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0.5604;}{\info{\title IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI}{\author Tari_k}{\operator maltungtung_l}{\creatim\yr2009\mo4\dy9\hr16\min11}{\revtim\yr2009\mo4\dy9\hr16\min11}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages3}{\nofwords1979}{\nofchars11286}{\*\company USP}
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\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid22013 IN THE S}{\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013\charrsid22013 UPREME COURT OF FIJI
\par }{\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7959959 CIVIL JURISDICTION}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22013 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22013 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013 Civil}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  Action No. 267 of 1976

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22013 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22013 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6778200 BETWEEN:}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22013 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22013 {\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid22013 I}{\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013\charrsid22013 
NDAR JEET & COMPANY
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013 Plaintiff}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22013 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22013 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6778200 AND:}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22013 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22013 {\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid22013 BURNS PHIL}{\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013\charrsid22013 I}{
\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid22013 P }{\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013\charrsid22013 (SS) }{\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid22013 CO.}{
\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid22013  }{\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013\charrsid22013 LIMITED}{\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid22013 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013 Defendant}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9845279 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 Mr. A. }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013 Lateef for the Plaintiff
\par Mr. J. S}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ingh and}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16395592  Mr. D. Maharaj}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013 for the Defendant
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid22013 {\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013\charrsid22013 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9845279 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid22013 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 Plaintif}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279 f}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 s claim is for the return}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  of $2,199.50 the purchase price of 265 cartons of beer delivered to him by the defendan}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 t under a contract of sale and }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 purchase.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 He also claims damages}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 . His allegation}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 
 is that the beer received by hi}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 m was unmerchantable.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 The defendant company admi}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 t}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 s }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 selling}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666  the beer but denies the allega}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 tion of}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 unmerchan}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
tability. It also denies that it is liable to return the purc}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 hase price or to pay any damages}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 .}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 Some of}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666  the facts are not in dispute. Early in F}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
ebruary 1976 the defendant}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 s agent Jaffar Ali off}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 
ered to sell to the plaintiff, who owns a liquor store, Foster}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 s beer, }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 a}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666  v}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ariety im}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 ported from Australia, at $8.30 a}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  carton, the ruling price at that time}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9992085  being in the v}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 icinity of $9.50.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 The company had 300 cartons in stock and the plaintiff}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666  offered to buy the lot. By t}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 he tim}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 e the delivery was made thirty-fi}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
ve cartons had already b}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 een sold to three other customers and}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  the plaint}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 iff received 265 cartons in all.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  This was an ordi}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4411666 nary sale at a}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  reduced price for the}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142938  reas}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 on of stock cl
earance and there is no suggestion that what was offered for sale was }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142938 anything but good merchantable Foster}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142938 s beer. Jaffar Ali did not make any sugg}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
estion that stock held by the company was old stock nor was it suggested by the company}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 s witnesses at the trial.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4142938\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 According to the plaintif}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279 f}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4068044 s}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  evidence he started selling the beer s}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4068044 
oon after delivery and complain}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ts began to pour i}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4068044 n from almost all his customers.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9992085 Chandra Bhan Singh, Manager of }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 Na}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4068044 usori Club, testified that in M}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ay he purchased from the plaintiff t
wenty-five cartons of this beer for the Club, and that members of the Club refused to drink it. He himself tried it and found it u}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4068044 ndrinkable. Some of the beer was}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  therefore returned and credit given for the remainder. A sample of this beer was produced i}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4068044 n Court and defendant}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4068044 s own witnesses agr}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
eed that the beer in its present condition was un}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4068044 drinkable. }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
With the exception of a small quantity, all the beer purchased by the plain}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4068044 tiff has}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  remained unsold.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4068044\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310603 The main issue before}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  the Court therefore is to deci}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310603 de whether th
}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 e beer in question was, at th}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310603 e time of the sale, merchantable}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  beer.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310603\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310603 To prove un}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 merchantability plaintiff, in addition to Chandra}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310603  Bha}
{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 n }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310603 Singh, calle}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10821493 d two other witnesses, Prakash N}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310603 and and Ram Sewak. They both said that they had purchased F}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 oster}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 s beer from the plaintiff}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310603 s store and found}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  it }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1800493 cloudy}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  and flat and had complained to plaintiff about it.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1800493 Prakash}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1800493 
s purchase had allegedly been made i}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 n }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1800493 early March 1976}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  and Ram}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1800493 Sewak}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1800493 s }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1800493 about two year}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 s ago}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1800493 . }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 They are both close neighbours of plaintif}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279 f}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 s and I find it difficult to treat them as entirely}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1800493 
 independent witnesses. In any c}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
ase I cannot place much reliance upon their evidence as to the exact time they allegedly purchased the beer. I have, however, no hesitation in accepting Chandra Bhan Singh}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 s evidence and hold that in May 1976 the be}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1800493 er in question was commercially}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4027020  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 unsaleable.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1800493\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4027020 Douglas Tilley, a w}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 itness for the defence, who gave evidence in a very forthright manner said:}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031495\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15031495 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
Some months after the sale the other salesman, not Jaffar Ali, told me there was some problem with beer.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031495 
I asked him to bring samples of that beer. When the bottles came I}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  passed the samples on }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031495 to my superior}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 s.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031495  I was then}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  out of t}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031495 he picture. Company did not take responsibility for the beer.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11750059 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15031495\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9845279 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11750059 With regard to the exact time}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  that the co}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11750059 mplaint was first brought to hi}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
m, he said:}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11750059\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11750059 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 He brought t}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11750059 he complaint about three or fou}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 r months after the sale. }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11750059 
I think it would have been more}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  than two months.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11750059 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11750059\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9845279 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736 On this evidence I hold t}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9992085 
hat it was in May 1976 when the}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736  complaint was ma}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 de and samples d}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736 
elivered to Douglas Till}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ey.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736 
When later a conferenc}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 e was held between the parties at which plaintif}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279 f}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736 s solicitors}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  and Douglas Till}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736 ey were present no assertion was made by the}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  defendant company}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736 
 that the beer contained in the sample bottles was of}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  merchantable quality. It wo}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736 uld appear that the company refu}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 se}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736 d to take the beer back mainly o}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
n the ground that t}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736 he plaintiff had taken so long}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  to lodge a compla}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736 int. Reference was also made at}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  the trial to dockets accompanying }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279 the}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  beer at the time of the sale}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736  on whic
h appears the following}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 :}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3754736 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
Goods not returnable af}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736 ter seven days from date of sale}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 .}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3754736 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9845279 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
\par This, however, is not seriously relied upon by the defendant as a d}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16663131 efence to the allegation of unmerchantability}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 .}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16663131 Bu}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6781856 t }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 learned}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6781856  counsel}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16663131  for the defendant}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  company quite co}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6781856 rrectly submits that it is for }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
the plaintiff t}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6781856 o prove that the beer was unmerc}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 hantable}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6781856 
 at the date of the sale and that it did not become s}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 o while in his possession }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6781856 owing to conditions of storage.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6781856\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 In this regard the evidence of Le}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 yton Bullock, called }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 by the
 defendant}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 , was of con}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 siderable help. He has been a brewer for a very 1ong}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  time employed by }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 Car}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516\charrsid4525770 lt}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 on }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 Brewery here and in Australia}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 .}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  According to his evidence beer by its very nature tend}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 s}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  gradually to deteriorate while in storage and all beer would eventually become like }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 the sample produced in Court due}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  to the break-up of protein in it}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 . Beer stored in low temperatures would take longer to deteriorate than that st}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ored in hi}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16656785 gher temperatures. If the tem}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 peratur}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 e is more than 35 degrees C}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 elsius he would, he said, }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 expect deterioration in about six months. This witness was shown the plan of the plaintif}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279 f}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 s storage room (E}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15730106 xhibi}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 t 8) and he}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516  s}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 aid}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 :}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1388516 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516 I}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  would say this would be normal storage conditions in Fiji}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29266 . I}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  would be surprised if beer would go bad in}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516  this storage within six months.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9845279 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1388516\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
Douglas Tilley also said that in normal conditions of storage he had not known any beer to go bad in Fiji within a year. Neither could say when the beer in question was bottled by the brewers in Austr}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29266 alia. Bullock}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29266 s evidence on this issue was a mere guess as he did not h}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ave the necessary code.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid29266\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697 The ta}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 sk of ascertaining what is and}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697  w}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 hat is not of merchantable quality is never}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
without difficulty. As Lord Reid said in }{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid4525770 B.S.}{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15730106\charrsid4525770  }{
\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697\charrsid4525770 Brown & Son v. Crai}{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid4525770 ks}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697  (1971 W.L.R.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  752 at 754)}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697 :}{\fs24\ul\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid15730106 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11041697 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697 \'85.....judicial o}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 bservations can never be regarded as complete definitions: they must be read in light of the facts and issues raised in the particular case. I do not th}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697 ink it is possible to frame, exc}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ept in the v}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697 
aguest terms, a definition of }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697 merchantable qu}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 al}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697 ity}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 which c}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697 an apply to every kind of cases.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 "}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11041697 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697\charrsid9845279 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9845279 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697 Different considerat}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
ions may app}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid852977 ly where an article may be used}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  for more}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697 
 than one purpose as in }{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697\charrsid4525770 B .S. }{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid4525770 Brown &}{
\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid4525770  }{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697\charrsid4525770 Son v. Craiks}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  (supra) or}
{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 where an article purcha}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11041697 sed for a particular purpose}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  may be resold for that very purpose}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12911690  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 b
ut at a lower price as in }{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid4525770 Cehave NV. v. Bremer}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid852977\charrsid852977  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12911690 (19}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 75}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12911690 All E.R. 739).}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  Beer, however, is a}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12911690  one-purpose-only commodity and
}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  in a place where good beer is freely available it cannot be}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12911690  sold at all unless it is of a q}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 uality which drinkers }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12911690 of that brand of beer may reasonably expect to}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  get. In the instant case the beer in question was not examined at the time of the sale either by the seller or by the purchaser. The whole quant}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12911690 ity was removed from the seller}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
s warehouse and delivered at the purchaser}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 s store in sealed cartons.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12911690  It is, however, agreed that w}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 hat was offered for sale and what was purchased was normal Foster}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
s beer as was generally available on the market. The fact that it was sold at a slightly reduced price is, under the circumstances, irrelevant to the issue of merchantable quality. According to the evidence, this is frequently done for the defendant}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 s own convenience when additional storage space}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12911690 
 is required for incoming cargo.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12911690\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 Three months or so after the purchase, or even perhaps earlier, the beer wa}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14644825 s not fit to drink. }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14644825\charrsid10692385 It was cloudy and it w}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid10692385 as flat}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414345 
. It would do no physical harm i}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 f drunk, but no one w}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414345 ould pay to drink it. It was}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  commercially unsaleable.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414345 Almost the whole quant}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ity of this }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414345 beer has consequently remaine}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
d unsold to this day}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414345 . I do not accept the defendant}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414345 s sugges}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 tion that the plaintiff deliberately}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8414345  tried to hold onto this beer in}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010  the}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  expectation of its}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010  price going up.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010 All the evid}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
ence points the /selling other way. I am satisfied that he started/this beer as soon as possible after the purchase and that, in the meantime, it remained stored}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 in his liq}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010 uor storage room where all his liquor is generally kept}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  a}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010 nd which has conditions satisfacto}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
ry for storing bear.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010 I reject the defendan}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 t}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 s suggestion that the store-room may}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 be}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010  getting o}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ver-heated.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010 There is nothing to show that an}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 y ot}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010 her beer has ever gone bad in that store-}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 room.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 The question still remains whether at the time of the sale this beer conta}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010 
ined a defect which made it unmerchantable in quality. }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 The question genera}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010 lly is more difficult in case}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  of foods and dr}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3810010 inks which are sold bottled or c}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219 ann}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ed. The only authority I have found throwing}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7804036  so}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219 
me light on such cases is }{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219\charrsid4525770 George Wi}{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7804036 ll}{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219\charrsid4525770 
s & Co. Ltd. v. Davids Pty}{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid4525770 . Ltd.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10491907  (19 C}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9516245 .L}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219 .R. 77). The}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  Cour}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219 t there had to consider the mer}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ch}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219 antabl}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 e quality of beetro
ot canned in vinegar. The healthy life of such bee}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219 troot was found to be one year. H}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 igh Court of }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219 Australia in that case allowed the seller}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
s appeal because by the time the health authorities}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219  ha}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 d examined the cans and found the beetroot unsafe for eating alm
ost two}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219  years had expired. It seems certain that if the beetroot had been f}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
ound to have gone bad within the period of twelve months the decision}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219  would have gone the other w}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 ay.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9448219\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 How long should beer remain merchantable in Fiji assuming tha}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434585 t}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  it is s}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434585 tored under s}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 atis}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434585 factory conditions? The Court has}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  no expert evidence on the issue and it is not possible}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434585  to make a precise finding on}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  a basis of certainty. It may well be that different brands have a vary}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434585 ing capacity to stay }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 merchantable depending on }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434585 alcoholic con
tent and other ingredients. }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434585\charrsid9125741 No}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9125741  evi}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11434585\charrsid9125741 dence, however, }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid721398\charrsid9125741 has been led on which a}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9125741  definite}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid721398\charrsid9125741  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9125741 finding may be based.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9125741  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9125741 There is}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
, however, the evidence of Bullock, an experienced brewer, who said that he would be surprised if beer went bad within six months if stor}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9125741 ed in the plaintiff}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9125741 s storage room. Tilley}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9125741 s
}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  evidence also suggests that beer does not normally go bad in Fiji within a year. A bottle of South Seas beer was produced in Court allegedly from plaintif}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279 f}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
s storage room which had been purchased in early 1976}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9125741 .}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9125741 South 
Seas Brewery at L}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 autoka closed down later in 1976. The beer was therefore three years old and quite clearly merchantable in quality.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9125741\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 While, therefore, no precise finding can be made as to the normal merchantable life of Foster}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 '}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 s beer in Fiji there should 
be no difficulty in coming to the view that it should not be less than twelve to eighteen months. According to Tilley defendants did not as a rule keep beer in their own storage room for more than three to four months. The inference would appear to be ine
scapable that if the normal pattern of trade had been followed this beer should not have gone bad as it did before May 1976 unless there was some defect in it at}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14120633  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 the time of the sale. It may well be that the plaintiff purchased much larger quantity of beer 
than a prudent trader of his size would do, but in this case there is no suggestion that he was unable, due to a lapse of time, to sell only a small remaining part of this beer. Almost the whole quantity has remained unsold.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 According to the evidence thirty five cartons of this same beer had been sold to three other customers at about the same time. No complaints, according to Tilley, were received from
}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041  an}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 y of them. Absence of complaint, however, in such a case has l}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041 
ittle evidential value. There i}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 s no evidence to show what exactly happened to that beer.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 It would have been helpful if some evidence had been produced from the purchasers to show whether any of that }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041 
beer was in fact sold and drunk.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  According to the pattern of trade thirty five cartons of beer be
tween two storekeepers and a club is not a very large quantity and no positive inference ought to be drawn either way as to the reason why defendants received no complaints from them in respect of those sales.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 If this Court were to decide on a basis of ce
rtainty when the beer in question ceased to be merchantable, its task, on the evidence before it, would have been impossible. The issue, however, in this case, has to be determined on a balance of probability. On that basis I must hold that good}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041  m}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 erc}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041 hantable beer sold in February }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 would not have gone bad in April.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9845279\charrsid9845279  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
There is no evidence to show that any of this beer sold b}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041 efore April was found drinkable.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 
 The evidence concerning earlier sales, such as it is, points the other way. Neither party examined the beer at the time of the sale. According to the evidence that is quite in keeping with the trade practice concerning sales of liquor.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041\charrsid9845279 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279 On the evidence, therefore, I find it established on a balance of probability that the beer was unmerchantable at the time of the sale. Plaintiff is entitled to have the pr}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041 ice of the beer returned to him.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid9845279  There will be judgment for the plaintiff in the sum}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041  of $2,119.50.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041 
\par On the evidence, I do not consider that he has suffered any permanent loss of custom as a result of his inability to sell this beer. His claim for damages, both special and general, therefore fails.
\par 
\par He will have the costs of this action which will be taxed, if not agreed.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8272041 {\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041\charrsid8272041 (Sgd.) G. Mishra
\par }{\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4525770 JUDGE}{\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041\charrsid8272041 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11685688 {\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041\charrsid8272041 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8272041 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041\charrsid4525770 Suva,
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4525770 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6424701\charrsid4525770 7th }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8272041\charrsid4525770 
June 1979}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700859\charrsid4525770 
\par }}