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\rsid16277587}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 10.0.6850;}{\info{\title IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI}{\author Sam_I}{\operator maltungtung_l}{\creatim\yr2009\mo1\dy29\hr9\min51}{\revtim\yr2009\mo3\dy18\hr15\min58}{\version6}{\edmins57}{\nofpages2} {\nofwords801}{\nofchars4567}{\*\company USP, Emalus Campus}{\nofcharsws5358}{\vern16393}{\*\password 00000000}}{\*\xmlnstbl }\paperw23577\paperh16598\margl10320\margr384\margt312\margb0\gutter0 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\grfdocevents0\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\subfontbysize\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow3 \jcompress\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot11294034 \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 013f}\sectd \lndscpsxn\linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2 \pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14099479 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11486430\charrsid7410874 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 (}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003935 WESTERN DIVIS}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 ION) \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5525855 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 AT LAUTOKA}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14099479 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5525855 CIVIL JURISDICTION}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid5525855 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5525855 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5525855\charrsid7410874 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14099479 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid5525855 Action No. 241 of 1978 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid348394 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14099479 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5525855 BETWEEN}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid348394 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14099479 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 USMAL ALI}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649965 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 f/n Abdul Raiman \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5525855 Plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid348394 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14099479 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 AND \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid348394 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14099479 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 CHABRAJI}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1649965 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 f/n Bubdar \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5525855 Defendant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid348394 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14099479 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 Mr. H.C. Sharma, Counsel for the Plaintiff \par Mr. S. Anand, Counsel for the Defendant. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid348394 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14099479 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003935 JUDG}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 MENT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11486430 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 \par These proceedings arise out of a boundary dispute between neighbouring farmers. \par \par The plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 s farm and the defendant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 s farm are substantially separated from each other b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003935 y a large stream called the Wai}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 komari according to plans submitted in evidence. \par \par On the eastern }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 bank}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 of the creek is the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 s farm on lot No}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 9508 as shown in plans submitted by both sides.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939769\charrsid7410874 It is apparent from the plans that the Waikomari }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 Creek flows into the Namaka}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939769\charrsid7410874 River and the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939769\charrsid7410874 s land is bounded on two adjacent sides by the creek and the river. The course now followed by the creek differs from its former course and the plaintiff alleges that as a result it no longer marks the whole of the boundary between }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939769\charrsid7410874 adjacent farms. He says that the creek now runs through part of his land cutting off a portion of it and leaving it so to speak, on the defendant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939769\charrsid7410874 s side of the creek.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13179860\charrsid7410874 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939769\charrsid7410874 \par The statement of claim alleges that the defendant has annexed that portion and claims its return with damages for loss of its use as from the time when the creek changed its course, allegedly 6 years ago. \par \par The evidence of the plaintiff is that the creek changed its course dramatically in 1973 when Hurricane Bebe struck the area.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939769 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587\charrsid7410874 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4865020\charrsid7410874 P.W.2, a registered surveyor, referred to a survey of 1954 showing the former course of the creek and superimposed upon it his own survey of the plaintiff}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4865020\charrsid7410874 s boundaries and the new course of the creek as shown in Ex. 4.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4939769\charrsid7410874 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14099479\charrsid7410874 \par D.W.1 a Government surveyor presented a plan Ex.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2436757 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14099479\charrsid7410874 D1 which also shows an old course for the cre}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2436757 ek and a new course. He agreed in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14099479\charrsid7410874 cross-examination that the portion in dispute falls within the original boundary }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4415105\charrsid7410874 of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2436757 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4415105\charrsid7410874 plaintiff}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4415105\charrsid7410874 s farm lot 9508.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14099479\charrsid7410874 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4415105\charrsid7410874 \par P.W.3 a resident and farmer in the area said that the creek had changed course as a result of hurricane Bebe and that it }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5071969\charrsid7410874 no longer separated the parties}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5071969\charrsid7410874 farms as it had formerly done.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4415105\charrsid7410874 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5071969\charrsid7410874 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6298901\charrsid7410874 I have no hesitation in rejecting the evidence of the defendant that the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2436757 creek had gradually changed}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6298901\charrsid7410874 course.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5071969\charrsid7410874 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6298901\charrsid7410874 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3286910 I find that the change in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835508\charrsid7410874 course was sudden and that it caused the creek to split the plaintiff}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835508\charrsid7410874 s land. There is no doubt from the evidence of the surveyors on both sides that the disputed portion is part of the plaintiff}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835508\charrsid7410874 s land.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6298901\charrsid7410874 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835508\charrsid7410874 \par The plaintiff }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3286910 says that the disputed area is 0}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835508\charrsid7410874 .4 acre and the defendant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835508\charrsid7410874 s surveyor shows it as 1 rood or 0.25 acre. I am satisfied from the evidence of P.W.2 that the difference in areas is due to P.W.1 measuring to the water}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835508\charrsid7410874 s edge and D.W.1 (the other surveyor), measuring to the top of the bank. For purposes of user the area given by D.W.1 is in my view the acceptable area i.e. 0.25 acre. \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3286910 In para 6 o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 f his }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3286910 amended }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 statement of claim the plaintiff alleges that he cultivates 24 tons of cane per acre on his land and he claims 6 years loss of use of the land in question in terms of sugar production. No doubt he goes back to 1973, the year of Hurrica ne Bebe. However, he does not allege trespass by the defendant on his land for a period of six years. In para 4 he mentions the vague period of several years trespass.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10835508\charrsid7410874 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 \par I am satisfied that the defendant at one stage fenced off the portion in question. The plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 s evidence is that this was done in 1978 but the fence was take}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095158 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 down. He alleges that the defendant has been growing cane on it during the intervening years but }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003935 this is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 denied by the defendant. \par \par The proceedings were instituted in A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3286910 ugust 1978 and that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3286910 the }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 year when the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9003935 f alleges that the defendant fenc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 ed in the disputed portion. Now the plaintiff is farming the disputed portion, according to his evidence, but u}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3286910 nder protest from the defendant}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 . \par \par There has been no evidence that in 1974, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 75, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 76 or }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251606\charrsid7410874 77 the plaintiff }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8996280\charrsid7410874 endeavoured to cultivate the disputed land and was prevented from doing by the defendant. I am not satisfied that the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3286910 defendant grew sugar cane on it; I am not satisfied that the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8996280\charrsid7410874 plaintiff made any determined effort prior to 197 8 to establish his right to the disputed portion. P.W.3, from his answers in cross-examination, seems to think that it has not been cultivated since the hurricane. Had the plaintiff tried to grow cane on the land in 1974 and been forcibly prevented from } {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10111569 so }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8996280\charrsid7410874 doing I think he would have instituted }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410874\charrsid7410874 proceedings then. I find that he was provok}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10111569 ed to action when the defendant fenced off the land in 1978. There has been no proof of loss of use due to any trespass by the defendant,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410874\charrsid7410874 and on that ground the claim for damages is dismissed. \par \par In any event his claim is based on 0.4 acres whereas the area in dispute is 0.25 acres on my finding. Again P.W.3 says that the plaintiff leaves about 1 chain of land }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410874 fallow from the edge of the creek and river. That would very substantially reduce the arable area of the disputed portion as half its perimeter is bordered by the stream. The area he would probably cultivate for cane would probably be about one third of t he area of 0.4 acre which he mentions in his statement of claim. \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11890259 The plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16277587 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11890259 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7430827 claim for possession succeeds.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9449775 \par \par I allow $ 10.00 as nominal damages for trespass. \par \par The defendant will pay the costs. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7430827 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7430827 (S}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9449775\charrsid12466226 gd) (J.T. WILLIAMS}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7430827 ) \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9449775\charrsid12466226 JUDGE \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11486430 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9449775 \par LAUTOKA, \par 22nd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8996280\charrsid7410874 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9449775 October, 1979}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11486430\charrsid7410874 \par }}