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{\author Teniau_d}{\operator maltungtung_l}{\creatim\yr2008\mo12\dy17\hr10\min25}{\revtim\yr2009\mo1\dy29\hr11\min21}{\version22}{\edmins158}{\nofpages2}{\nofwords925}{\nofchars5278}{\*\company USP}{\nofcharsws6191}{\vern16393}{\*\password 00000000}}
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\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid745742 \fs20\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415\charrsid13505415 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6634316 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13505415 {\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid745742 APPELLATE JURISDICTION}{
\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415\charrsid745742 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid745742 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid745742 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13505415 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415 Criminal Appeal No. 106 of 1979
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6634316 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13505415 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 BETWEEN}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6634316 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13505415 {\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415\charrsid13505415 SAMUELA NAINIMA
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6634316 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13505415 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 AND}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6634316 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13505415 {\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415\charrsid13505415 REGINAM
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6634316 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13505415 {\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415\charrsid13505415 JUDGMENT}{
\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13505415 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415\charrsid8672002 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415\charrsid13505415 On }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415 the 6th June 1979 at Tailevu Magistrate Court
 the appellant and another (hereinafter called the second accused) were convicted on their own pleas of larceny of cattle contrary to section 307 of the Penal Code, and were each sentenced to fifteen months}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415  imprisonment.
\par 
\par The appellant appealed against sentence, but this Court took notice of the fact that from the record it was far from }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8736437 
clear whether the essential ingredients of the offence were established, and called for a probation report to clarify the position.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13505415 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8736437 
\par The appellant was living with his parents on their farm and owned a dalo plantation about a mile away. He had for some time suffered considerable damage to his crops as a result of cattle trespass, and on the morning of the 31}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415578 st}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8736437  May 1979 when he went to hi
s plantation with the second accused he again found cattle in his plantation and his crops badly damaged. He and the second accused started chasing the cattle out of the plantation, in the process of which the appellant, while}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6950778  infuriated and emotionally up
set, killed a bull. Both the appellant and the second accused were frightened by what had happened, left the plantation, and returned to their respective homes. Later that day the second accused went to the appellant}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 '}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6950778 s home and asked him what should be done }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415578 about the dead bull and they fin}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355401 a}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415578 l}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6950778 ly decided }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 "}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6950778 to eat the meat}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6950778 . So they returned to the plantation, removed the thigh}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1064190 s}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6950778  from the carcase and cooked and ate them in a cave.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8736437 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6950778 
\par On the following day the second accused accompanied the appellant to report what had happened to the Turaga ni koro,}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5265395 
 who was not at home, but the appellant and the second accused claim that they informed a member of the family. A few days later the appellant and the second accused were interviewed by the police and admitted what they had done.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6950778 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5265395 
\par The appellant and the second accused were then charged with larceny of cattle contrary to section 307 of the Penal Code which provides that:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5265395 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5265395 
Any person who steals any horse, cattle or sheep is guilty of a felony, and is liable to imprisonment for fourteen years.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5265395 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5265395 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5265395 
\par However the facts above related do not constitute the offence of larceny of cattle, as it is clear that what stolen was only part }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1064190 o}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5265395 
f an animal; that at the time of the theft the animal was dead; and that at the time it was killed there was no }{\fs24\ul\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5265395\charrsid11304743 animus furandi}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5265395 , that is to say that at that time neither the appellant nor the second accused had the intention of stealing.
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15498085 
\par The bull was killed by the appellant in a fit of anger, and it was only at a later stage that the appellant and the second accused formed the intention of stealing part of the carcase.
\par 
\par The offence of larceny of cattle contrary to section}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104  307 of the Penal Code envisages a live animal (}{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104\charrsid8672002 Same v. Same}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104  (1823) 171 E.R. 1132) and, }{\fs24\ul\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104\charrsid11304743 ipso facto}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104 , a whole anima
l; and indeed it is for this reason that section 322 of the Penal Code was enacted so as to cover the case of persons who kill certain animals with the intention of stealing all or any part of same which provides:-}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15498085 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5794104 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104 
Any person who wilfully kills any animal with intent to steal the carcase, skin}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11304743 ,}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104 
 or any part of the animal killed, is guilty of a felony, and is liable to the same punishment as if he had stolen such animal, provided that the offence of stealing the animal so killed would have amounted to felony.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794104 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104 
\par Consequently, had the appellant unlawfully killed the bull with the }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415578 intention of stealing any part }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104 of it he should have been charged with }
{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104 Killing an animal with intent to steal contrary to section 322 of the Penal Code}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 "
}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5794104 , and could have been sentenced
 to the same punishment as for larceny of cattle Contrary to section 307 of the Penal Code. But as the appellant had no intention of stealing any part of the bull at the time he killed it, an ingredient of that offence is also missing.
\par 
\par That is not to say that on the facts no offence or offences have been committed. It is an offence to unlawfully kill an animal capable of being stolen, by virtue of section 359 of the Penal Code which provides that:-
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3768086 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3768086 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3768086 
Any person who wilfully and unlawfully kills, maims or wounds any animal or bird capable of being stolen, is guilty of a misdemeanour.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3768086 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3768086 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3768086 
\par Further, a dead domestic animal can be the subject of simple larceny (}{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3768086\charrsid8672002 R. v. Edwards and Stacey}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3768086 
 (1877) 13 Cox C. C. 384) so long as it has not been discarded as worthless by the owner or otherwise abandoned; and consequently any part of such dead animal maybe the subject of simple larceny, as is the case }{
\fs24\ul\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3768086\charrsid11304743 a fortiori}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3768086  with any part of the live animal. This is implicit in section 290(7) of the Penal Code which provides that:-

\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3768086 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3768086 
Everything produced by or forming part of the body of a creature capable of being stolen is capable of being stolen.}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8672002 "}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3768086 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3768086 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3768086 
\par Thus, on the facts of this case, the appellant could have been, and should have been, charged with two separate offences. Firstly, with k
illing the bull contrary to section 359 of the Penal Code. Secondly, and jointly with the second accused, with the offence of simple larceny}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355401 
 contrary to section 294 of the Penal Code, in that they thereaf}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3763702 ter stole the thighs of the dead}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355401  bull.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3768086 
\par }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355401 
\par This Court cannot substitute a conviction for killing an animal as it is not a cognate offence (}{\b\i\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355401\charrsid8672002 Ali Mohamed Hassani Mpanda v. Republic}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355401  (1963) E.A. 294) but it can, by virtue of section 163 of the Criminal Procedure Code, substitute a conviction for simple larceny.
\par 
\par The conviction of the appellant is accordingly quash}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3763702 ed and in substitution therefor}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355401 
 he is convicted of larceny contrary to section 294 of the Penal Code.
\par 
\par The appellant is eighteen years of age with no previous convictions and it would appear, from the contents of the helpful and detailed probation report, that in all the circumstances he may well benefit from a period on probation.
\par 
\par The sentence is quashed }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5064454 and in substitution therefor}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355401  }{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5064454 the appellant }{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355401 is placed on probation for a period of two years, the supervising court to be Tailevu Magistrate Court.
\par 
\par So far as the second accused is concerned the position will be adjusted un}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12216816 der the revisional powers of this}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355401  Court.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16064506 {\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355401\charrsid16064506 Chief}{
\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16064506\charrsid16064506  Justice}{\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4355401\charrsid16064506 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8066471 {\b\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16064506\charrsid16064506 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3768086 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16064506 Suva}{\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3763702 ,}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16064506 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid673792 {\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16064506 26th October 1979.}{
\fs24\cf0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13072224\charrsid673792 
\par }}