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\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15230489 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15230489\charrsid15230489 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid950158 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 1. }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10631776\charrsid2258351 GANESH}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14754358  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13174717 s/o Ram Asre
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 2. }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13174717\charrsid2258351 RAM ASRE}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14754358  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13174717 s/o
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13174717 Balai
\par Appellants
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid950158 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13174717\charrsid2258351 1. MAHAMOOD ALI
\par 2. ANWAR ALI
\par 3. AMJAD ALI
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2258351 (All sons of Habib Ali)
\par Respondents}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2258351\charrsid10631776 
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5969414 Dr.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5969414 Sahu Khan, Counsel for the Appellants}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5969414 Mr. M.T. Khan, Counsel for the Respondents.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860064 
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860064\charrsid8860064 This a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860064 ppeal arises out of an action between motorists who were in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 
volved in a collision on the Ba/}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860064 Tavua Road. A Toyota van, driven by RAM ASRE ran into the rear of a stationary taxi. No evidence was given as to the time the accident occurred but it is obvious tha
t it occurred at night time. The owner of the taxi at the scene }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1793459 was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8860064 about 12 midnight.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1793459 
\par P.W.3, the taxi driver, stated that after the accident two boys and a woman got out of the van apart from the driver Ram Asre.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1793459\charrsid8860064 
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1793459 Some time later, Ram Asre, pleaded guilty in the Magistrate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1793459 
s Court to careless driving, and in the civil action instituted by the taxi proprietor in the magistrate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1793459 
s Court it was conceded by the defendant (appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1793459  that Ram Asre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158  was negligent}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10361622 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10361622 
\par Ram Asre was not the owner of the Toyota van which he was driving at the time of the accident. It is owned by one Ganesh who is the son of Ram Asre and Ganesh was sued on the basis that as he was the owner of the Toyota van then the driver }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9374600 (his}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901  father) was his servant and/}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10361622 or agent at }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901 the material time. The learned M}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10361622 
agistrate found for the plaintiff and the defendant now appeals on the ground that the magistrate erred in law in fact in holding th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901 at Ram Asre was the servant and/}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10361622 or agent of his son Ganesh.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10361622\charrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100\charrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1060397 
Ram Asre, the driver, was not called to give evidence and Ganesh, the owner admitted in cross-examination that his father Ram Asre is an undischarged bankrupt and he has enjoyed this protection from his creditors for almost 30 years. However, his son, Gan
esh, runs a thriving bus}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13193923 iness in Tavua in which his father, Ram Asre assists.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13193923 
\par Ganesh stated that he is single and lives with his parents as part of a single family un}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901 it. The M}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13193923 
agistrate took the view that the bankrupt Ram Asre had virtually abdicated his re
sponsibilities as head of the family and permitted Ganesh to assume the financial burden of maintaining his parents and their children. He said that his father was free to use the van whenever he wished provided he, (Ganesh) did not require it for his own
 purposes}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9374600 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13193923\charrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100\charrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7628503 In his evidence-in-chief Ganesh said of his father taking away the car on the day in question, which was on as Sunday,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7628503 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7628503 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7628503 
I do not know where he had gone. He went on his own. On his own business. It was a Sunday. My mother and young sisters went with him.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7628503\charrsid9381100 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381100 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100\charrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14689207 He also indicated that his mother}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid527649 s young brothers had}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14689207  also been in the van.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14689207 
\par In cross-examination he said,
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14689207 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14689207 On the Sunday I left the van at home}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901  . }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14689207 \'85\'85\'85\'85I did not know he had it until after the accident. He went to a marriage ceremony. In the a
fternoon when he came back I came to know.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14689207 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14689207 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14689207 
\par In re-examination he said the weeding was at an uncle}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14689207 s at Lautoka.
\par 
\par The learned Magist}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14443691 rate did not believe Ganesh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901 s ev}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14443691 idence that he did not know that his father was taking the van that Sunday. Having regard to the fact that Ganesh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14443691 s father, mother, sisters and nephews were in the van it is not su}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14443691 
prising that the Magistrate drew the conclusion he did. If, as}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901  Ganesh said, they went to a wed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14443691 ding held at his uncle}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14443691 s it would be rather strange if }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901 Ganesh were not aware of the wed}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14443691 ding and of his family}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14443691 s intension to at}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901 tend to attend it. The learned M}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14443691 agistrate saw and heard the witnesses and I cannot take the view that his disbelief of Ganesh}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14443691 s evidence was unreasonable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14689207 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14443691 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901 The learned M}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6046480 agistrate in his judgment, said,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14443691 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6046480 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6046480 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10555258 I}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6046480  have no doubt that the son k}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901 new and approved of the vehicle}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6046480 s use for the purpose of conveying members of his family to the we}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6046480 ding at his uncle}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6046480 s house.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6046480 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6046480 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6046480\charrsid9381100 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381100 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5313733 He found that the son Ganesh was vicariously liable for his father}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5313733 s negligence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5313733 
\par Dr. Sahu Khan for the appellant,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901  Ganesh, submitted that the son/}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5313733 father relationship did not, in itself, raise a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5313733 y presumption of agency or of master and servant. He argued th
at there was no business association proved between  father and son and no evidence that the son was in any way co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13129901 ncerned or interested in the wed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5313733 
ding.
\par 
\par A perusal of the record indicated that there is no direct evidence that the father, mother}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16087546  and children travelled to a wed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5313733 
ding in the van. None of them gave evidence as to where the van had been or the purpose of the journey. Ganesh, in evidence, said that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5313733 he ca}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243663 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5313733 e to know}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14047625  they had been to the wed}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5313733 ding in Lautoka. Of course his evidence }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14047625 on that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5313733 
aspect is simply hearsay but the plaintiff in the court below raised no objections to the hearsay}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243663  and in his submissions proceeded on the basis that the van had been us}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14047625 ed to take the family to the wed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243663 ding at Lautoka. The appeal before me has also proceeded on that basis.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5313733 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243663 
\par In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243663\charrsid5243663 Rambarran v. Gurucharan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14047625  1970 1 A.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243663 
E.R. 749 the Privy Council considered the liability of a car owner as principle where a third party is driving the owner}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243663 
s car. They accepted the principle, p.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14047625  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243663 751 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243663 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243663  that
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5243663 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14047625 Where}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243663  no more is known of the facts, therefore, than that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 at the time of an incident the car was owned by A but not driven by A it can be said that A}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 s ownership affords some evidence that it was being driven}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14047625  by}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105  his servant or agent. But when facts bearing on the question of service or agency are known, or sufficiently known, then clearly the problem must be decided on the totality of the evidence}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5243663 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12745105 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105\charrsid9381100 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381100 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 They pointed out at p. 753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 g}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105  that A can repel the inference that the driver is his agent in one of two ways:-}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12745105 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 One by giv}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14047625 ing or calling evidence as to (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 the driver}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14047625 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 ) object in making the journey and establishing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14047625  that it served no purpose of (the owner}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 ).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12745105 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105\charrsid9381100 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381100 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 
The other was to state that the driver was not using the car for any purpose of the appellant and then show by cogent evidence that this was so e.g. by showing that the appellant was completely un}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14047625 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12745105 ware that the car was on the road and that e.g. the dri}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13325640 ver was using it entirely for his own purposes.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13325640 
\par Lord Denning M.R}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14047625 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13325640  reviewed numerous authorities in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13325640\charrsid13325640 
Launchbury v. Morgans}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13325640  1971 2 W.L.R 601 and he approved the following statements which appears at 607 G,
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13325640 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221822 The law puts a }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13325640 special responsibility on the owner of a vehicle who allows it to go on the road in charge of someone else, no matter whether it is his wife, his servant, h
is friend or anyone else. If it is being used in the owner}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13325640 s interest the owner is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6188067  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13325640 liable for any }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6188067 
negligence on the part of the driver. The owner only escapes liability when he lends it out or hires it out to a third person to be used for purposes in which the owner has no interest or concern}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6188067 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13325640\charrsid9381100 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381100 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100\charrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15670194 His Lordship gave illustrations of that proposition by reference to husband and wife and a car in the husband}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15670194 
s name which the wife had permission to use at any time, similar to the father, Ram Asre, in the instant case. He stated at p. 608 that the wife in using the car to take the husband to work, children to school, and going shopping was clearly the agent of 
her husband.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13120367  In all}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6310332  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5134987 
those matters the husband had some interest in the use to which the car was put. His lordship went to the extent of saying that if the wife went to a coffee party she would drive there as her husband}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5134987 s agent. He likened the wife}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5134987 
s position to that of the chauffeur whom the husband could not afford to employ but who on all the foregoing occasions, if a chauffeur existed, would be the husband}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5134987 s agent. No doubt that would also cover her taking the child}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8221822 ren to a birthday party, a wed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5134987 d
ing or such like social functions.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5134987 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6032181 In the instant case the wed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5134987\charrsid14633368 ding was at the home of the owner}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158\charrsid14633368 
'}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5134987\charrsid14633368 s uncle at Lautoka. Ganesh,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7757178\charrsid14633368 
 (the appellant) used the term uncle and it is somewhat late at this stage to suggest, as Dr. Sahu Khan did, that the term }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158\charrsid14633368 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7757178\charrsid14633368 uncle}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158\charrsid14633368 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7757178\charrsid14633368  c
ould cover all types of unrelated persons and the marriage was not necessarily that of a close blood relative. Could one be expected to conclude that Ganesh, as the mainstay of his parents}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158\charrsid14633368 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7757178\charrsid14633368  home and children was not aware that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11603129 a }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7757178\charrsid14633368 marriage was taking place at his uncle}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158\charrsid14633368 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7757178\charrsid14633368 
s? His parents, sisters and nephews were aware of it? Clearly they intended to go to the wedding and the van was no doubt the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7757178  obvious mode of transport}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2780639 . In my view, the Magistrate }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113577 was fully justified in concluding that Ganesh, as financial head
 of the family had an interest in the conveyance of his mother, sisters, nephews and father on the journey of 30 or more miles from Tavua to Lautoka. They could go to Lautoka by }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113577 bus or by taxi but whatever the mode of transport adopted there can be little
 doubt Ganesh would meet the cost of the transport charges. An alternative mode of transport was that the father RAM ASRE should take them there and back in the van which was at hand. In so doing I am of the opinion that the Magistrate was correct in hold
ing that Ram Asre was Ganesh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13113577 s agent.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5134987\charrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100\charrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid527649\charrsid5520345 In case it be held that I was wrong in accepting the hearsay evidence of Ganesh that the van had been used }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11603129 
to transport his family to a wed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid527649\charrsid5520345 ding then I will approach th
e issue on the basis of the exclusion of that evidence. The acceptable evidence would then be that the parents, their children and the wife}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid527649\charrsid5520345 s young brothers were passengers in a van being driven by Ran Asre from the direction of Ba to Tavua.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid527649  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5520345 It ran into the rear of a taxi. There is in the absence of Ganesh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5520345 
s hearsay no evidence as to where it had been or where it was going. However, the law raises a presumption that RAM ASRE, driving with Ganesh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5520345 
s permission was the latter}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5520345 s servant or agent at the material
 time. The presumption can be rebutted by Ganesh showing that RAM ASRE was using the motor vehicle for a purpose in which Ganesh had no interest at all. I would think that the presumption would be }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15163494 
strengthened by the fact that the driver was his father and that the passengers in the van were all members of Ganesh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15163494 
s immediate family, all or most of whom }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11603129 he was responsible for mainta}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15163494 i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11603129 ni}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15163494 ng}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid395459 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100\charrsid9381100 
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid395459 If one excludes the hearsay evidence of Ganesh that the van had taken them to a wedding in which he alleges he had no in
terest then there is no evidence as to what purpose the van was being used for. The assumption is that it was being used for some purpose in which Ganesh was at least partly interested. It is for him to rebut that presumption. If one excludes th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2769143 e hearsay there is no evidence as to the purpose for which it was being used. Accordingly on that basis Ganesh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2769143 s appeal would also fail.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9381100 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2769143 
\par The second ground of appeal is that the evidence did not show that G}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10762328 anesh owned AL 046 which according to the Statement of Claim 
was the registered number of the Toyota van. In evidence Ganesh stated that he owned AC 046. No doubt the Statement of Claim contained an error in reciting the number of the van as AL 046 instead of AC 046.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2769143 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10762328 
\par In the Statement of Defence Ganesh admitted that RAM ASRE was driving the van registered number AL 046 but denied that he was the owner of it. P.W.3, a policeman who went to the scene gave the number of the van as AC}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7476845  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10762328 046. There is no doubt that the van was property described as a Toyota van; P.W.3 shows
 that RAM ASRE produced a certificate of insurance which must have been for AC 046 and P.W.3 it was in the name of Gan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13704642 esh. It is admit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10762328 
ted that Ram Asre }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13704642 was driving Ganesh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11807790 s van}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13704642 . Whatever the number of the van it was clearly Ganesh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13704642 s van and driven by Ganesh}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13704642 s father. There is little doubt that using the letter }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13704642 L}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13704642  instead of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13704642 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13704642  in the Statement of Claim could be nothing more than an error.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10762328 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16321451 
\par In admitting in para 2 of the Statement of Defence that Ram Asre was driving AL 046 the defendant (Ganesh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315120 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16321451 
 fell into the same error as the plaintiff or was he was telling a deliberate lie, knowing full wel}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7476845 l that he had no car numbered AL 046. If it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16321451 
 was a delib}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7476845 erate lie than he guilty of cont}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16321451 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7476845 m}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16321451 pt. One may deny things that are obviously in dispute e.g. negligence ownership, agency}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315120 
 and so forth. But to deliberately lie as to facts the truth of which are known to the party pleading is contempt of Court.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16321451 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315120 
\par That grounds fails.
\par 
\par Ground III which alleges that the Magistrate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315120 s findings are insupportable on 
the evidence as a whole has been dealt with on the first issue which as been dismissed.
\par 
\par The appeal fails. The appellant will pay the respondent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315120 s (plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315120 s) costs.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9315120 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid950158 (Sgd.) J.T. Williams}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315120\charrsid9315120 
\par JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9315120 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315120\charrsid950158 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9381100 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9315120 LAUTOKA,
\par 7th July, 1978}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11087364\charrsid9381100 
\par }}