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{\author Teniau_d}{\operator maltungtung_l}{\creatim\yr2009\mo3\dy13\hr16\min15}{\revtim\yr2009\mo3\dy16\hr10\min28}{\version4}{\edmins6}{\nofpages2}{\nofwords836}{\nofchars4768}{\*\company USP, Emalus Campus}{\nofcharsws5593}
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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2038524 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15489462\charrsid2038524 
IN THE SUP}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178\charrsid2038524 REME COURT OF FIJI
\par (WESTERN DIVISION)}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178\charrsid2038524 AT LAUTOKA}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 APPELLATE JURISDICTION}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178\charrsid8327232 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2038524 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178 Criminal Appeal No. 109 of 1977
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2038524 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2038524 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2038524 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 BETWEEN}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2038524 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2038524 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178\charrsid2038524 CHINAM NAIDU}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7084580  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178 s/o Yentesh
\par Appellant
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2038524 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2038524 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178 AND
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2038524 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2038524 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178\charrsid2038524 REGINAM
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178 Respondent
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15489462 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13894178 
\par Mr. S.R. Shankar, Counsel for the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2038524 Appellant
\par Mr. Ikbal Khan, Counsel for the Respondent
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2038524 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2038524\charrsid2038524 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15489462 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2038524 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6256564 The appellant was convicted in a magistrate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6256564 s court under Regulation }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13379107 78(2) of The Road Traffic Regulation }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6256564 1974 for hanging }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6256564 a toy}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6256564  on the front windscreen of his car and which }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6256564 affected the vision of the driver.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6256564 
 The draftsman misread the regulation which does not require that the offending article should affect the driver}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6256564 
s vision; it simply requires that the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6256564\charrsid6442908 driver}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6442908\charrsid6442908 s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4410615  vision may be affected. Regulation }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12585190 78(2) reads as follows:-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2038524 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12585190 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12585190 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12585190 
(2) No person shall use or permit to be used on a road any motor vehicle containing any article hanging or otherwise fitted or placed in the vehicle which may adversely affect the vision through the windscreen of the driver.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12585190 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6036075 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12585190 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12585190 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12585190 It appears that on 19/7/77 a constable stopped the accused}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12585190 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232  car on the high}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15232263 
way and observed a model of a hand measuring 6}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15232263  \'d7 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15232263 
 appended to the inside of the windscreen by means of a sucker. In evidence the constable stated that the appendage was on the windscreen above the steering wheel. This was challenged by the accused who claimed that it was in front of the passenger}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15232263 s seat.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12585190 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15489462 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2038524 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10304012 In his judgment the learned magistrate said}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10304012 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2038524 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2521441 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8327232 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10304012 What is in dispute is its position}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11994678 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10304012 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15489462 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11994678 
\par He then properly drew attention to the wording of Regulation 72(2) pointing out that the prosecution did not have to prove that the driver}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11994678 
s view was obstructed but only that it may be obstructed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16212060 
 Following that observation he stated that no matter on which part of the windscreen the hand was fixed there may be occasions when it would obstruct the driver}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16212060 s vision. He said the extent of the obstruction was not material for the purpose of committing the offence, but was m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2521441 aterial in relation to sentence
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16212060 . The magistrate appears to have taken the view that the matter must inevitably and there and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3164419 
 that proof that an article was appended to a windscreen in it self constituted an offence under the regulation. In accordance with }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3164419\charrsid5644025 that}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3164419  interpretation of the regulation the learned magistrate did not deem it necessary to determine whether the police const
able or the appellant was correct in describing the portion of the windscreen to which the hand was affixed. It sufficed, in his opinion, simply to show that there was a hand attended to some part of the windscreen.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11994678 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2707253 
\par The appellant was convicted and fined $25.00.
\par 
\par His appeal was based on the grounds that:-
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8327232 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 (a) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2707253 There was no evidence of any obstruction

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2707253 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2707253 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8327232 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 (b) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2707253 
There was no evidence that the plastic hand in any way affected the view or sight of the appellant.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5710687 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5710687 
\par Mr. Shankar, who appeared for the appellant submitted during the appeal that if the hand was on the left hand side of the windscreen it was most unlikely}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid396574  that it would interfere with the driver}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid396574 s vision. He pointed out that the road traffic licence is struck on the left hand side of windscreens; the internal
 mirror projects over the centre of them and internal sun visors could be moved to cover a substantial portion of the windscreen. In all those instances part of the windscreen is covered and obscured.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4789627 
 Nevertheless vision of the driver is no necessarily obscured.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5710687 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid396574 
\par With respect to the learned magistrate I lean to the view taken by appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid396574 s counsel.
\par 
\par Part of a windscreen can be obscured permanently in such ways as described above without obscuring or obstructing vision.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1013657  I think that one must interpret the word }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1013657 vision}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1013657 
 as meaning driving vision, that is to say the depth and breath of vision necessary to enable a driver to take in the full width of the road immediately in front of his car}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11744304 
 without impediment. There is also that field of vision to the left which one uses before entering a main road at a junction.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid396574 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6704263 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6704263\charrsid14110804 
The learned magistrate appears to have said that it does not matter where an article is attached to a windscreen there must come an occasion when it is likely to obscure vision. If that view be correct then licence stickers,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6704263  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14110804 sun visors and internal mirrors inevitably give rise to offences by reason of their being on a windscreen.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6704263 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14110804 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9053438 I think with respect it is essential that the magistrate must be satisfied as }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5644025 to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9053438 
the size of the article and its position. From those facts and from other evidence such as the size of the windscreen, the height of the driver so as to get his eye-level in relation to the obstruction etc. the magistrate can and must reach a definite fin
ding as to whether that article in that position may have obstructed the driver}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9053438 s version.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14110804 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9053438 
\par In the instant case even if the learned magistrate had accepted the appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9053438 s evidence }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1198259 
that the hand was on the left hand side he may nevertheless have correctly concluded that it may have been such as to obstruct the driver}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1198259 
s view and convicted on that ground. Had he accepted the constable}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327232 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1198259 
s evidence that the hand was just above the steering wheel he may have had little doubt that an offence had been proved.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9053438 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1198259 
\par With respect I do not think it is open to a magistrate to say I am }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7029148 not }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1198259 
interested in where the article was placed on the windscreen and that it is sufficient evidence of an offence merely to prove that there was an article stu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7029148 ck somewhere on the windscreen.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1198259 
\par 
\par On 7.10.77 I had allowed the appeal and remitted the fine and the foregoing contains the reasons}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7029148  for my judgment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1198259 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12678797 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9529430 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12678797\charrsid9529430 (Sgd.) J.T. Williams
\par JUDGE
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3755641 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12678797\charrsid9529430 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5710687 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12678797 LAUTOKA,
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9529430 14}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12678797 th October, 1977.
\par 
\par Messrs G.P. Shankar & Co.,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9529430  for the Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12678797 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9529430 Director of Public Prosecution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7029148 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9529430  for the Respondent
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15489462 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9529430 Date of Hearing: 7th October, 1977}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15823521 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15489462\charrsid15489462 
\par }}