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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 IN }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }{\b\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 Appellate Jurisdiction
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 9 OF 1978
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 MACIU ANISIKAWA &}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\sub\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056  }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 29 ORS}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 Appellants
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 v.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 REGINAM}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 Respondent
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 This is an appeal against the conviction }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466 of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 
 the 30 appellants by the Magistrates Court Suva on the 4th November, 1977 of the offence of Breach of Contract contrary to section 14(1)(a) and section 37 of the Trades Dispute Act.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 The grounds of appeal stated in the petition are:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 
(a) That the Learned Magistrate erred in law and in fact in holding that the Tribunal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 s Award made no change in respect of Sunday}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 work as provided in the Master Agreement (Ex.5). Hence there has been a substantial miscarriage of justice.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 (b) That the conv}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
iction was wrong in law in that:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056 (i) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 The Learned Magistrate should have quashe}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533 d the charge in that section 14}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 (1)(a) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466 of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056  the Trade Disputes Act 1973 is void being in conflict with section 12 and/or 13 of the Fiji Independence Act 1970.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 (ii) Th
e Learned Magistrate should have held that section 16 of the Trade Disputes Act being later than section 14, section 16 should prevail so that section 14 was of no effect in law }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 
ALTERNATIVELY}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056  that the words }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 Breaks his contract o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056  service}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 
 in section 14 do not include a strike or cessation o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056  work.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid336056 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056 (iii) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 The Learned Magistrate sho
uld have held that the provisions of section 14 of the Trade Disputes Act when read in conjunction with other sections }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466 of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 
 the said Act were at least doubtful and that doubt should have been resolved in favour of the liberty o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056\charrsid336056 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298\charrsid336056 
 your Petitioners.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10307466 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid336056 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 At the hearing Mr. Parmanandam sought and was granted leave to add and argue three further grounds as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10307466 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 "1. 
That the learned trial magistrate erred in law and fact in convicting the appellants when the trade union in question was suspended and therefore there was no enforceable agreement. Hence there has been a substantial miscarriage of justice.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10307466 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10307466 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 
2. That the learned trial Magistrate erred in holding that "I am satisfied that by refusing as they did (i.e. the Appellants) to continue work after midnight ..
. after having being required to do so" when in fact the evidence disclosed that only some were so required. Hence there has been a substantial miscarriage of justice.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10307466 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10307466 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 3. The learned trial magistrate erred in law in failing to consider the charge against each 
accused separately. Hence there has been a substantial miscarriage }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466 of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466  justice."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10307466 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 
\par The first ground was abandoned by Mr. Parmanandam. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466 In }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 respect of grounds (b)(i), (ii) and (iii) Mr. Parmanandam }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298 wa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 s aware that this Court in Cr. App. No. 104 of 1977}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466  }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 The Fiji Waterside Workers & Ors v. R}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 . held that sections 14 and 16 of the Trade Disputes Act 
were not ultra vires the Fiji Constitution. He explained that in view of this case which he considered the Court would follow he did not abandon the grounds and asked the Court withou
t argument to agree to leave the matter open to enable him to take the matter further if he decided to do so. To accommodate Mr. Parmanandam I hold that sections 14 and 16 of the Trade Disputes Act are not ultra }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9921298 v}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 ires the Fiji Constitution and record that grounds (b)(i), (ii) and (iii) have no merit.
\par 
\par I turn now to the additional grounds of appeal.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid481533 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 
There is no merit in the first ground. While there was no argument that the registration of the Fiji Waterside Workers and Seamen's Union had been suspended at the
 relevant time, that suspension could not and did not affect the individual contracts of service entered into by the respondents with their employers, the Ports Authority of Fiji. The learned trial Magistrate found as a fact that the Master Agreement (Ex.
5) as amended by the Agreement (Ex.4) and the Arbitration Award (Ex.7) governed the relations between the Ports Authority and the Union. The Magistrate considered the effect }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466 of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466  the suspension of the union's registration on the employment of the dockworkers and he held that at all material times so much of the conditions of employment as were contained in the 
Master }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid481533 Agreement as amended by a later agreement and the award applied to each dockworker and was part of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid481533 
his contract }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid481533 of service. The Magistrate was correct in his finding. The suspension of the union's registration}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10307466\charrsid10307466 
 had no effect on the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533\charrsid7229448 dockworkers contracts }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533 of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533\charrsid7229448 
 service which remained in full force and effect. The first additional ground fails.
\par 
\par Mr. Parmanandam limited his argument on the second ground of appeal to referring to the evidence of P.W.11 Tevita Magiti on page 33 of the record. He was the head overseer and on the night in question he notified two he
admen in the absence of their gangs and one gang which had no headman to continue working until all cargo had been unloaded. Mr. Parmanandam argued that there was no evidence that all the respondents were advised of the requiremen
t to continue working. He made no attempt to sort out those appellants who were notified they had to work that Saturday night from those he alleged were not personally notified.
\par 
\par The learned Magistrate fully considered all the evidence. He found as a fact that the dockworkers including }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533\charrsid7229448 all }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533\charrsid7229448 
30 appellants had been rostered for the 7 p.m. shift that night and were required by the terms of the Master Agreement to work after midnight to complete unloading of the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533\charrsid7229448 Freemantle Star}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533\charrsid7229448 .
\par 
\par P.W.6 Peni Delailakeba, Recruiter, produced the Roster Book and clocking cards and identified the 30 appellants. The cards of 28 of the appellants show that they all clocked out after midnight and before 1 a.m. on that Sunday. 
The witness could not produce cards for two of the appellants but he testified they handed their cards to him after clocking out.
\par 
\par The prosecution established that all appellants were required to work that night and that they all ceased work shortly after midnight when they were required to 
work until 6 a.m. Sunday morning or until the ship was unloaded if that was completed before 6 a.m.
\par 
\par It was open to any of the appellants to give a satisfactory reason for ceasing work such as illness but none of them did so.
\par 
\par The learned Magistrate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533\charrsid7229448 s finding was fully justified by the evidence and the second additional ground fails.
\par 
\par As regards the third additional ground the learned Magistrate in a lengthy but very lucid judgment fully considered all the evi
dence and it is clear that he did consider the charge against each of the appellants notwithstanding that he was presented with a difficult case involving an unusually large number of accused. There is no merit in this ground of appeal.
\par 
\par The appeal is dismissed.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid481533 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533\charrsid7229448 R.G. Kermode
\par JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid481533 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid481533\charrsid7229448 
\par Suva,
\par 22nd March, 1978.
\par }}