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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 IN THE SU}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2903566\charrsid5777740 P}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 REME COURT OF FIJI
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 Appellate Jurisdiction
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 Criminal Appeal No. 138 of 1977
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10045404\charrsid5777740 BETWEEN}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 SOHAN RAM}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10045404\charrsid5777740  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 s/o JAGROOP}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10443785\charrsid5777740 (Appellant)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 AND
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 REGINAM
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10443785\charrsid5777740 (Respondent)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8912976 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5270294 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 
\par This is an appeal against the conviction of the app}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1598605\charrsid5777740 ellant by S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10819202\charrsid5777740 uva Magistrates Court on the 12}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1598605\charrsid5777740 th September 1977 of driving a motor vehicle whilst under the influence of drink contrary to section 39(1) of the Traffic Ordinance.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8912976\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1598605\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8729591\charrsid5777740 The relevant portion of section 39(1) of the Traffic Ordinance reads: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5777740\charrsid5777740 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8729591\charrsid5777740 Any person who when driving a motor vehicle on a road\'85.is under the influence of drink to such an extent as to be incapable of having proper control of the vehicle shall be guilty 
of an offence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514180\charrsid5777740 \'85..}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5777740\charrsid5777740 ."}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1598605\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8729591\charrsid5777740 
\par As this Court pointed out in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8729591\charrsid5777740 R. v. Sellars}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8729591\charrsid5777740  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102883\charrsid5777740 (Cr.App}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8729591\charrsid5777740 . 73/73) the prosecution have to prove firstly, that the driver }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102883\charrsid5777740 was under the influence of drink, on which the evidence of lay witnesses may be received; and secondly, that he was u
nder the influence of drink to such extent as to be incapable of properly controlling the motor vehicle, which may be established in a variety of ways, such as the manner of driving; or the circumstances of an accident, or the evidence of a duly qualified
 medical practitioner who has examined the driver and who, as an expert witness, is in a position to express an opinion that he was under the influence of drink to such an extent as to be incapable of having proper control.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8729591\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102883\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8521714\charrsid5777740 If a car has an accident where there is no hazard for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11949263\charrsid5777740 a }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8521714\charrsid5777740 
normal driver, and the driver fails to give an explanation which is consistent with his having driven properly and which might reasonably be true, it is evidence that the car was not being driven properly. If in addition there is ev
idence that the driver was under the influence of liquor, then the conclusion may properly be drawn that the driver was under}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13389130\charrsid5777740 
 the influence of liquor to such an extent as to be incapable of properly controlling the vehicle, and he may be convicted under section 39(1) of the Traffic Ordinance.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7102883\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13389130\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7948510\charrsid5777740 That is precisely the case here. In the early hours of the morning in Rodwell Road, which is a dual carriageway with a prominent island separating the opposing flows of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4873061\charrsid5777740 traffic,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7948510\charrsid5777740  a police inspector came upon a car which had been driven by the appellant on}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894692\charrsid5777740  to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7948510\charrsid5777740  the island, the whole of the vehicle apart from the nearside rear corner being off the road and on the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10908445\charrsid5777740 island,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7948510\charrsid5777740  three posts on the island having been smashed by this encroachment. The appellant told the police office
r that he had ended up on the island when trying to avoid hitting another car. He was unsteady on his feet, smelled heavily of liquor and the police officer formed the impression that he was drunk.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13389130\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4873061\charrsid5777740 
\par The appellant was taken to the police station where he refused to be medically examined and said that he had only had three bottles of beer. A senior inspector of police saw that he was supporting himself on a table, and that his eyes were red and half cl
osed. The senior inspector then put him through some tests, which he was entitled to do with the consent of the appellant, as a police officer}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5777740\charrsid5777740 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4873061\charrsid5777740 s impression as to whether or not a driver is under the influence of liquor can be founded on the manner in which 
such tests are performed, and from which the Court can draw its own conclusions (}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4873061\charrsid5777740 R. v. Pon Sami Pillai}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4873061\charrsid5777740 
 Cr.App. 101/77). However as the trial Magistrate was not satisfied that the appellant had agreed to take part in these tests he disregarded them.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7356388\charrsid5777740 The appellant at his trial declined to give or call any evidence, and his statement }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11565925\charrsid5777740 
to the police inspector at the scene that he had tried to avoid hitting another car was in no way an explanation consistent with his having driven the car properly. The trial mag
istrate relied upon the evidence of the police officers as to the drunken condition of the appellant, which combined with the fact that the appellant had driven the car off the road was sufficient to justify his convictions.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4873061\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11565925\charrsid5777740 
\par The grounds of appeal alleged that the trial Magistrate shifted the onus of proof and misapplied the law to the facts, but having carefully considered his judgment I am satisfied that there is no basis for these submissions.
\par 
\par During the hearing of the appeal my attention was drawn to the judgment in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11565925\charrsid5777740 R. v. Amar Prasad}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11565925\charrsid5777740 
 (Cr.App.85/76) in which the learned Judge stated that a special police constable }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5777740\charrsid5777740 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11565925\charrsid5777740 
also told the appellant that he the appellant was drunk and could not drive his car}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13126126\charrsid5777740  properly which the Magistrate }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12877291\charrsid5777740 accepted. This witness was not an expert witness and no weight should have been given to any expression of his }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2047374\charrsid5777740 
opinion. }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12877291\charrsid5777740 R. v. Davies}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12877291\charrsid5777740 
 (1962) 1 W.L.R.1111 a case where the opinion of a non-expert witness was wrongly admitted as in this instant case.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5777740\charrsid5777740 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12877291\charrsid5777740  I am
 given to understand that this is being read as a pronouncement that one who is not an expert witness cannot give his impression that a person was drunk. That is not what the learned Judge said, and indeed the case of }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12877291\charrsid5777740 R}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3898645\charrsid5777740 . v. Davies}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3898645\charrsid5777740  which the learned Judge c
ites is authority for the proposition that a witness who is not an expert can give his impression as to whether a person is under the influence of drink. What he is not permitted to do, and it is this aspect of the matter to which the learned Judge was re
ferring, is give his opinion as to whether the person was under the influence of drink to such extent as to be incapable of properly controlling a motor vehicle, as that is the very matter which the court ha}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894692\charrsid5777740 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3898645\charrsid5777740  to determine with }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894692\charrsid5777740 the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3898645\charrsid5777740 assistance, if it be available, of the expert opinion of a medical witness.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11565925\charrsid5777740 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8729591 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8729591\charrsid5777740 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5270294 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11604844\charrsid5777740 
To make this clear beyond any doubt I quote the following extract from the judgment of Lord Parker C.J. in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11604844\charrsid5777740 R. v. Davies }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11604844\charrsid5777740 (supra, at 1112-1113):}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5270294\charrsid5777740 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11604844 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5328753\charrsid5777740 The very first prosecution witness, the bombardier, 
found these vehicles in collision, and he gave evidence about a conversation which he had had with the appellant and how the appellant appeared to be behaving. He then said: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5777740\charrsid5777740 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5328753\charrsid5777740 I form the impression that the accused was under the influence of drink and at that time he was in no condition to handle a motor vehicle.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5777740\charrsid5777740 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5328753\charrsid5777740 \'85.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5270294\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5328753\charrsid5777740 
\par It is to be observed that the witness was allowed to speak about the matters which are quite distinct; one is what his impression was as to whether drink had been taken by the appellant, and the
 second was his opinion as to whether as the result of that drink he was fit or unfit to drive a car}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8193940\charrsid5777740 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5328753\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8193940\charrsid5777740 
\par The court has come clearly to the conclusion that a witness can quite properly give his general impression as to whether a driver had taken drink. He mus
t describe of course the facts upon which he relies, but it seems to this court that he is perfectly entitled to give his impression as to whether}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5842298\charrsid5777740  drink}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12011587\charrsid5777740  had been taken or not. On the other hand, as regards the second matter, it cannot be said, as it seems 
to this court, that a witness, merely because he is a driver himself, is in the expert witness category so that it is proper to ask him his opinion as to fitness or unfitness to drive. That is the matter which the court itself has to determine.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5777740\charrsid5777740 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8193940\charrsid5777740 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5270294 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5270294\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16328211\charrsid5777740 I might add that in the instant case, after the senior inspector had given evidence of the tests that he had conducted he stated: }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5777740\charrsid5777740 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3217937\charrsid5777740 I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16328211\charrsid5777740 
 then believed he was incapable of controlling or being in charge of a motor vehicle at the time}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5777740\charrsid5777740 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16328211\charrsid5777740 
. The senior inspector}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5777740\charrsid5777740 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16328211\charrsid5777740 s opinion on 
this aspect of the matter was clearly inadmissible, and the most that he was entitled to say was that he then believed that the appellant was under the influence o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5842298\charrsid5777740 
f liquor. However as the trial M}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16328211\charrsid5777740 agistrate ruled out the tests and the conclusions to be }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3217937\charrsid5777740 drawn
 therefrom, the wrongful admission of that evidence is of no significance.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5270294\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10819202\charrsid5777740 
\par My attention has also been drawn to the fact that some Magistrates may be under impression that it is improper or duplex for the prosecution to charge a driver both with driving un
der the influence of drink and with dangerous or careless driving. So long as the charges are by way of separate counts and the facts warrant it, it is perfectly in order for the prosecution to do so }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10819202\charrsid5777740 (}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10819202\charrsid5777740 R. v. Sellars}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10819202\charrsid5777740 
 supra). Further, on conviction for dangerous or careless driving, the fact that the driver was adversely affected by drink is an aggravating element, justifying a heavier sentence (}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10819202\charrsid5777740 R. v. Lenaitasi Vakatora}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910727\charrsid5777740  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910727\charrsid5777740 
Cr. App.166/73).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10819202\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910727\charrsid5777740 
\par The appeal is dismissed.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5270294\charrsid5777740 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2910727 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910727\charrsid5777740 (}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910727\charrsid5777740 Sgd.
) Clifford H. Grant}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5270294\charrsid5777740 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910727\charrsid5777740 Chief Justice
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5270294 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2910727\charrsid5777740 
\par Suva,
\par 31st March 1978.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5270294\charrsid5777740 
\par }}