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urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags}}\paperw11678\paperh16598\margl2732\margr940\margt667\margb2942\gutter0 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\grfdocevents0\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dghspace0\dgvspace0\dghorigin0\dgvorigin0\dghshow0\dgvshow0 \jexpand\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot12727812 \donotshowmarkup1\fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 013f}\sectd \linex0\headery360\footery360\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (} {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9 \pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri86\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin86\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241207 \fs20\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \b\fs24\insrsid14637654\charrsid5137509 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI}{\b\fs24\insrsid1658715 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid14637654\charrsid5137509 (WESTERN DIVISION)}{\b\fs24\insrsid10094155\charrsid5137509 \par }{\b\fs24\insrsid14637654\charrsid5137509 AT LAUTOKA}{\b\fs24\insrsid14637654 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri86\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin86\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241207 {\b\fs24\ul\insrsid4224315\charrsid5137509 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri86\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin86\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241207 {\fs24\insrsid14637654\charrsid4224315 Appellate Jurisdiction \par }{\fs24\insrsid14637654\charrsid3681638 Civil Appeal No. 5 of 1979 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri86\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin86\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241207 {\fs24\insrsid9716411\charrsid3681638 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri68\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin68\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\fs24\insrsid9253580 BETWEEN}{\fs24\insrsid14637654 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri86\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin86\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241207 {\fs24\insrsid9716411 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri68\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin68\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\b\fs24\insrsid14637654\charrsid3681638 ABDUL HAMID}{\b\fs24\insrsid4224315 \par }{\fs24\insrsid9716411\charrsid3681638 s/o Rasul Buksh \par }{\fs24\insrsid4224315 (}{\fs24\insrsid14637654 Appellant}{\fs24\insrsid4224315 )}{\fs24\insrsid14637654 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-634\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-634\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241207 {\fs24\insrsid14637654 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri68\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin68\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\fs24\insrsid1658715 AND}{\fs24\insrsid14637654 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-634\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-634\lin0\itap0\pararsid13241207 {\fs24\insrsid9716411 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri68\widctlpar\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin68\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\b\fs24\insrsid818246 IDUL NISHA}{\b\fs24\insrsid4224315 \par }{\fs24\insrsid818246\charrsid818246 d}{\fs24\insrsid14637654\charrsid3681638 /o }{\fs24\insrsid818246 Abdul Hassan}{\b\fs24\insrsid9716411\charrsid9716411 \par }{\fs24\insrsid4224315 (}{\fs24\insrsid14637654 Respondent}{\fs24\insrsid4224315 )}{\fs24\insrsid14637654 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-634\widctlpar\tx7200\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-634\lin0\itap0\pararsid9253580 {\fs24\insrsid2760161 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri68\widctlpar\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin68\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\fs24\insrsid3691003 Mr. Chand, Counsel for the Appellant}{\fs24\insrsid2760161 \par }{\fs24\insrsid3691003 Mr. E.E. Gleave, Counsel for the Respondent \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri68\widctlpar\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin68\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\b\fs24\insrsid3691003\charrsid3681638 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri68\widctlpar\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin68\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\fs24\ul\insrsid3691003 \par }{\fs24\insrsid3691003 This appeal arises from affiliation proceedings in which the learned magistrate found that the defendant was the putative father of the plaintiff's child. The defendant appeals against that order on two grounds contained in para 2 of his petition, namely: }{\fs24\insrsid5137509 }{\fs24\insrsid3691003 - \par }{\fs24\insrsid5137509 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri68\widctlpar\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin68\lin720\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\fs24\insrsid3691003 (i) absence of corroboration of the plaintiff's evidence and \par (ii) that the finding was "against the weight of the evidence". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri68\widctlpar\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin68\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\fs24\insrsid3691003 \par At the hearing of the appeal Mr. Chand for the defendant (appellant) submitted that }{\fs24\insrsid736379 the learned magistrate had mis}{\fs24\insrsid3691003 directed himself when he said}{\fs24\insrsid736379 in his judgment that the evidence of the complainant has to be corroborated "in some particular". He pointed out that S.18(2) of the Maintenance and Affiliation Act 16/71 requires corroboration "in some material particular" and that the om ission of the adjective "material" amounted to a misdirection. At that stage of his judgment the learned magistrate was simply reminding himself of the law but he was not at that stage applying it. The omission of the word "material" could have been a mer e slip of the pen and whether this was so would be demonstrated by his judgment in the way he applies the law. In fact at the end of para 8 in his judgment he says "I find that there was sufficient corroboration of her evidence in respect of the material p articulars." Obviously, as one would expect, the learned magistrate was fully aware of the way in which the law should be stated.}{\fs24\insrsid3691003 \par }{\fs24\insrsid736379 \par The child was born on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 7}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 17}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1979}}}19/2/78{\*\xmlclose} and there being no suggestion that this was not a normal pregnancy conception would most probably occur during May 1977. Therefore the magistrate needed to be satisfied that in May 1977 the defendant had sexual intercourse with the complainant. \par \par It was not disputed that with the approval of the plaintiff's parents, the pa}{\fs24\insrsid747409 r}{\fs24\insrsid736379 ties lived together for at least 3 or 4 years after a religious ceremony of marriage although the defendant already had a legal wife. The defendant fathered two children of the complainant prior to the birth in question and on another occasion had pregnancy mi scarried. They are no longer living together and the defendant says that he separated from the complainant }{\fs24\insrsid15039994 two weeks before Christmas 1976 and that since that time he has not had sexual intercourse with her.}{\fs24\insrsid736379 \par }{\fs24\insrsid15039994 \par Throughout his period of association with the complainant the defendant had a legal wife and he said in evidence that he rejoined his legal wife in March 1977. \par \par Being illiterate and uneducated the complainant does not know the months of the year and can only count up to ten, yet in her evidence in chief she said that the defendant had not deserted her until }{\fs24\insrsid747409 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 7}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 17}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1979}}}20th}{\fs24\insrsid15039994 June 1977{\*\xmlclose}. In cross-examinati on she said she did not know it was }{\fs24\insrsid747409 20th}{\fs24\insrsid15039994 June but that the defendant her mother had worked out the approximate date of the defendant's desertion after she learned that the complainant was pregnant. Any one experienced in dealing with uneducated litigants o f the present class knows of the great difficulty in extracting evidence from them which will assist in giving a reasonably approximate date of some event or occasion. She says that when the defendant deserted her, leaving }{\fs24\insrsid747409 her }{ \fs24\insrsid15039994 near to her mother's place, she was already pregnant. The complainant lived with her mother after the defendant deserted her and she says she did not have intercourse with any one thereafter. }{\fs24\insrsid15039994\charrsid9253580 Her mother stated that the complainant did not associate with any one after she returned home and added that she would have been aware of any such association.}{\fs24\insrsid9253580 \par }{\fs24\insrsid15039994 \par }{\fs24\insrsid9253580 There w}{\fs24\insrsid747409 as}{\fs24\insrsid9253580 similar difficulty in trying to get the complainant\rquote s mother Hamidan Bibi to name the}{\fs24\insrsid747409 month the complainant returned to }{\fs24\insrsid9253580 her. She said it was June but could not indicate why she c hose June. In cross-examination she did not appear to know the month of December. However, she described some sickness that the complainant had, which was compatible with morning sickness, when she returned home. \par \par Sairo Bano, the complainant\rquote s 13 years old sister stated that the complainant}{\fs24\insrsid10948131 came home in 1977 during the second school term.}{\fs24\insrsid747409 }{\fs24\insrsid10948131 Although he claimed to have deserted the complainant prior to December 1976 the defendant said he did not begin associating with his legal wife until March of 1977. He said that he lived along during December 1976 and January and February, 1977. \par \par The learned magistrate said that the defendant\rquote s evidence helped to provide some corrob}{\fs24\insrsid8667326 oration of the plaintiff\rquote s evidence. Thus the defendant said that he took the complainant bac k to her home. Therefore one naturally expects that she would be at home as from the date the defendant deserted her and this is what the complainant said. Her mother stated that it was not until \'93about June 1977\'94 that the complainant came home, and the si ster said it was during the second term of 1977 which is obviously well removed from Xmas 1976. Thus if the evidence of the defendant and of the mother and sister are true it would show that the defendant left the complainant beside her home in December 1 9 76 but for some reason she did not enter her home until about June 1977. Where could the complainant have been between December 1976 and June 1977 if she was not with the defendant or not with her mother? The evidence of the mother and sister that it was about mid-1977 when the complainant came home indicated to the magistrate that the defendant must have taken her back to her home}{\fs24\insrsid11368409 vicinity about mid-1977. It would have followed from that that the defendant}{\fs24\insrsid2322682 said he lived with the complainant until he took her home}{\fs24\insrsid14701398 /must have lived with her until mid 1977. Since they were living as man and wife it would be reasonable to conclude that he was responsible for her conceiving in February, 1977.}{\fs24\insrsid10948131 \par }{\fs24\insrsid14701398 \par That was ample and proper corroboration if the magistrate regarded the mother and sister as credible witnesses. He did consider their close relationship to the complainant when he accepted their evidence. \par \par In arguing that the magistrate\rquote s finding could not be supported by th e evidence adduced during the trial, Mr. Chand submitted that the magistrate was wrong in stating that the standard of proof was that required in ordinary civil cases, that is to say, is based upon the balance of probabilities. He pointed out that proof o f adultery has to be beyond reasonable doubt and that issues of affiliation must therefore require something higher than a balance of probabilities. It is stated in Halsbury, }{\fs24\insrsid15100761 4th}{\fs24\insrsid14701398 Edition, Vol.I para 634 and the notes thereto that affiliation }{\fs24\insrsid11031255 proceedings are civil proceedings. There is nothing in the Maintenance & Affiliation Act 16/71 which suggests that proof beyond the balance of probabilities is required. Mr. Chand produced no authorities for his submission.}{\fs24\insrsid14701398 \par }{\fs24\insrsid11031255 \par In my view the learnt magistrate\rquote s approach was correct. \par \par As I have stated there was evidence upon which the magistrate could find that the defendant was the father of the child provided he believed the witnesses. He clearly believed them and was, in my view, justified in so doing. \par \par The appeal is dismissed. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-74\widctlpar\tx8080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-74\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\fs24\insrsid11031255 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri68\widctlpar\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin68\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\fs24\insrsid11031255 (}{\b\fs24\insrsid11031255\charrsid9201236 Sgd.) J.T WILLIAMS, \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri-74\widctlpar\tx8080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-74\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\b\fs24\insrsid11031255\charrsid9201236 JUDGE \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-634\widctlpar\tx7200\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-634\lin0\itap0\pararsid11031255 {\b\fs24\insrsid11031255\charrsid9201236 \par }{\fs24\insrsid11031255 LAUTOKA, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-74\widctlpar\tx7200\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-74\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\fs24\insrsid9201236 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 7}} {\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 17}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1979}}}20th}{\fs24\insrsid11031255 July, 1979{\*\xmlclose}. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri-634\widctlpar\tx7200\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-634\lin0\itap0\pararsid11031255 {\fs24\insrsid11031255 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri68\widctlpar\tx7938\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin68\lin0\itap0\pararsid1658715 {\fs24\insrsid11031255 Messrs. Vijay Chand &Co., for the Appellant \par Public Legal Adviser for the Respondent. \par Date of Hearing: }{\fs24\insrsid9201236 {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 7}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 17}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 1979}}} 17th}{\fs24\insrsid11031255 July, 1979{\*\xmlclose}. \par }}