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\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281\charrsid801281 IN THE }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid801281 SUPREME }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281\charrsid801281 COURT OF FIJI}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281\charrsid801281 A}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 PPELLATE }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid801281 J}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 URISDICTION}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid801281 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13793193 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281\charrsid13793193 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid801281 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 CIVIL AP}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 PEAL NO. 10 OF 1976}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13793193 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281\charrsid13793193 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid801281 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1128132 BETWEEN \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7171177 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1128132\charrsid1128132 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid801281 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid801281 CHANDAR PAL}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 s/o Ragho Ram}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13793193 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid801281 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 AND \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13793193 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281\charrsid13793193 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid801281 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid801281 HARI PRASAD}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 s/o Shiu Sahay}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 Respondent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13793193 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281\charrsid13793193 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid801281 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid801281 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13793193 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281\charrsid13793193 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 This is an appeal against the decision of the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 Magi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 strates Court sitting at Suva on the 22nd November, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 197}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 6 when it dismissed the appellant's claim. \par \par The appellant, the plaintiff in the Court below, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 clai}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 med from the respondent the sum of $147.51 being }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 al}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 leged arrears of rent amounting to $105 for the months}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 of }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 July, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 August and September 1974 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 nd $42.51 arrears }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15097787 w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 ater rates. \par \par The respondent in the Court below denied that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 he }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 was at the relevant time the tenant of the plaintiff }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 called as a witnes}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 s his son Sahadeo who stated he w}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 as }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 tenant. \par \par The question as to whether it was the respondent }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 or }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 Sahadeo who was the tenant of the plaintiff was the major }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 sue which the trial Magistrate had to resolve on the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 con}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 flicting evi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6110177 dence given before him but regre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 ttably he }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 ade no finding of fact on this issue nor indeed is there }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 in }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 his judgment any indication that he considered the evidence given by the parties on this issue. \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 The trial}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 Magistrate appears to have been led astray by coun}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 sel for the defendant who in his }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 final address raised the question of illegality. This led the trial}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 Magistrate to devote the bulk of his judgment to the consideration of this question of illegality and to dismiss }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 th}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 e claim on th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 e grounds that there was no evide}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 nce}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid801281 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 o establish there was a tenancy which I take to mean a legal tenancy or if a tenancy existed the plaintiff had failed}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 to establish this fact. He made no finding of facts on the evidence before him which would have entailed acceptance either of the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13793193\charrsid13793193 f}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15603338 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046796 s story or }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 that of the defendant.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 \par Under cross-examination the plaintiff had admitted }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 hi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 s lease was a crown lease. He was not asked, as far as the record discloses, the nature of his crown lease, whether}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 it was a protected lease as referred to in section 13(1) of the Crown Lands Ordinance, or whether the Director of Lands consent to the tenancy had been obtained.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 \par Counsel for the defendant, however in his final address st}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 ated as a fact that there was "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 no consent of Director and he}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2703694 nce proceedings are defective."He referred also to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2703694 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 a decided case on the Crown Lands issue" although the reference to this case was not given to the Magistrate.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 \par It appears that the trial Magistrate took the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 view that it was for the plaintiff to establish affirmatively that the tenancy was a legal tenancy and not having done so the claim must be dismissed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 \par While the re was no order for pleadings the defendant did file one Defence which was a bare denial that he owed the money claimed and some months later filed another Defence alleging that one Bodh Mati Sahadeo occupied the premises and denying that he occupied the premises. In neither Defence did he raise the question of illegality.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 \par Where pleadings are ordered Order XVI of the Magistrates Court's Rules would have had to be complied with and under Rule 3(i) of the Order the defendant would have}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 had to ra ise the issue of illegality. In the Supreme Court under Order 18 r.8 illegality must be specially pleaded. However if there is evidence before the Court of an illegal transaction whether a party has raised the point or not it}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 is the duty of the Court to take the point and refuse relief. That however was not the position in this case.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 \par The question of illegality was not in issue and there was no evidence before the Court that the tenancy was illegal. There was evidence that the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13793193\charrsid13793193 f}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15204684 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 s lease was a crown lease but no evidence that the lease contained a clause to the effect that it was a protected lease under the provisions of the Crown Lands Ordinance in which event under section 13(1) of that Ordinance the tenancy would be illegal if the prior written consent of the Director of Lands to the tenancy had not been obtained. There are many crown leases which are not "protected" leases.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 \par As the defendant, who was represented by counsel did not raise the issue of illegality either before the close of the plaintif}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13793193\charrsid13793193 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6686962 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 s case or establish illegality by evidence adduced by the defence the pl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2894087 aintiff did not have to affirma}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 tively prove that his tenancy was a legal one. He was entitled to assume that the legality of the tenancy was not in issue and conduct his case accordingly. \par \par On the evidence before the trial Magistrate there was no disput}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 e that the plaintiff was owed $1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 05 for rent but it was disputed that the defendant was the tenant of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 the plaintiff. The identity of the tenant was in issue. \par \par Due to the trial Magistrate's preoccupation with the question of illegality which was not in issue he did not direct his mind to the issue as to who was the tenant liable for the arrears of rent.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 \par In the absence of any findings of fact on the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 onflicting evidence as to who was the tenant of the plaintiff this Court is in no position to decide whether the defendant,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 Sahadeo or Bodh Mati Sahadeo was the tenant. \par \par This action will regrettably have to be reheard by the Magistrates Court and I so order. \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 In the circumstances there will}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 be no order as}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 to costs. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1852154 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131814 (SGD) R. G. Kermode}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid1852154 \par JUDGE \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13793193 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 \par Suva, \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1131814 25th }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154 March, 1977.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1852154\charrsid13793193 \par }}