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\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\grfdocevents0\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\subfontbysize\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow3 \jcompress\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot11934167 \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 013f}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid14628054\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2 \pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7361681 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501\charrsid7361681 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI \par (WESTERN DIVISION) \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9797522 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501\charrsid7361681 AT LAUTOKA}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7361681 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14628054 CIVIL JURISDICTION}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501\charrsid14628054 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9797522 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7361681 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501\charrsid9797522 Action No. 212 of 1978 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7361681 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7361681 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 BETWEEN}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7361681 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501\charrsid7361681 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7361681 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 PRAKASH CHAND}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7878340 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 &}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7878340 }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501\charrsid7361681 SURESH CHAND \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14438929 both}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501 sons of Tulsi Ram \par Plaintiffs \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7361681 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7361681 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501 AND \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7361681 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7361681 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501\charrsid7361681 RAM KUMAR SHARMA \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14438929 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501 on of Jagpat Maharaj \par Defendant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3623461 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501 \par Mr. S. Verma, Counsel for the Plaintiffs \par Mr. B.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14438929 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501 . Patel, Counsel for the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14438929 Defendant}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4401501 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14438929 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7361681 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14438929\charrsid7361681 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3623461 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14438929 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083507 The Plaintiffs, as tenants, claim $3,875 from their former landlord (the defendant) alleging}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2313621 it was rent paid in excess of}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083507 the lawful rent contrary to provisions of the Counter Inflation Act 1973.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14438929 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083507 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16600894 I am satisfied that the shop was already empty and vacated by the former tenants when the plaintiffs approached the defendant and discussed rental terms. It is not denied that the former rent had been paid $100 per month. The plaintiffs paid $255 per month from May 1976 to May 1978, a period of 25 months.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083507 \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973451 It is admitted that on 26/4/78 the defendant was fined $50.00 in the magistrate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13973451 s court for increasing the rent without P.I.B. approval. But the written statement }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11733172 of defence }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8862179 denies liability on the ground that the plaintiffs had been aware of the former rent and had agreed to the increase and therefore were }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8862179 in pari delicto.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083507 \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3735705 In evid ence the plaintiff denied that the defendant had told him that the former tenant had paid less then $225 per month. He says that after he had been in occupation for about 4 months he met the former tenants and learned that they had paid $100.00 per month. He then notified the P.I.B.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083507 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3735705 \par In cross-examination he explained his two years tenancy at an excess rent by stating that it took time for the P.I.B. to institute proceedings against the defendant. During that period the plaintiff could not be }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3735705 in pari delicto}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3735705 because it would only be a conviction of the defendant that any overcharging would be }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14101704 established;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3735705 unless of course the plaintiff was aware from the beginning that the rent had been unlawfully increased. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5260793 \par The defendant alleges that the plaintiff }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1340555 was aware of the increase. He states that he had heard of a Supreme Court ruling that such increases were not unlawful. His list of authorities includes }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1340555\charrsid14101704 Ambika Prasad Sharma v. }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1340555\charrsid9797522 P.I.B.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1340555 ; Suva Cr. App. 92/76 in which it was ruled that on a re-letting it was not unla wful to increase the rent. In suggesting that he relied upon that decision when increasing the rent in May 1976 the defendant renders his credibility rather dubious. The decision on which the defendant says he re}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2313621 lied was not delivered until 25}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1340555 th March 1977. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14101704 Consequently}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1340555 the defendant could }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768173 not have}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1340555 relied upon it. The decision in Cr.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2313621 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1340555 Appeal 92/76 was overruled by the F.C.A.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5260793 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083507 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787008 On balance I prefer the evidence of the plaintiff and I find that the plaintiff was not aware of the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1316361 lawful }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5787008 rent when he went into occupation of the shop.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083507 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16743173 \par Mr. Sharma, for the plaintiff, stated that the Act made no provision for the recovery of rent which }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9731540 has }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16743173 been overpaid and exp}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4983231 lained that the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4983231 s claim was based on common law rights}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid729089 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16743173 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid729089 \par Mr.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1316361 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid729089 B.C. Patel for the defendant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4602570 argued that the object of the Act is to counter inflation and not to protect tenants. An increase of 150% in rent is no doubt inflationary and although the object is not simply to protect tenants the Act will scarcely achieve its object if the landlord cannot be caused to deliver }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12737968 up }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4602570 his illegal profit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063917 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid729089 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063917 \par S.28 of the Act provides that over-payments can be recovered provided the person who paid had not aided and abetted the overcharging}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4927093 . Mr.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1316361 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4927093 B.C Patel argues that S.28 would not apply because it makes no reference to rent and that rent is not defined in the Act. According to S.28 the amount recoverable}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137318 is the excess above }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137318 that fixed and declared under the provisions of this Act.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137318 From time to time the fixed prices of numerous commodities are s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16252982 c heduled in the Gazette by the P.I.B. but it must be obvious that there can be no such schedule published in relation to rents payable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16063917 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13771433 \par Under }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768173 S.15}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6839489 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13771433 1) a landlord must give the P.I.B}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16005944 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13771433 six weeks}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768173 notice o}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13771433 f his intention to increase the rent if the P.I.B. has issued an order to that effect. Such an order issued in 1973 and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768173 S.15}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774957 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13771433 2) provides that implementation of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768173 an increase of rent before the}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13771433 P.I.B}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16005944 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13771433 has considered it }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768173 i}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13771433 s a contravention of the order. The defendant was convicted for such a contravention. \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2568545 The Act refers to rents but S. 28 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7940917 only }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2568545 refers to }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2568545 price}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768173 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2568545 and charges}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2568545 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6839489 and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2568545 S.2 which defines }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2568545 prices and charges}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2568545 does not define rents nor does the word appear anywhere in the definition section.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13771433 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2568545 \par However, as is pointed out in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2568545\charrsid7893730 K}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13370375\charrsid7893730 iriri Cotton Co. Ltd. }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768173 v}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13370375\charrsid7893730 . DEWANI}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13370375 , 1960 1 A.E.R 177, where the parties are not }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768173 in pari delicto}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9797522 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13370375 such overpayments can be recovered if the duty of avoiding the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7893730 over-charging is placed upon one rather than another. In the instant case the duty to observe the Act and charge a rent which P.I.B. has not disapproved rests on the defendant as landlord.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916339 Accordingly the overpayments are recoverable as money had and received.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2568545 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916339 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2426490 There will be judgment for the plaintiff in the sum of $3,875.00 with the costs hereof.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916339 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2426490 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2426490 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2426490\charrsid2426490 (Sgd.) J.T. W}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9531884 illiams}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2426490\charrsid2426490 \par JUDGE}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2426490 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3623461 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2426490 \par LAUTOKA, \par 12th day of October, 1979.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8083507 \par }}