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BURNS PHILP (SOUTH SEA) COMPANY LIMITED}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12602451\charrsid5193740 
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rdon, Counsel for the Plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12602451 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 Mr. B.C. Patel, Counsel for the Defendants}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510 
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 This is an action arising from the purchase by the plaintiff of a second-hand truck from the defendant Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4087111\charrsid13115510 
Philp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  (South Sea) Company Limited. The plaintiff, in his Statement of Claim, alleges that on 24th June, 1975 he bought a truck registered as AE556 from Burns }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4087111\charrsid13115510 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  (South Sea) Company Limited whom I will call Burns }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4087111\charrsid13115510 Philp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
 for $3,093. He paid a deposit of $1,031 and executed a bill of sale over the truck for the balance of the purchase price, namely $2,062, which bill of sale was duly registered. Then 
he sets out the first clause of the bill of sale which shews that he also agreed to pay $412.40 which would appear to be}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4087111  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
interest on the balance of the price over the period during which instalments were payable namely 2 years. He agreed to pay those two sums of $2,062 and $412.40 at the rate of $104 a month, beginning on 31st July, 1975. Then he says that Burns }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4087111\charrsid13115510 Philp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  charged him interest at the end of every month. He says that Automotive Supplies Company Limited, the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4087111  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 second defendant whom I will call Autom
otive Supplies repossessed his truck on 16th September, 1976 claiming that plaintiff was in arrears with his instalments to the tune of $449. The plaintiff claims that if Burns}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4087111  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4087111\charrsid13115510 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
 had not charged him interest each month, his account would have been in o
rder, and there would have been no arrears of $449. Then the plaintiff puts forward an alternative claim that his truck was repossessed by the second defendant who had no authority so to do, since the bill of sale was given to Burns }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4087111\charrsid13115510 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 , and he claims th
e value of the truck, amounts for loss of use, various parts put in by him, insurance for two}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4087111  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
years charged in the bill of sale, and repayment of his deposit and instalments. Alternatively plaintiff says that Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4087111\charrsid13115510 p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  wrongfully entered upon his premises a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3149384 nd seized his truck. And so he }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 claims certain declarati}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid471029 ons and damages to the tune of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3149384 $}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 11,857.52. The defence admits the Bill of Sale and explains that the amount of $412.40 was interest for 2 years. I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid471029  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 pause here to observe that if that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid471029  sum represents interest at 10%}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
 on $2,062 for 2 years as would appear to be the case, the plaintiff would appear to be receiving no credit for his instalments - a state of affairs which would result in his paying interest at a rate in excess of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid471029 10%}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  and thus infringing the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid471029 M}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 oneylenders Act. The defe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid471029 nce goes on to admit that the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid471029\charrsid13115510 
plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  was charged interest on his m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid471029 onthly statements. Then the def}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid471029\charrsid13115510 endants}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  admit seizure of the truck and say that it was seized }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281 because }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14027452 of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281 arrears of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 instalments. They say that although}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid471029  the B}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ill of Sale }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15026408 was executed to Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15026408\charrsid13115510 p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  (South Sea) Company Limited the first defendant }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15026408 the truck was in fact }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 sold by the second defendant, Automotive Supplies}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15026408  Company Limited which }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 is a subsidiary of Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15026408\charrsid13115510 Philp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 , and t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15026408 hat }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 all accounts were rendered to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15026408 h}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 im by second defendant and that plaintiff acquiesced in that situation and is now estopped from raising that objection, and they say the seizure was lawful.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7625186 
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 In evidence the plaintiff told the Court that the actual price of the vehicle was $2,500 and that in addition to that he had the defendant pay his third party insurance, two years}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  vehicle insurance and the solicitor}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s charges. I can well understand that it is reasonable to ask him to pay interest on the first year}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s insurance, which the defendant had to
 advance immediately, but I am unable to understand why he should be required to pay interest on money which is not to be advanced for a year. However this is not one of the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11481042\charrsid13115510 plaintiff
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11481042\charrsid13115510 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  grounds of complaint. He began to get s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11481042 tatements from Automotive S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 upplies}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11481042  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 and he found that he was being charged interest monthly. The first statement he rec}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4737509 eived was for June 1975. That sh}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ewed two journal entries - a debit for $2,500 which may be intended}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4737509  to be the price of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11481042  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 his vehicle and a credit of $1,031 which was hi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11481042 
s deposit, and the statement she}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
wed that he owed a balance of $1,469. But of course he did not owe $1,469 at all. If his Bill of Sale means anything at all, he owed $2,062 the amount mentioned therein. Then in his July statement again emanating from Automo
tive Supplies, the statement starts off with a balance of $1,469 from the June statement and then there is a debit of $32.99 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9856118 or interest and plaintiff is she}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 wn as owing $1,501. Incidentally that July statement bears date 31st July and plaintiff is sh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11303979 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 wn as being in arrears with his instalment, which he was not, for his instalment did}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11481042  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 not become due until that date. Then on 5th August he paid his first}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10766104  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 instalment and his August statement, still com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9989674 ing from Automotive Supplies she}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 we}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16340287 d that credit, a debit of $31.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 61 for interest}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16340287  and he finishes with a balance }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 of $1,429.60. Plaintiff says that he complained about these }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16340287 statements and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 was told that Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16340287\charrsid13115510 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16340287  at La}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 utoka had nothing to do with the preparation of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16340287\charrsid13115510 statements}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16340287 , but he was promised th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 at his complaint 
would be looked into. This complaint is corroborated by an endorsement}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16340287  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
on the repossession notice when the truck was seized on 25th August, 1976. Nothing, however, appears to have been done and plaintiff began to get behind with his instalments,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16340287  a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nd he admitted that on several occasions}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16340287  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
he paid his instalments with cheques which were subsequently dishonoured. Those cheques were credited on payment, but debited a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11548561 g}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
ain on dishonouring and I reg}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11548561 ard it as most unsatisfactory tha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 t they cannot be identified in the statements rendered}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11548561  to the plaintiff. They are shew}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11548561  simply }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2104487 as }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9390103 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2104487 journal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9390103 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  which is quite meaningless to a semi-literate person. Plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9390103 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s truck was seized, he said, in September, and he probably m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2104487 eans the final se}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 izure for the noti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2104487 ces of repossession indicate th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
at there were at least three visits}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2104487  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 by the bailiff. He came to Lautoka and found }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791450 out that there}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  was a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791450  new }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 credit manager to whom he complained and who advi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9791450 se}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
d him to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11884616 g}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 o to Suva.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509  He said th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 at he was fed up }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9390103 and I cannot blame him, for I am}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
 quite unable to see why he should have had to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9390103  go to Suv}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 a to have his difficulties sorted out.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 So he went to his solicitors. Unfortunately }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9390103 his solicitors did not give him}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 type of help that he needed. Th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
e Court was not told what was done, but it became abundantly clear after plaintiff had given evidence th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 t he had no}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 t been charged double interest }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 and th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 t he had no claim}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509  at}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
 all against Burns Philp and his counsel }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 conceded that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  he had no cl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 im. The defendants had made a complete mud}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 dle, but it all could have been}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  explained, and it should not have }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509\charrsid13115510 required}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  litigation to explain it. After }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 plain}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 tiff}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 s truck was seized it was sold, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 and here, I think, the defendant}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 s acte}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 d responsibly, for they took care to see that the best price they could get was }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509\charrsid13115510 obtained}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13709713  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 I can see no reason, however, why a bailiff had to be sent from Suva to seize a vehicle at Sabeto, and if the bill of sale holder wants to do that, it is quit}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 e wrong for him to impose}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  such a charge upon the purchaser. The Bill of Sale provides in clause 15 for the proceeds of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 y sale to be applied first }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509  payment of all the costs charges a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
nd expenses of the mortgagee in the taking of possession of removal }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 care and management of the sa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 id chattels and in the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509\charrsid13115510 execution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509  of the pow}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 er of s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2254509 ale and of any of the other powe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 rs herein contained and of any professional costs and c}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 arges }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 i}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ncurred by the mortgagee in connection with the exercise of any of the said powers.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  Those words do }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 t me}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 an }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 the actual charges how}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 v}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 er}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 unreasonable they }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 may be.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  The charges must be reasonable. If the bill of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 sale holder has t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13709713 o pay his solicitors to issue a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  notice, he is entitled to recover his solicitors}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
 reasonable charges, if he iss}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 ue}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s the notice himself, he is entitled to no charge. The bailiff will hav}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 e to be}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  paid a seizure f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 e and his fa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13709713 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 e from Lauto}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 ka}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  to Sab}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 to and back, and a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 ga}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
in he will not be entitled to an exorbitant }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442261 seizur}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 e fee.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8276446 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8931323\charrsid13115510 Plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8931323\charrsid13115510 s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  re}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421 al claim is that whereas Burns P}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421\charrsid13115510 hilp}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421  sold him a truck, it was taken from him by someone e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 lse, namely Automotive Supplies Company Limited. The defendants }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421\charrsid13115510 concede}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  this, but they say that Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421\charrsid13115510 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421  and Automotive Supplies m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ust be regarded,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 as one and the same }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421\charrsid13115510 thi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421 ng}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13709713 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421  that they work together, tha}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 t Automotive Supplies are a wholly owned subsidiary of Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421\charrsid13115510 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
. The Court was told that Automotive Supplies Company were the holders of the franchise to sell Toyota vehicles, that the vehicle sold to the pl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13709713 
intiff was a Toyota, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 and that it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421  was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 really
 sold by Automotive Supplies,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421  although for some reason - perhaps owing to a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 n oversight - the Bill of Sale was put i}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421\charrsid13115510 Philp}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421\charrsid13115510 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  name. There is no }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14419890 doubt }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421 that the accounts are}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
 all issued by Automotive Supplies, although the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421 plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421 s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10182421\charrsid13115510 receipts}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  were issued by Burns }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1905700\charrsid13115510 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1905700  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 and are in Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1905700\charrsid13115510 p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1905700\charrsid13115510 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  name. The insurance pol}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1905700 i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 cy is in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1905700  the name of the plaintiff as owne}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 r and Automotive Supplies as mortgagee, and Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1905700\charrsid13115510 Philp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1905700\charrsid13115510 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  name does not appear }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1905700\charrsid13115510 therein}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 .
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555 Mr. G}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555 ordon in addressing the Court m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555 
ade the point that Automotive Supplies could not seize }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555 because}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555  the Bill of Sale which empow}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555 red a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555 seizure to be}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555 made had not been assigned to them}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555 
, that they were}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555 complete strangers and that }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555 therefore}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555  their action was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281\charrsid16021555 tortuous}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555  I do not think}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555  the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555 matter is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555 as }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555 simple as that}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555 but I do think that Automotive}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555  Supplies have}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555  to justify their seizure.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555 
 They }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151\charrsid16021555 seek to do }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555 so }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151\charrsid16021555 by }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5994542\charrsid16021555 pointing }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555 to the fact that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151\charrsid16021555 
 although they and Burns Philp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid16021555  are separate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  and dis}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151 
tinct companies, Automotive is a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  wholly owned subsidiary of Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151\charrsid13115510 Philp}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151\charrsid13115510  that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  is its shares are held either by Burns }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151\charrsid13115510 Philp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555  itself, or by it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151 s directors. Its business at La}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 utoka is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151  carried on in the same office a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s that of Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151\charrsid13115510 p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  although the two}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151  companies appe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
ar to have separate offices in Suva. Its directors are all senior officers of Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151\charrsid13115510 p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 , }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nd are appointed by}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151  the directors of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 Burns Philp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151 . Burn}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151 s Philp garage decides upon the e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
xpansion programme for Automotive Supplies. Automotive Supplies sells vehicles and Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12270829 Phil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151 p }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13051151 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 rvices those vehicles. It is true th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2317194 at Automotive has }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 its own directors, but they }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2317194 are }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2317194\charrsid13115510 appointed}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  by the board of directors of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2317194 
Burns Philp. Automotive}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  does have}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2317194  its own employees, and it pays wages to its own employees. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 Burns Philp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555  and Automo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549670 tive Supplies use the same}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  repossession notice, with the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549670  name altered to suit whichever company is}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  involved. In this particular case }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549670 the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549670 s truck was seized under a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 reposses}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549670 sion notice issued by Automotive}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  Supplies.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281 
\par The plaintiff re}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ferred to }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281\charrsid8931323 M}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid8931323 
atadin }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281\charrsid8931323 Maharaj v M}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid8931323 unnalal Maharaj}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
 (1936) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12142264 3 FLR}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281  197, 200, which he say}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s supports his a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281 rgument that Automotive Supplie}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s, even if they w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12142264 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 re agents of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281 B}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 urns Philp h}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 d no }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281\charrsid13115510 express}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281  power of seizure. That case involved a Bill of Sale}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  given by the p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10558281 
laintiff and another to the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12142264 defe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12142264\charrsid13115510 ndant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160  Munnalal Mah}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2447137 ar}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160 aj}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 , who seized before the power of seizure had arisen,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160  a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nd there was clearly a trespass. The defendants cited three ca}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160 ses }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2447137 Smith Stone &}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160\charrsid12723257  Knight Limite}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid12723257 d v Birming}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160\charrsid12723257 ham Corporation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160  (1939)4 AER 116,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid2447137 In re F G Films Limited}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160\charrsid2447137  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160 1953 1 W}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 LR 483, and }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid12723257 D }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160\charrsid12723257 H N}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid12723257  11 Food Distributors Limited v London Borough of Tower Hamlets }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 (1976) 3 AER 463}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2447137 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160 I must say some}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 thing about each o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160 f those cases. The first wa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
s a case where the Corporation of Birmingham wished to acquire compulsorily the property of the plaintiff company, upon which however, a business was carried o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160 n}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  by the Birmingham }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160 Waste Company Limited, which wa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
s a subsidiary company of the plaintiff who owned 497 of the 502 shares in the Waste Co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 pany, the other }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160\charrsid13115510 five}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  being owned by the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s directors, each of whom had }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12594764\charrsid13115510 signed, a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  }
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160\charrsid13115510 declaration}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2447137  of trust}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160 hat}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  they held them for the plaintiff. Atkinson J }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10646160 h}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 eld that whether the subsidiary }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14419890 could be held to be carrying on}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  business as the parent company}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s busin}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443120 ess or as its own was in each ca}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 se a question of fact and the question was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555 "
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 who was really carrying on the business?}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15937400  It }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 must be r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443120 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 m}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443120 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 mb}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443120 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 r
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443120 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 d th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443120 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 t prior to this case of Smith Stone & Knight Limited the questio}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443120 n had arisen only in revenue ca}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ses, and p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443120 rincipally as to whether the parent compan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
y, an English company, could be taxed in respect of the profits made by a subsidiary company}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443120  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
carried on elsewhere. The learned judge thou}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443120 ght}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9443120 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 t six points }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 had to exist. These were first, we}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
re the profits of t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  subsidiary company treated as the profits of the parent company? Secondly were the persons conducting the }
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 usiness of the subsidiary compa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 ny}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  appointed by the parent company? Thirdly was the parent company th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 e h}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 d and brain of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15937400 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 trading venture? Fourthly did the parent comp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ny govern the adv}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nture, decide what should be done, and }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 hat capital should be }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 em}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 barked in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 he venture? Fifthly did th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  parent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529  company make the profits }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15937400 by its skill }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 and direction? }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 Sixthly was the p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1261529 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 rent }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15937400 company in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7168630 
 effectual and constant control? If these questions are }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 posed }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7168630 in the present case, I think }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13509164 that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7168630 the answers must be that, although }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 there is not sufficient evidence to 
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723257 enab}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 le a proper answer to be given to the first and fifth questions, the remaining questions must be }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723257 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nswered in the af}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12723257 firmative. Perhaps it is more relevant }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 to say that none of those questions are answered in the negative, on the evidence }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8148342 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8148342\charrsid13115510 vai}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8148342 l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8148342\charrsid13115510 able}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8148342 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 The next case is In re F G Films Li}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12594764\charrsid7366628 mite}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 
d which was an }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12594764\charrsid7366628 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 pplicati}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12594764\charrsid7366628 o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 n by a British Co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12594764\charrsid7366628 mpa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 ny to be registered}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12594764\charrsid7366628  a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 s the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12594764\charrsid7366628 makers}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628  of a fil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12594764\charrsid7366628 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628  which would entitle t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12594764\charrsid7366628 hem}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628  to exhibit the film in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12594764\charrsid7366628 Britain}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 . The applicants had a s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13371895\charrsid7366628 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 are capital }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13371895\charrsid7366628 of \'a3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 100 divided into 100 shares of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628  \'a3
1 each.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628  Th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 ere}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628  were three directors}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7366628 , one }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 an American citizen who hel}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 d 90}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 
hares, and the others British subjects, one}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628  of who}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 m he}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 ld 10 shar}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 
s, the other having no shareholding. The applicants h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 d no place of business other th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 n their re}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 gi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 st}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 red office}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 and employ}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 d no staff. They agre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 
d to produce a film which had been }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 acquired}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628  b}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 y}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628  an A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 meri}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 can co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 mpa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 ny, of which the applicants}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982\charrsid7366628 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628  American dir}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 ec}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 tor was president. He had provided the necessary finance for the f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 i}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 lm, wh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 ch had b}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 ee}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 n made in In}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 d}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 ia. Vaisey J. h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15221196\charrsid7366628 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 ld that the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807\charrsid7366628 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 pplicants}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982\charrsid7366628 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628  interv}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807\charrsid7366628 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 ntion was purely colourable }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807\charrsid7366628 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628 nd that they }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807\charrsid7366628 
were brought into existence for the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7366628  sole purp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807\charrsid7366628 ose of being put forward}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807  as hav}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ing undertaken the arrangements necessary }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807 f}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 or the making of the film and of enabling it to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807 qualify as a British film and that it clearly fai}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 led in both objects. This case does not help th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7366628 e defendants, but it does she}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807 
w th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 at it is th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  re}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 lities of the transaction w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807 hi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ch matter.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16278807\charrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 The t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7497024 hird case is }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7497024\charrsid7497024 D H}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7497024  N Food Distributors Limited v Lo}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7497024\charrsid7497024 n}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid7497024 don Borough of T}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7497024\charrsid7497024 ower Hamlets}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7497024  (1976) 3 A}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ER 462 which }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7497024 again was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 a case }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10699170 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 bout compensation for com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10699170 pulsory purchase. There there we}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 re three}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10699170  companies i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nvolved, one,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10699170  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10699170\charrsid13115510 parent}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10699170  company owned th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 e business of grocery and provision }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10699170 m}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 erchants, the second, one of the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 subsidiary com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 pani}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s owned the land upon which the business was carried on, and the third, also a subsidiary co}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 pany, owned the vehicles with }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 which}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  the business was o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1584894 erated. Th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 e local authority took the stand that only the comp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 any which owned the land wa}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s entitled to compens}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 tion. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 Admitte}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 dly if it h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1584894 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 d also owned the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 busine}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ss an}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 d the vehicles it would have bee}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 n }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 entit}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 led to co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 mp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ensatio}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  for disturbance, but bec}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 use it did not own t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 e business }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nd the vehicles it was not entitled to co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 mpensation for disturbance, a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nd the other co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 mpa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nies were not entitled to co}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 mpen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 satio}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12059568 n because they did not own the la}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nd. The three companies had the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10753621 same }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 directors and the p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10753621 arent compa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ny held all }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10753621 the shares in the other two companies. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 The Court of Appeal i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10753621 n England }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 h}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10753621 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ld that they were }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10753621 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ntitled to look }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1584894 at }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 the r}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10753621 ea}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 liti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10753621 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s of the situation, and to tr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10753621 ea}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 t the group}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10753621  a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1584894 s a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  partnership and thus entitled to compensation.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10753621\charrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 I have com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 e to the conclusion that for t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 
he purposes of this case Burns Philp and A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 utomotive Suppli}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s should be regarded as a single entity.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837  Mr.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  Gordon c}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 omplains that the Bill of Sale}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  being in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 the name }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 of Burns Philp constitut}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1584894 a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 complete obstacle, but it see}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ms }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 to me}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1584894 it would have been possible at an}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 y ti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 me}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  for t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  directors of Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 P}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 hilp, quite legitimately, to have transferred the bill of sa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 le}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8861512 Automotive}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
 Supplies. I think that the citation by Goff L.J. in the D H N case }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 t page 469 from the judg}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ent of D}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1584894 anckwe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837 
rts L.J. in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13660837\charrsid13660837 Me}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13660837 rchandise Transport Limited v British Transport Commission}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  (1961) 3 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7612570 AE}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 R 495, 518 is apposite,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7612570  whe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 re that learned judge said t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768824 ha}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 t the cases }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768824 sh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1584894 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768824 w th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 at where the character of a co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768824 m}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 pa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768824 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 y or the nature of the persons who control it, is a r}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768824 ele}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 vant f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768824 ea}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1584894 ture, the 
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 Court }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768824 w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ill go behind the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768824 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ere status of the comp}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13768824 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ny as a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7744026  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
legal entity, and will consider who are the persons as }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2371266\charrsid13115510 shareholders}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
 and even as agents who direct and control the activities of a company which is in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2371266 capabl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 e of doing anything }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2371266 w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ithout hu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2371266 m}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 an as}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2371266 sis}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 tance.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11555913  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140 O}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 n th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140 e analogy of the above two com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ns}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 tion cases }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140 and on the fa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 cts prove}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140 d I would hold that there was a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  partnership between Burns }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140 Ph}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ilp }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nd Automotive concerning the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140\charrsid13115510 plaintiff}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140\charrsid13115510 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  truck, and th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 t the r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140 e}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 alities of the situation require that I hold against the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s claim.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid285140\charrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 Counsel for the defendants also submitted that agency should be implied. Although he referred to no authority, I think that the ca}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7148635 ses support him. They are old a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9526297 u}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
thorities, but none the worse for that. There is }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid9526297 Hunt v Piskergill}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  (1819}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9526297 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  129 E.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9526297 R. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 731, where the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9526297  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
house of the plaintiff, an uncertificated bankrupt was broken into and effects acquired by him subsequent to his bankruptcy seized by defendants who had }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9526297\charrsid13115510 become}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  creditors of plaintiff since his bankruptcy, and did not know who were the assignees under the ba}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9526297 nkruptcy. Plaintiff sued defen}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 dan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9526297 ts in trespass, but before the action came to trial, defenda}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nts obtained an assignment of the int}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9526297 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 rest of the as}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9526297 signees in the effects which the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 y had seized. It was held that this was a ratification of the seizure and plai
ntiff could not recover. Then there is }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13899287 Anderson v Watson}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  (1827}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410686 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  172 E.R. 392, where a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410686  person }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 placed money in the hands of the defendant who was her attorney to invest for her, with an unlimited }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410686 
discretion to do what was best.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  Th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410686 e defendant advanced money to th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 e }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410686 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 laintiff but finding the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11555913  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 security to be bad, had the plaintiff arres}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410686 t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ed }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410686 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nd imprisoned. Plaintiff sued defend}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410686 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nt }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410686 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
ll}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410686 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ging want of authority from his principal but the principal afterwards approved of what her attorney }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410686 had}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  done. It w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7410686 as}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  held that the plaintiff could maintain no action against defend}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12393083 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nt so long as defendant had acted bona fade.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12393083\charrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 The law on this subj}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12393083 ect is summed up by Wille}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12393083 J}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid8464550 Phillips v}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12393083\charrsid8464550  Eyre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14316228  (18}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12393083 70) LR 6 QB 1, 23}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 , delivering the judgment of a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  Court of seven}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8464550  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 judges where he said}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733\charrsid13115510 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14630733 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 If (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 for instance }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 from the com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 m}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 on law) a mere stranger,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 acting without authority at t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 he time}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 , takes upon hi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 m}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  to do an act of trespass in the na}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 me}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
 and for the benefit of an absent person, such professed }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 gent becomes liable for his un}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 uthorised act, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nd a right of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
ction is acquired by the person against whom the wrong was committed: and yet the gen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 era}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 l rule of the co}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 mon l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14630733 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 w, borrowed from the civil l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12196645 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
w, is that the person in whose name the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12196645 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ct was done may, if he thin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13058226 k}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s fit afterwards ratify and adopt}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13058226  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
it. Such ratification has the effect of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13058226 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  prior authority and the result is, that if the prior authority of the principa}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13058226 l would not have justified the a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ct, both the agent and the principal may be sued as trespassers; and t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13058226 h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 at}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13058226  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 if such }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13058226 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 uthority would have justified the act - th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13058226 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 t is the principal could lawfully have authorised it beforehand, then the agent is also justified by matter ex post f}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13058226 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 cto and the vested right of action is extinguished.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16021555 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115510 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4006424 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3413428 That case is we}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ll known in constitutional}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3413428  la}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 w wh}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3413428 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 re the plaintiff sued the Governor of J}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3413428 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 maica in England for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3413428 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 cts done outside England. Finally on this m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3413428 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 tt}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3413428 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 r there is }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid3413428 Hogarth v Jennings}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  (1892) where the defendant who was managing director of a co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3413428 mpa}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ny, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3413428 distrained upon the goods of the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  plaintiff. Fr}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3413428 y L.J. was prepared to assume that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 the defendant had authority from the company to distrain, and that he was authorised th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16468414 ereby}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  to act as a bailiff. However under the Law of Distress Amendment Act 1888 bailiffs required }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16468414 a certificate and since defendant had no ce}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 rtificate his entry was unlawful and he was liable in damages.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16468414\charrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 There is no doubt that when the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
s truck was seized, he was considerably in arrears with his instalments, although not}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
to the extent alleged by the defendants, so th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 t the seizure was justi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182 
fied, and therefore the action m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ust fail. If the d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 f}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ndants intend to recover the balance due under the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182 B}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ill of Sale - a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182 nd in view of the muddle they have made it would be}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  a gracious action if they wrote it off - a recalculation will have to b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182 e made, taking account of what I ha}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 ve said earlier.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182\charrsid13115510 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8861512 I find against the plaintiff a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 nd the action is dismissed against both defendants. However, since the action}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182  must very largely be regarded as having been brought about by the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  defendants}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7677982 
'}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510  muddling, I }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182 think there should be no order a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 s to costs.

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3557182 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3557182 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8861512 (S}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182\charrsid4422910 gd.) K.A}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid4422910 . Stuart
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182\charrsid4422910 JUDGE}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid4422910 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115510 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3557182 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182\charrsid13115510 LAUTOKA,
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115510 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182 29th Ma}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557182\charrsid13115510 y, 1978}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8861512 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13115510\charrsid13115510 
\par }}