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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 \f2\fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006\charrsid5462006 IN }{\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI
\par }{\b\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 Appellate Jurisdiction
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006\charrsid5462006 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 Criminal Appeal No. 145 of 1977
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 Between:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 ALIPATE LASE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 and
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006\charrsid5462006 REGINAM
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006\charrsid5462006 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 This is an appeal against conviction, the appellant on the 11th Catcher 1977 having been convicted after trial by Navua Ma
gistrates Court of criminal trespass contrary to section 218(2) of the Penal Code.
\par 
\par }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 The facts of the case a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 re simple. Shortly before 10 p.m. on the 7th January 1977 the first p}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 rosecution witness, who was in a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 n upstairs room of a house, put on the light and
 saw somebody jump from the verandah to the ground. The second prosecution witness was lying on his bed in the house (apparently in the dark) when }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 "}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 a person came and s}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 at on the window facing inside - le}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
gs outside. My wife yelled out. We switched on the lights and }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 I saw a Fijian ma}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 n going away}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 . Later the s}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 a}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
me night a police officer saw the appellant outside a cinema and took him into custody. The first and second prosecution witnesses were called to the police station and shown the appellant, whom they purp
orted to identify as the trespasser. No identification parade was held.
\par 
\par The appellant testified that he had been in the cinema since 8 p.m. and had not committed this offence.
\par 
\par The case against the a}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 ppellant rested entirely on eye-}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 witness identification which was, in my view, manifestly unreliabl}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 e; and I regret that it should b}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
e necessary to have to reiterate how essential it is, in cases of this nature, to subject the evidence to a searching examination. I can do no better than to cite the following passage from the judgment of this Court in }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 R. v. Kalivati Dravikula}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006  (Crim.App.No. 13/76):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
Turning to identification, one must look at the evidence to ascertain whether it was sufficient to enable the trial magistrate to come to a finding that the complainant}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 s identification of the appellant was positive and correct}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 . }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
Identity is a vital issue, the imp}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 ortance of which cannot be over-}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
emphasised, and where the person charged is not known to the victim the circumstances of the offence must be scrutinized rigorously in or}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 der to ascertain whether they we}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 re such as to permit of accurate and reliable visual identification. As this Court stated in }{\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
Kaminieli Tuirabe v. Reginam }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 (Crim.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 App.}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 No.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006  }{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
15 of 1975):}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 -}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 '}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
In every case where identification is in issue the evidence rel
ating thereto must be scrutinised with the greatest care so as to admit of no error. The Court must direct its mind to all the circumstances in which visual identification was made including such important matters as the length of time the witness had for
 seein}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 g who was doing wha}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
t is alleged, the position he was in, his distance from the accused and the quality of the light; and after testing all the evidence the Court, before convicting, must be left in no doubt that the visual identification is correct (vide }{
\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 R. v. Long}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006  (1973) 57 Cr.App.R. 871 at 377 and 878).}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 '}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006\charrsid5462006 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 Applying that approach to the facts}{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006  of this case, no attempt was ma}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 de to ascertain whether the}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 
 circumstances of the offence we}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 re such as to permit of reliable visual identification. No questions wer
e asked of the complainant by the prosecuting officer as to the lighting, as to the distingui}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 shing features of the assailant,}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
 or as to what it was about the assailant which so impressed itself upon the mind and memory of the complainant as to enable him to
 identify the appellant fourteen days after the event. As the prosecuting officer did not see fit to enquire into this fundamental aspect of the matter, which was the only one at issue in this case as no other evidence was adduced by the prosecution to su
p
port the charge against the appellant, one would have expected the trial magistrate to have questioned the complainant in detail, particularly as the appellant was unrepresented. This was not done, and its omission rendered the evidence inadequate on whic
h to base a finding that the identification of the appellant was proved to be correct beyond reasonable doubt.}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid5462006 "}{\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
\par Those comments apply, mutatis mutandis, to the instant case, and the Crown concedes that it would not be safe to allow this conviction to stand. It is quashed and the sentence set aside.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\b\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 Grant, C.J.
\par Chief Justice
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5462006 {\f0\fs24\lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid1442149\charrsid5462006 
\par Suva,
\par 16th December 1977
\par }}