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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10440498 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid79730 
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498\charrsid10440498 (WESTERN DIVISION)}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15169221\charrsid10440498 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10440498 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid79730\charrsid2842262 APPELLATE JURISDICTION}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15169221\charrsid2842262 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10440498 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498\charrsid10440498 Civil Appeal No. 19 of 1978
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10440498 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid79730 BETWEEN}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498\charrsid10440498 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10440498 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid79730 AZAAD SHAH}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842262  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498\charrsid2842262 s/o Attimullah Shah
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid79730 Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498\charrsid10440498 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10440498 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid79730 ALI MOHAMMED}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842262  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498\charrsid2842262 s/o Nasir Ali
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid79730 Respondent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498\charrsid10440498 
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498\charrsid10440498 Mr. Jai Raj Singh, Counsel for the Appellant
\par Mr. A. Patel, Counsel for the Respondent
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498\charrsid13529799 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10440498 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498\charrsid10440498 JUDGMENT
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\par This is an appeal against the judgment of a magistrate in a civil claim arising out of a collision between 2 motor vehicles.
\par 
\par It is not disputed that the appellant (deft. No.1) owned one of the motor vehicles which was driven by Dharam Lingham (second defendant).
\par 
\par The appellant (1st deft.) filed a Statement of Defence in which no denials or admissions of negligence were made. No defence was filed by the 2nd defendant.
\par 
\par At the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6296082 hearing there was evidence on which the magistrate could, and did, find that defendant 2 was negligent. No evidence 
was given by either defendant and in fact defendant 2 did not appear. The magistrate gave judgment against the appellant on the ground that he was vicariously liable for the negligence of his servant or agent deft.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13529799  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6296082 2.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6296082 
\par The appellant (Deft. No.1) had submitted at the close of the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6296082 
s case that he had no case to answer. He contended that agency cannot be inferred and it had to be proved that the driver, deft.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13529799  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6296082 No.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13529799  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6296082 2, was servant or agent of the owner i.e. the appellant. The learned magistrate refe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894 rred to }
{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894\charrsid9336894 Barnard v. Sully}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894\charrsid9336894 1931 47 T.L.R. 557}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894  as deciding that ownership is prima facie evidence that the driver is the servant and he acted upon that aut}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12086548 hority. He also referred to the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894 judgment of Lord Denning M.R. in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894\charrsid9336894 Launchbury v. Morgans}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894  }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894\charrsid9336894 1971 1}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13529799  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894\charrsid9336894 A.E.R. 647}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894 . Although that judgment was overruled by the House of Lords in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894\charrsid9336894 Morgans v.}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4021744  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894\charrsid9336894 Launchbury }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894\charrsid9336894 1972 2 A.E.R.606}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894 , it was in relation to its references to the law of vicarious liability prior to 1971. The learned magistrate ruled that 
by pleading that one defendant owned and that the other drove the vehicle the plaintiff had thereby implied an allegation of a relationship of master and servant or agency between the two defendants.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6296082 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9336894 
\par His judgment followed his ruling and he held that the appellant was vicariously liable for the negligence of his servant or agent namely, the second defendant.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 
\par The first defendant, now appeals on the grounds that:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12346779 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 (1) the plaintiff had not pleaded that the second defendant was the appellant}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 s servant or agent.
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\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12346779 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 (2) the appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 s Statement of Defence specially denied the relationship of master and servant or agency.
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\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12346779 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 (3) there was no evidence to support an allegation of servant or agent.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498 
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\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12346779 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 (4) the appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 s Statement of Defence pleaded that the 2nd defendant had taken away the truck without the appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 s knowledge.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15169221 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10440498 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066461 In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066461\charrsid12066461 Launchbury v. Morgans}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066461  (supra) Lord Denning said at p.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13529799  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066461 646, f,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066461 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12066461 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066461 
The fact of ownership was prima facie evidence that the relationship of master and servant existed: see }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066461\charrsid12066461 Bernard v. Sully}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066461 
. The judge also met it by extending the doctrine of vicarious liability. They applied it so as to make the owner or hirer of a vehicle liable, not only when the driver is his servant acting in the course of his employment, but also when the driver is }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid416254 his }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066461 agent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1135768 , driving the car wholly or part}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841247 
l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1135768 y on the business of the owner or hirer or for a purpose in which he has an interest or concern. This principle was first }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4021744 adumbrated}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1135768  by Du Pareq L.J. in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1135768\charrsid1135768 Hewitt v. Bonvin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1135768 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12066461 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15169221 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16717781 Although Lord Denning}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16717781 s decision was overrule
d by the house of Lords as I have stated, it was not overruled on the foregoing quoted passage which was not adversely commented upon by the House of Lords who in no way criti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid416254 ci}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16717781 sed the decisions in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16717781\charrsid16717781 Barnard v. Sully}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16717781  & }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16717781\charrsid16717781 Hewitt v. Bonvin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16717781 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16717781 
\par In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16717781\charrsid416254 Hewitt v. Bonvin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16717781 , 1940, 1 K.B. 188 at 194 Du Pareq L.J. stated:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16717781 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12278495 
It is true that if a plaintiff proves that a vehicle was negligently driven and that the defendant was its owner, and the Court is left without further information, it is legitimate to d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid416254 
raw inference that the negligent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12278495  driver was either the owner himself, or some servant or agent of his, see }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12278495\charrsid12608515 Bernard v. Sully}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12278495 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16717781 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15169221 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608515\charrsid8849932 In my view it is clear from the foregoing that where A drives B}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12608515\charrsid8849932 s car then A is presumed to be the servant or agent of B; that is
, the fact that B owns the car is prima facie evidence that the driver, A, is his servant or agent. Consequently, it was sufficient for the plaintiff to plead, as he did, that the appellant owned the vehicle driven by the deft. No.2 to raise the presumpti
on that deft. No.2 was the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4544821\charrsid8849932 servant or agent of the appellant. It is obvious that the appellant appreciated}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4544821  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5466281 the inference from the allegation that the deft.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid416254  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5466281 2 was driving the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8849932 appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8849932 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5466281 
 vehicle because in his Statement }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8849932 of Defence he specifically denied the implied allegation that deft.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid416254  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8849932 2 was the servant or agent of the appellant.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10834183 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid416254 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10834183 Ground 1 fails.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7698721 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10834183 Turning now to ground 3 that ther}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16451554 e was no evidence that the deft}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10834183 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16451554  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10834183 2 was the servant or agent of the appellant. I have already
 referred to the decisions which shows that the relationship is presumed to exist. It was therefore necessary for the appellant to give evidence of facts to rebut the presumption. Of course the plaintiff is }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16451554 free}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10834183  to adduce evidence, if he can, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9182868 to establish 
the relationship of master and servant or of agency. The presumption was rebutted in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9182868\charrsid9182868 Rambarran v.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16451554  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9182868\charrsid9182868 Gurucharan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16451554 , 1970 1 A E R 749 the head}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9182868 note of which reads as }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8008110 follows:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9182868  -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10834183 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2127279 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9182868 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8008110 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9182868 Although the ownership of a motor ve}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102247 hicle (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9182868 which at the time of accident is being dri
ven by another for his own purpose and without the knowledge of the owner) is prima facie evidence that the driver was the agent or servant of the owner and that the owner is therefore liable for the negligence of the driver, that inference may be displac
ed by evidence that the driver had the general permission of the owner to use the vehicle for his own purposes, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4604203 the question of service or agency}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9182868 
 being ultimately a question of fact}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8008110 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10834183 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8008110 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8008110 
\par Lord }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11102247 Donovan stated}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8008110  that at p. 753 f,
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8008110 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8008110 
The appellant could not, except at his peril, leave the Court with no other knowledge than that the car belonged to him. But he could repel any inference, that he was his s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4604203 ervant or agent in either of}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8008110  two ways. One by giving or calling evidence as to Leslie}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8008110 
s object in making the journey in question and in establishing that it served no purpose of the appellant. Two, by simply asserting that the car was not being driven for any purpose of the appellant and proving that assertion by means of such supporting 
evidence as was available to him.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5716317 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2055126 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2055126 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5716317 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5716317 His Lordship makes it abundantly clear that there is a presumption that the driver is the owner}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5716317 s servant or agent and that the presumption has to be rebutted by the owner adducing evidence to the contrary.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8008110 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7698721 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5716317 On that basis along ground III fails. However, the plaintiff did support the presumption of service or agency by adducing evidence through P.W.3 that deft .2 frequently drove for the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4604203 appellate and that he had seen deft. 2 driving the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5716317 appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5716317 s vehicle on the 10 to 15 occasions. There was}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9127807  also}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5716317  the appellant}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5716317 s unchallenged admission of liability in the evidence of P.W.2, (plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4604203 s driver) who stated that the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5716317 appellant on the day of the accident agreed to pay for the damage.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2127279 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4021744 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721 Ground 3 fails.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7698721 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721 
\par Grounds 2 & 4 can be taken together. They both complain that the magistrate has ignored }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721\charrsid4021744 empat}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4021744\charrsid4021744 h}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721\charrsid4021744 ic pleading}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721  in the Statement of Defence denying existence of any agency and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4021744 
 in fact alleging that the deft}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4021744  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721 2 had taken the appellant}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721 s vehicle without permission.
\par 
\par It appears that the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4021744\charrsid4021744 appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721\charrsid4021744  is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721 
 under the misapprehension that the allegation in pleading}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4021744 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721 
 denying the relationship of master and servant are sufficient to rebut the presumption that it does exist.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2055126 
\par As I have poin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9127807 ted out, the speech of Lord Donovan (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2055126 
supra) shows that the presumption must be rebutted by evidence. It does not lay any unduly heavy burden upon the appellant because it is something }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14178486 peculiarly}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2055126  within his own knowledge as to whether the deft.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4021744  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2055126 2 was his servant or ag
ent. The appellant elected to call no evidence and to rest }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4021744 on }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2055126 
his submission of no case to answer. Consequently the presumption and the evidence supporting it was not rebutted.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4021744 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 Grounds 2 & 4 fail.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7698721 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13318364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13318364 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2055126 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2055126 The appeal is dismissed and the appellant will pay the respondent}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2055126 s costs which }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13318364 I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11954274 
 fix at $45 excluding disbursements.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2127279 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756222 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2127279 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4021744 (S}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2127279\charrsid9528823 gd.) J.T.}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9528823  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2127279\charrsid9528823 Williams}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15756222\charrsid9528823 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5251945 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5251945\charrsid9528823 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13318364 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13318364\charrsid5251945 JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11954274 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13318364\charrsid9528823 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11954274 LAUTOKA}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13318364 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11954274 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15169221 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11954274 24th November, 1978.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12346779 
\par }}