences were categorised according to the maximum punishments which they attracted and thus a magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s jurisdiction, not, I stress, to try such offences, but rather to try such offences by the pres
cribed mode of trial, was governed by such maximum punishments. Under such circumstances, the criterion for such jurisdiction is clearly the maximum punishment to which the accused is liable in law for the offence with which he is charged. Nowhere did the
 Court of Appeal say however that the criterion for a magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s juris
diction to generally try an offence is the maximum punishment which may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15881252  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
be imposed in respect of that offence and to urge the relevant dictum of the Court of Appeal in support of the proposition before me is simply to overlook the context of such dictum.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8806032 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Mr. Khan has also placed the authority of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid8524779 DPP v Mohammed Shameen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8806032  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
before me in support of his proposition. I can find no such support therein.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8806032  It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 is significant that the Court of Appeal were there again}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 dealing with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8806032  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
the jurisdiction to try, by the particular procedure under section 89 (now 88) as read with section 81 (now 80) of the Criminal. Procedure Code, offences categorised by the maximum punishment applicable thereto.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8152354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Mr. Khan 
also submits that the learned trial magistrate did not have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553528  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 ny jurisdiction to disqualify the appellant from holding a driving licence}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553528  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 for two years, as under section 8 of the Criminal Procedure Code he had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553528  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 power only to "impose a sentence of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553528  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 up to 12 months". Mr. Khan has referred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553528  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 to the cases of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid2830737 R v Dangerfield}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2830737  (3) and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid2830737 R v Meese}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  (4) as authority for the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11553528  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 proposition that a disqualification is a sentence. Both cases do in fact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid393482  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 refer to disqualification as a }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 . The provisions of the Penal Code}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid393482  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 and Criminal Procedure Code indicate that the various punishments imposed,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid393482  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 or orders made by a court, upon conviction, all add up to the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid393482  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
It seems to me more appropriate (no more than that) to speak of disqualification as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 punishment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 , as did the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid2830737 Mohammed Shameen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  (2),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8152354  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 or as an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 , rather than a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 . Whatever word is used it is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8152354  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 to clear that a sentence of imprisonment is quite distinct from a sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8152354  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 disqualification and it is to the former only that the legislature made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8152354  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
reference under section 8(a) of the Criminal Procedure Code. To my mind,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8152354  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 is stretching the plain meaning of the words used, namely,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8152354  
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2830737 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 "(a) imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year,"
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9337350 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 to seek to relate them to a sentence, or punishment, or order of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9337350  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
disqualification from holding or obtaining a driving licence. As indicated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9337350  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2979946 by the latter part of the First }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Schedule to the Criminal Procedure Code (at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9337350  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 p.130), a magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s powers of sentencing are not limited to the provisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9337350  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 of sections 7, 8 and 9 of that Code. As to an order of disqualification,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9337350  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
the power to impose same is generally contained in section 29(1) of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9337350  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Traffic Act Cap. 152 (1967 Edition), as qualified in the present case by
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9337350  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 section 39 of the Act.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7471130 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Mr. Khan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s submission, however, is directed not simply to the order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9337350  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 of disqualification imposed by the learned trial magistrate but to jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9337350 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
 the magistrate had no power to make such order, therefore he had no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9337350  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 power to try the appellant. The submission can only go to jursidction if}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7471130  i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 t was obligatory upon the magistrate to order disqualification. It will be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7471130  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 seen from section 39(2) that an order of disqualification is not mandatory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7471130  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
and that a court may decline to order disqualification "for special reasons"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7471130  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 which no doubt it shou
ld record. In any event, the learned trial magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7471130  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 quite clearly had jurisdiction under section 29 and 39 of the Act to order}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7471130  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 disqualification.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14965166 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid14965166 Khan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  submits that -
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14965166 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 "the learned trial Magistrate was persuaded by the P.W.1 whose evidence (he) relied 
on because he was an ex Police Officer and who was of the opinion that the Appellant was drunk. Consequently there has been a substantial miscarriage of justice."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10365879 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The first prosecution witness, had been a police officer for six years and in his own evidenc
e had been accustomed to dealing with drunk persons. I do not, however, see that that aspect affects the situation: the magistrate was quite entitled to, on the authority of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid6490220 R v Davies}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 (5), to receive the general opinion of a non-expert witness (police off
icer or otherwise), as to whether the accused had taken drink, provided the witness described the facts on which he founded that opinion. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid6490220 R v Davies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  (5) was relied upon in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid6490220 Sohan Ram v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  (6). In that case Grant C.J. quoted the f
ollowing dicta in the judgment of the Courts - Martial Appeal Court delivered by Lord Parker C.J.:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6490220 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
"The very first prosecution witness, the bombardier found these vehicles in collision, and he gave evidence about a conversation which he had had with the appellant and how the appellant appeared to be behaving. He then said: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 I formed the impression that the accused was under the influence of drink and at that time he was in no condition to handle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2627834  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 a motor vehicle.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2627834 \'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
\par {\listtext\tab}It is to be observed that the witness wa
s allowed to speak about two matters which are quite distinct; one is what his impression was as to whether drink had been taken by the appellant, and the second was his opinion as to whether as the result of that drink he was fit or unfit t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2627834 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  drive a car.
\par {\listtext\tab}The court has come clearly to the conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2627834  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 that a witness can quite properly give his general}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2627834  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 impression as to whether a driver had taken drink.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2627834  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
He must describe of course the facts upon which he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15559575  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 relies, but it seems to this court that he is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15559575  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 perfectly entitled to give his impression as to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15559575  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
whether drink had been taken or not. On the other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15559575  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 hand, as regards the second matter, it cannot be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15559575  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 said, as it seems to this court, that a witness,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15559575  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
merely because he is a driver himself, is in the expert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15559575  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 witness category so that it is proper to ask him his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15559575  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 opinion as to fitness or unfitness to drive. That}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15559575  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
is the matter which the court itself has to determine."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13972493 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 There were in fact four prosecution witnesses who gave extremely detailed evidence of the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s condition. Two of them, police officers, opined that he was drunk: one of those, the third prosecution witness, did not in fact base his opinion on any observations other than the fact that appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s handwriting at the time was not very legible. The learned trial 
magistrate did not, however, apparently in his judgment rely on such opinion. Two other witnesses, a police officer and the first prosecution witness, testified as to their observations which were to the effect that the appellant was drunk. The learned tr
ial magistrate in his judgment observed that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13972493  first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 prosecution witness had opined that the appellant was drunk: this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13972493  was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 not the case and the magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s observation amounts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004832  to a misdirection on the point.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12023033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The evidence indicated that the appellant afte
r colliding with the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12023033  k}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 erb, sat motionless, with head lights on, in his vehicle and took some time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12023033  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 emerge from the vehicle when the door was opened; he found it difficult to stand and was unsteady on his feet if not staggering; he found difficulty answer
ing repeated questions and was apparently unable to speak properly; he smelt heavily of alcohol; he later became very talkative; his eyes were bloodshot with pupils dilated, his speech was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 thick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 ; when subjected to routine police tests he either performed
 them poorly or could not perform them at all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9190087 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15608807 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The learned trial magistrate considered the authority of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid9190087 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15608807\charrsid9190087 oh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid9190087 an Ram }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9190087 
v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid9190087  R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15608807 (6) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
and observed,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9190087 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 "However, the Court should, in my view, before convicting a person, satisfy itself that the evidence of observations car
ried out by lay witnesses is so ample and of such a compelling quality that it must inevitably point to guilt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9190087 ".}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15489832 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 I do not see that that direction can be faulted. The learned trial magistrate went on to say,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9190087 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 I have considered carefully all the Prosecution a
nd Defence evidence in this regard and find it ample to conclude that the Defendant was under the influence of drink}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9781899 ".}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13456654 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15489832 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 . Khan submits that, at that stage, the learned trial magistrate had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15489832 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15667323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 detailed the defence evidence, so he could not have considered it carefully. As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15489832 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  see it, the defence evidence merely went t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9577214 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
 corroborate the prosecution evidence: the appellant had testified that he had at the end of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7098486  a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 hard and long day}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s work, before partaking of his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15667323  evening meal, consumed 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 nips}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  of gin and 8}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15667323 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 9 glasses of beer: he had testified that he had been "drinking for about 20 years" and that "liquor on an empty stomach does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3625141 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 ffect me", but the latter aspect was surely a matter for independent testimony. The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3625141  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 appellant also testified that he performed the tests in the police station satisfactorily. As will be seen the learned trial magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3625141  r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 ejected the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s defence of sudden mechanical defect as being untrue.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11876920  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11876920\charrsid1127291 On}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
 the record the prosecution witnesses were not shaken in cross-examination, whereas the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
s evidence was contradictory in itself. On the issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11876920  o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 f intoxication, the learned trial magistrate obviously preferred the evidence}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11876920  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 the prosecution witnesses: the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1932237\charrsid1127291 accuse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1932237 d's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  evidence amounted to an admissi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1932237 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1932237  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1932237  m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 ust be re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1932237 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 ar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1932237 ded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  as heavy drinking.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Under the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5656745 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 irc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5656745 ums}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 tances,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5656745  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5656745  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 satisfied that, if it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5656745 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 he case tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5656745 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  the lean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5656745 ed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5656745 magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 had not fully considered the defence evidence on the point, he would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5656745  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
inevitably have made the same finding as he did had he done so.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6558049 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The learn
ed trial magistrate rejected, as I have said, the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13456654  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 evidence of a sudden mechanical defect, a burst tyre. Mr. Khan submits that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1665361  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
the learned trial magistrate failed to consider the evidence of a mo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1665361 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1665361  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 mechanic employed by the appellant, who gave evidence for the defence, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1665361  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
also the fact that the onus lay upon the prosecution to disprove}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1665361  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558049 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 ppellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s defence. The learned trial magistrate did not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558049  r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 efer to such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558049  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 evidence in his judgment and that must amount to a misdirection by way of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6558049  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 omission. The witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
 evidence, however, was contradictory in itself.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1337506 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 He testified:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5905783 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 "Car brought to garage next morning. No damage to car. Two (wheel) rims were damaged and a tyre had blown.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7626387  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Three tyres were damaged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6887501 \'85. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Two tyres with the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7626387  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 damaged rims must have hit something. One was blown. Tube blown inside."
\par {\listtext\tab}"Three rims were replaced. They were chrome rims. 2 rims were damaged so we replaced them with new rims. Extensively damaged.
\par {\listtext\tab}The kind of rim damage this car had could be caused by blown tyres. If tyre leaves rim - rim can be damaged."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9335574 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 It will be seen that the witness never made specific reference to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid201954  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
any particular tyre, that is, with reference to its position on the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid201954  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 vehicle. Further, the witness testified to only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5787798  two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  damaged wheels and then}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5787798  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
apparently to three. Again, while he said that two wheels "must have hit something", thereafter he opined that the wheel rims could have been damaged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9335574  sim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 ply by coming in contact with the road surface after a puncture of tyre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9335574  or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 tube. His evidence, theref
ore, gravitates from a situation where the appellant suddenly experienced from one to three burst tyres caused either by sudden deflation or by striking an object.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3374759 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 In this respect the appellant initially testified:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3374759 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 "Just before the round-about my car start
ed to pull to one side. I was doing about 40 m.p.h. This was a chain before round-about. When the car pulled I braked hard. Then I left the brake. One tyre blew. I saw a lamp post. When I knew I could not avoid it I swerved further to left. I applied my b
rakes slowly, I was able to control my vehicle by the time I got to the post. Car stopped about 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
 from the post. Then I sat and started thinking how this happened."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10893918 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 It will be seen there that the appellant testified that his vehicle }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3374759 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
started to pull to one side" before the tyre burst. Again he neglected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15096078  to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
 say whether or not he had struck the particular lamp post or indeed the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10893918  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 kerb on which his vehicle partly came to rest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3374759 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  Further on in examination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3374759 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10893918 in-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 chief he testified that "three tyres had blown an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10893918 d one rim had damaged." }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3374759 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10893918 
n cross-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 examination he testified:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3374759 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
"Two rims were dented and three tyres punctured. Rims dented when tyre blew. Not true 1 rim dented because of impact on triangle. Rim did not hit cement. When I tried to avoid acc
ident it hit something but not triangle. One right rim was also dented. It did not hit kerb. While going up hill my car started pulling to left. I could not apply brakes as the car would have tumbled. Then another tyre blew. Left and right sides rims dent
ed. I am not sure how rims dented."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2167767 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
s evidence was obviously contradictory. Further, he repeated the evidence that his car pulled to his left without volunteering what caused or might have caused such occurrence: "then another tyre blew,"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14185764  he }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 said, suggesting but without saying}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14185764  that he had experienced a tyre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 burst before his vehicle became difficult }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid721518 to control. Again, he testified that,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14185764 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid721518 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 when I tried to avoid (an) accident it hit something}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid721518  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 but not triangle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14185764  \'85\'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 It did not hit kerb."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9528668 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The appellant could not say what his vehicle had hit. All of this evidence, of course, was contradictory and confused and, as the learned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11473775  trial }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 magistrate observed, was contrary to the evidence of the prosecution witnesses who testified in turn that the appellant had stated at the scene }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9528668 o}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 f the accident simply that he had "lost control", and at the police station,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9528668  "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
Someone hit my car. Badly smashed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14185764 \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Someone did a bad thing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9528668  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Damaged my tyre." At that stage the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s vehicle had three damaged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9528668  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 ty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8607446 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 es. Nowhere did he te
stify that he said to the police that he had experienced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9528668  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14185764 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
sudden tyre burst before he lost control of his vehicle.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8594356 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The learned trial magistrate considered the authority of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid14185764 R v Spurge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  (7).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 While the onus of disproving the defence of sudden mechanical defect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8594356  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
lies upon the prosecution, such defence, or any defence for that matter, can only be raised by credible evidence. As Salmon J. said in delivering the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12149296\charrsid14185764 R v Spurge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  (7) at p.691 at H,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid803164 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 "The court will consider no suc
h special defence unless and until it is put forward by the accused. Once, however, it has been put forward it must be considered with the rest of the evidence in the case. If the accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s explanation leaves a real doubt in the mind of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3159944  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 jury, then the 
accused is entitled to be acquitted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 If}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3159944  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 the jury rejects the accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s explanation, the jury should convict."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3159944 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3159944 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 the present case the learned trial magistrate observed,
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid803164 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 "I have considered all the evidence. I do not believe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3159944  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 the Defendant that the loss of control was due to the burst tyre. I reject his evidence as untrue."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3882814 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Although the learned trial magistrate there made no specific reference to the evidence of the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s defence witness I consider that on the evidence the learned trial magistrate was fully justified in rejecting the special defence raised by the appellant.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14167310 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
The appellant was also convicted of the offence of dangerous driving. In the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid10695418 R v McBride}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
 (8) Ashworth J. in delivering the judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeal held (at p.
9 at H) that a charge of driving under the influence of drink might be tried with a charge of dangerous or careless driving. In the present case where no medical evidence was adduced of the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s incapacity of having proper control of his vehicle, and where the prosecution relied on the evidence of the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
s driving f the vehicle to establish such incapacity, it seems that in the least such considerations must affect sentence. Nonetheless, as the learned Counsel for the respondent, Mr. Raza submits, the offences are properly joined.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10695418 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
The learned trial magistrate in considering the evidence on the second count observed:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls25\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10695418 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 "Here the evidence of dangerous driving is in the Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s own admission of driving at an excessive speed. Then there is evide
nce that he had hit a Traffic Island in the middle of Vomo Street, a street known for its Traffic density, and then continued for about 25.6 m before coming to a halt."
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11227137 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Mr. Khan submits that that passage contains two misdirections. I agree with such submis
sions. The defendant testified that he drove at 40 m.p.h., that is, in excess of the speed limit. The speed of 40 m.p.h., while it may be in excess of the speed limit in an urban area is not necessarily an excessive speed. In any event, driving at an exce
ssive speed, much less in excess of the speed limit, does not necessarily constitute dangerous driving: as Megaw L.J. held in delivering the judgment of the Court of Appeal, Criminal Division, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12149296\charrsid12670180 R v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7415787\charrsid12670180 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid12670180 osney}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
 (9) at p.224 at c, there must be "a situation whic
h, viewed objectively was dangerous". Further, there was no evidence before the learned trial magistrate that Vomo Street was "a street known for its traffic density". Such aspect can hardly be said to be a notorious fact: further, if such aspect was with
in the learned trial magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 s personal knowledge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218170 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  that would not entitle him to take judicial notice thereof.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3218170 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
Nevertheless, the evidence was there that the appellant drove his vehicle while under the influence of drink, to such an extent that he was inc
apable of having proper control of the vehicle, and as the learned trial magistrate observed, on the authority of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12149296\charrsid8352695 R v McBride}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
 (8) (at p.9 at C), such evidence was relevant to the issue of whether he drove dangerously.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13963076 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The evidence indicates that the appell
ant lost control of his vehicle, to the extent that he failed to negotiate a roundabout, and mounted a kerb in an urban area at 10.30 p.m. It seems to me that to drive a vehicle under those circumstances involves danger to the public.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16470427 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 Finally, Mr. Khan sub
mits that the learned trial magistrate did not properly direct himself on the onus of proof. The learned trial magistrate stated he was satisfied beyond reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the appellant on both counts. He considered the authority of Spurg
e (7) which clearly places the onus on the prosecution. I am satisfied that the learned trial magistrate must have considered the onus of proof. Were I not so satisfied, I would, in any event, have little hesitation in applying the proviso.
\par There were, as I have indicated, some misdirections in the course of the learned trial magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1127291\charrsid1127291 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
s judgment. I am satisfied, however, that had the learned trial magistrate fully considered all of the evidence and properly directed himself thereon, he would inevitably
 have convicted the appellant on both counts. I apply the proviso therefore and the appeals against both convictions are accordingly dismissed.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10755490 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
Mr. Khan submits that the sentences are harsh and excessive. He submits that the magistrate imposed the maximum 
fine, under section 39 of the Traffic Act. It will be seen that under the provisions of sections 38 and 39 of that Act and section 35(1)(a) of the Penal Code, the fines may be unlimited. As regards the first count, the magistrate imposed the maximum fine 
w
hich he was empowered to impose under section 8 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Nonetheless, had a resident magistrate tried the case he could have imposed a fine of up to $1,000 on both counts. Thus while the first fine imposed by the learned trial magis
trate was the maximum which he could impose, he was nevertheless acting within the constraints of his powers and I consider that both fines were very lenient.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12088563 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 The appellant was not a first offender }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12088563 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291  he had a previous conviction both under section 38 and section 39 in 1980, arising apparently out of the same transaction, when he was disqualified for one year
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1248505 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
 he also had a conviction under section 37 in the same year. He was not therefore entitled to the leniency granted to a first offender. Under the circums
tances the appellant was extremely fortunate that the learned trial magistrate did not impose a sentence of imprisonment. I had given some thought to substituting such a sentence but consider that in view of the lapse of time it would not meet the ends of
 justice to do so.
\par As to the disqualification for two years, it will be seen under section 39 that in the absence of special reasons the minimum period, even for a first offence, is one year. The appellant was not, as I have said, a first offender.
\par In all the circumstances, the order of disqualification from holding or obtaining a driving licence for two years in no way comes to me with any sense of shock as being manifestly excessive.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1380090 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
It is not clear from the manuscript record as to whether the learned tria
l magistrate ordered endorsement only in respect of count 2. Such endorsement was, of course, obligatory under section 29(1)(b) and 38(2) of the Act. Endorsement of the conviction and disqualification under section 39 is also obligatory under section 29(1
)(b), and for the avoidance of doubt, I order such endorsement.
\par The appeals against convictions and sentences are dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1380090\charrsid1127291 Delivered at Lautoka this sixth day of April}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1380090 , 1984
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1248505 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16193435\charrsid1248505 (B. P. Cullinan)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1380090\charrsid1248505 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16193435\charrsid1248505 Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12149296\charrsid1127291 
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