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\par (WESTERN DIVISION) }{\insrsid15406459\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 AT LAUTOKA
\par }{\insrsid15406459\charrsid14240851 C}{\insrsid11169636\charrsid14240851 IVIL}{\insrsid15406459\charrsid14240851  J}{\insrsid11169636\charrsid14240851 URISDICTION}{\insrsid15406459\charrsid14240851 
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{\insrsid11169636\charrsid14240851 CTION}{\insrsid15406459\charrsid14240851  N}{\insrsid11169636\charrsid14240851 O}{\insrsid15406459\charrsid14240851 . 169 of 1979}{\insrsid13980595\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\ul\insrsid15406459\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid15406459\charrsid14240851 BETWEEN:
\par 
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\insrsid15406459\charrsid14240851 
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\par Plaintiff
\par 
\par AND:
\par 
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\par Defendant
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\par }{\insrsid12786913 Mr GP Shankar, Counsel for the Plaintiff
\par Mr RD Patel & Mr Raj Kumar, Counsel for the Drfendant
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\par }{\insrsid7671938\charrsid14240851 The plaintiff claims damages from the defendant in respect of defamatory remarks purportedly uttered by the defendant in the presence of the defendant\rquote s brother Hari}{\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851  Shanka}{
\insrsid7671938\charrsid14240851 r and one other person Kapil Prasad.
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\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 "
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13334741 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7671938\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 The }{\insrsid7671938\charrsid14240851 w}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 or}{\insrsid7671938\charrsid14240851 ds all}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 egedly utter}{\insrsid7671938\charrsid14240851 e}{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 d by}{\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 the defendant according to}{\insrsid7671938\charrsid14240851  the plaintiff\rquote s own }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
evidence are as follows:}{\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851 -}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5727662 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 "Chunmun you are a thief.}{
\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 Fuck your mother. You have stolen school money and have built a gate with that money, and have written the name of your father on it."
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13334741 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 According to the plaintiff the defendant did not speak to him but shouted out these words, presumably once only because the }{\insrsid870793 p}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
laintiff has not said or inferred that the words were uttered more than once.
\par }{\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851 
\par Hari Shanka}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 r, the defendant's brother (incidentally they,}{\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 on very bad terms with a court case, or court cases pending between then) sai}{
\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851 d that the defendant shouted m}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 any times,
\par }{\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5727662 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 "Chunmun, you are a thief, you bastard. You have }{
\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851 stolen $2,000}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  from the }{\insrsid870793 school and have built a g}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 ate, and have put your father}{\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851 \rquote s name }{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 on it."
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13334741 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid870793 According to Kapil}{\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851  Pra}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 sad another witness for the plaintiff}{\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851  the defendant said two or three tim}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
es
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13334741 {\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5727662 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851 "Chunmun Pras}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
ad, fuck your mother, you are a thief and you have stolen $2,000 from the school and have built gate}{\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851 ,}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  and have written your father's }{\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851 name}{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  on it.}{\insrsid870793 "}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13334741 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid11405451\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851 Wh}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 at the defendant says that he said were the words}{\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851 -}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851 
\par }\pard\plain \s35\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5727662 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 "I have stopped you co}{
\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851 mi}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 ng into my land so many times. }{\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851 You c}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 ome at night like a thief.}{\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851  }{
\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851 Aren't you ashamed."}{\insrsid870793 ,}{\insrsid4260976 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13334741 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid870793\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid870793 which}{\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 he uttered once only.
\par }{\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 What both the plaintiff and his witnesses and the defendant agree is that the plaintiff himself said nothing and that the }{\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851 defendant }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
used the word "thief".
\par }{\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 The plaintiff has not pleaded special damages so it is clear }{\insrsid14366853 that the }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 basis for his claim for damages is that the defendant used }{\insrsid14366853 the words }{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 "thief" in referring to him. Just the use of the word "thief" }{\insrsid14366853 is not }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 per}{\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851  se}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  }{
\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851 actionable}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  because there are circumstances where it is }{\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851 clear }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
at the plaintiff is not being seriously accused of theft. The }{\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851 ver}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 sion given by the defendant himself is an example of this. The}{\insrsid3237802\charrsid14240851  }{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 context may make it clear that theft itself is not imputed but some breach of trust. For example see }{\ul\insrsid13855339\charrsid14240851 T}{\ul\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 ho}{\ul\insrsid13855339\charrsid14240851 m}
{\ul\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 pson}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  v}{\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851  }{\ul\insrsid13855339\charrsid14240851 Bern}{\ul\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 a}{\ul\insrsid13855339\charrsid14240851 r}{
\ul\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 d}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  (1807}{\insrsid13855339\charrsid14240851 )}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851  1}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  Camp 47, whe}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851 
re the words "Thompson is a damm}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 ed thief and so was his father before hi}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851 m,}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
 and I can prove it," and were followed by words such as "Thompson received the earnings of the ship, and ought to send the wages," and Lord Ellenborough C.J. directed the jury that it was clear from the}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851  whole }{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 conversation that the word}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851 s did not impute a felony, but o}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 nly a mere bre}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851 ac}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
h of trust.
\par }{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 There is a similarity with}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851  the }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 present case since what the}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
defendant is alleged to have said refers back to certain matters relating}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 to a sch}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851 o}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
olboard of which the plaintiff is president and the defendant was previously a member}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851 .}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 A contract for certain construction work was awarded to a contractor, and there was apparently an overpayment of some $2,000. No court 
action was taken against the contractor but by various ways the whole of the $2,000 was recovered from him except for $200 which wa}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851 s}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  cov}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851 e}{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 r}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851 e}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 d by a dishonoured cheque. Presumably all will be recovered in}{\insrsid6166466\charrsid14240851  time, }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
but apparently the matter sparked off much bitterness amongst members of the board and particularly with the defendant. There is absolutely no evidence that the plaintiff or anyone else stole the money and whatever overpayment th}{
\insrsid14175212\charrsid14240851 e}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 r}{\insrsid14175212\charrsid14240851 e}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  might have been to the contractor}{\insrsid14956903  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 has}{\insrsid14956903 ,
}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  and had at the ti}{\insrsid14956903 m}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 e }{\insrsid14175212\charrsid14240851 of the incide}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 nt giving rise to this a}{\insrsid14956903 c}{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 tion been more or less fully repaid by the contractor.}{\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
There was no evidence as to what the contract was for exactly or whether it included the provision of a new gate for the school, with or without the na}{\insrsid14175212\charrsid14240851 me}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  of the pl
aintiff's father on it. There was in fact no evidence that a gate had been so provided. Even if such a gate }{\insrsid14956903 had bee}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 n }{\insrsid14956903 s}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
o provided, with or without the approval of the school Board}{\insrsid14175212\charrsid14240851 , it is hard to see how this co}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 uld ever amount to theft by anyone }{\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851 -}{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  the most that could be said was that the plaintiff misused his position as president of the board to get his father's name inscribed, presumably as some sort of tribute, on the school gate.
\par }{\insrsid14175212\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 Probably put at its highest what the plaintiff alleges the defendant said would not amount to more than vulgar abuse hurled at the plaintiff by an irate defendant acting more like a child than a grown}{
\insrsid14175212\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 up man, and hardly to be taken seriously by any normal person.
\par }{\insrsid14175212\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 With regard to the evidence itself it is clear that there are sign
ificant differences in the accounts by the various witnesses s to what the defendant said or shouted. There might be some suspicion if their versions were word perfect of course, but all}{\insrsid14175212\charrsid14240851  }{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 th}{\insrsid14175212\charrsid14240851 e}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  same the differences are significant, and hardly to be explained 
as imperfect recollection by three different witnesses of the same utterances particularly if they were utterances repeated several if not many times. And that is not all. According to the plaintiff the defendant said or shouted the words once. But accord
ing to Kapil Prasad}{\insrsid14175212\charrsid14240851  the }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
defendant kept shouting the words over and over again. However, Kapil's evidence is rather suspect any way. He says he was on the main road going to the shop when he heard a noise like someone fighting}{\insrsid12592329\charrsid14240851  (}{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 or pre}{\insrsid12592329\charrsid14240851 sumably quarrelling) and he we}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 nt up the side ro}{\insrsid12592329\charrsid14240851 a}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 d towards the}{
\insrsid14956903  }{\insrsid12592329\charrsid14240851 hou}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 se }{\insrsid12592329\charrsid14240851 o}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 f Hari Shankar to see what was going on.}{\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851  }{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 There w}{\insrsid12592329\charrsid14240851 as}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  no very clear evidence as to how far away he was when he first heard the noise or how long he to}{\insrsid14956903 o}{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 k to get near enough to the house to hear what was}{\insrsid12592329\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 being said o
r shouted, but his presence on the scene seems just a little too fortuitous to be credible. And if he is to be believed the defendant must have repeated himself many times, which is rather an extraordinary state of affairs and if true it is rather surpris
ing the plaintiff himself did not give evidence of it.
\par }{\insrsid12592329\charrsid14240851 
\par Hari Shank}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 ar is on very bad terms with the defendant, his }{\insrsid14956903 brother }{\insrsid12592329\charrsid14240851 a}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 nd to that extent his evidence against his brother is to be }{
\insrsid12592329\charrsid14240851 tr}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 eated with reserve.}{\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 Again the story that the plaintiff drove Hari}{\insrsid6891238\charrsid14240851  Shankar }{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 home to h}{\insrsid6891238\charrsid14240851 i}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 s house in his taxi only }{\insrsid6891238\charrsid14240851 t}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 o find the defendant }{
\insrsid3753035\charrsid14240851 stand}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 ing }{\insrsid14956903 in his }{\insrsid3753035\charrsid14240851 ga}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 rden under a}{\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851  }{
\insrsid3753035\charrsid14240851 mango }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 tree ready to hurl unprovoked}{\insrsid6891238\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 abuse }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 at him whilst a co}{
\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 nvenient witness Kapil Prasad ca}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 me out of his }{\insrsid14956903 way }{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 up}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  the road to l}{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 
i}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 sten, sounds just}{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851  t}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 oo improbable.
\par }{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 Equally improbable is the defendant's own version of what happened and the words he us}{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 e}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 d. Clearly his version could hardly have inspired th}{
\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 e}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851  present action, and the words he said he u}{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 sed could hardly have been mistake}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 n for the words the other witnesses cla
imed he used. I can only conclude that neither version of the incident, or the words }{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 used is c}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 orr}{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 e}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
ct and that the truth lies somewhere in between. I have no do}{\insrsid13334741 ubt that the defendant behaved c}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 hildishly, perhaps irresponsibly, and directed abuse at the plain
tiff, and that during that abuse the word "thief" was used.}{\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 I don't}{\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 doubt that the }{\insrsid13334741 r}{
\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 eason for the use of the word "thief" is to be found somewhere in the history of the incident involving the overpayment to the contractor}{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
by the school board. In that context, as I have pointed out there was no room for a val}{\insrsid13334741 id accusation of theft, and I am}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 
 sure that the use of the word by the defendant was only part of the childish vulgar abuse being hurled at the plaintiff rather than a}{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851  serious accusation of theft. Ce}{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 rtain
ly without being satisfied more precisely what the defendant said than I have been by the evidence of the plaintiff and his witnesses I would not place the defendant's actions and words in any harsher light than this.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13334741 {\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 Accordingly, even on a balance of probabilities I cannot be satisfied. that the defendant uttered actionable defamatory statements about the plaintiff and. the action is dismissed with costs to be}{
\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 agreed, or taxed, in favour of the defendant.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13334741 {\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 
\par }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 LAUTOKA,
\par 21}{\super\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 st}{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid4260976\charrsid14240851 December,}{\insrsid5579050\charrsid14240851  }{\insrsid863019\charrsid14240851 1979.}{\ul\insrsid4260976 
\par }{\ul\insrsid13334741 
\par }\pard\plain \s4\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5727662 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13334741\charrsid14240851 G.O.L. Dyke}{\insrsid13334741 
\par }\pard\plain \s3\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5727662 \b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid13334741\charrsid14240851 JUDGE
\par }}