{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f1\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial{\*\falt Arial};}{\f29\fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02000500000000000000}Shruti;}{\f184\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f185\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f187\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f188\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f189\froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f190\froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f191\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f192\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f194\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE{\*\falt Arial};}{\f195\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr{\*\falt Arial};} {\f197\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek{\*\falt Arial};}{\f198\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur{\*\falt Arial};}{\f199\fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew){\*\falt Arial};}{\f200\fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic){\*\falt Arial};} {\f201\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic{\*\falt Arial};}{\f202\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese){\*\falt Arial};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255; \red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;} {\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext0 \styrsid4787866 Normal;}{ \s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\langfe3081\kerning32\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \styrsid4787866 heading 1;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden Default Paragraph Font;}{\*\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\langnp1024\langfenp1024 \snext11 \ssemihidden Normal Table;}{\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\sl480\slmult1 \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 \sbasedon0 \snext15 \styrsid4787866 Body Text 2;}{\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext16 \styrsid4787866 header;}{\s17\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \styrsid4787866 Body Text 3;}{\*\cs18 \additive \sbasedon10 \styrsid4787866 page number;}{\s19\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \f29\fs24\lang1033\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp3081 \sbasedon0 \snext19 \styrsid4787866 Level 1;}}{\*\latentstyles\lsdstimax156\lsdlockeddef0}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid-962854588 {\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\'03(\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'03);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}{\listlevel\levelnfc4 \levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'05);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'03(\'06);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'07);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat0\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}}{\listname AutoList2;}\listid2}{\list\listtemplateid1987842914{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \jclisttab\tx0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \jclisttab\tx0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4 \levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \jclisttab\tx0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\'03(\'03);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \jclisttab\tx0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \jclisttab\tx0 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'05);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \jclisttab\tx0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'06);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \jclisttab\tx0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'07);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \jclisttab\tx0 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat0\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\fbias0 \jclisttab\tx0 }{\listname AutoList52;}\listid1309629890}{\list\listtemplateid-718641402\listhybrid{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-360125404\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-720\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713 \'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li5040 \jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel \levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li7200\jclisttab\tx7200\lin7200 }{\listname ;}\listid1333027161}}{\*\listoverridetable{\listoverride\listid2 \listoverridecount8{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\listoverrideformat{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\f0\fs24\fbias0 }}{\lfolevel \listoverridestartat\listoverrideformat{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\listoverrideformat{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\listoverrideformat{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'03);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\listoverrideformat{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\listoverrideformat{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'05);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}}{\lfolevel \listoverridestartat\listoverrideformat{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'06);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\listoverrideformat{\listlevel \levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'07);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}}}\ls1}{\listoverride\listid1333027161\listoverridecount0\ls2}{\listoverride\listid1309629890\listoverridecount0\ls3}} {\*\rsidtbl \rsid221603\rsid811014\rsid862776\rsid933470\rsid1009808\rsid1598413\rsid1972231\rsid2193419\rsid2309175\rsid2371452\rsid2504626\rsid2506087\rsid2518168\rsid3176464\rsid3422714\rsid3484983\rsid3810279\rsid3822112\rsid3831056\rsid3888415 \rsid4019172\rsid4139962\rsid4160285\rsid4329331\rsid4331392\rsid4744076\rsid4787866\rsid4815830\rsid4855016\rsid4931203\rsid5052173\rsid5062183\rsid5123780\rsid5442352\rsid5592493\rsid5643559\rsid5910323\rsid6060947\rsid6160848\rsid6306763\rsid6514138 \rsid6782860\rsid6953338\rsid7366506\rsid7483118\rsid7818236\rsid7958375\rsid8016262\rsid8083724\rsid8270074\rsid8524331\rsid8598875\rsid8790013\rsid8866877\rsid9189166\rsid9452663\rsid9455426\rsid9776131\rsid9910589\rsid10236402\rsid10355983\rsid10500829 \rsid10712439\rsid10749241\rsid11014019\rsid11292607\rsid11355540\rsid11404427\rsid11880640\rsid11928628\rsid12015529\rsid12063525\rsid12081942\rsid12211158\rsid12873547\rsid12921552\rsid12931985\rsid12983114\rsid13198352\rsid14055906\rsid14105686 \rsid14108652\rsid14231213\rsid14307198\rsid14496123\rsid14510136\rsid14567563\rsid14571413\rsid14617668\rsid14695321\rsid14967201\rsid15032169\rsid15159555\rsid15291106\rsid15297671\rsid15405516\rsid15541791\rsid15560408\rsid15864576\rsid15869044 \rsid15945946\rsid16592213\rsid16597937\rsid16671932}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 11.0.5604;}{\info{\title \'93this is a quote, has said, of me saying \'91this is a quote\'92\'94}{\author raikatalau_l}{\operator ruddley_e} {\creatim\yr2011\mo6\dy16\hr14\min29}{\revtim\yr2011\mo6\dy20\hr16\min11}{\version3}{\edmins4}{\nofpages5}{\nofwords1815}{\nofchars10346}{\*\company Pacific Legal Information Institue}{\nofcharsws12137}{\vern24689}} \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1008\dghshow1\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct \asianbrkrule\rsidroot4787866\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15291106 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15291106 \chftnsepc \par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15291106 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\aftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15291106 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\header \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brsp20 \tqc\tx3740\tqr\tx7293\tqr\tx8789\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14567563 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\fs16\insrsid10500829\charrsid933470 \tab }{\fs16\insrsid10500829\charrsid14567563 State v General Court Martial And Attorney General}{\cs18\fs16\insrsid10500829\charrsid933470 \tab } {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs18\fs16\insrsid10500829\charrsid933470 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\cs18\fs16\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid12873547 5}}}{\fs16\insrsid10500829 }{\cs18\fs16\insrsid10500829\charrsid933470 \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14567563 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs16\insrsid10500829\charrsid14567563 exp Lt. Charles Yabakidrau Dakuliga & 7 Ors}{ \fs16\insrsid10500829 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14567563 {\insrsid10500829 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s1\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\langfe3081\kerning32\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe3081\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkstart State_v_General_Court_Martial_and_AG}State }{ \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe3081\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 v}{\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe3081\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 General Court Martial and Attorney General }{ \b0\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe3081\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 E}{\b0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe3081\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 x}{ \b0\caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe3081\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 }{\b0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe3081\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkend State_v_General_Court_Martial_and_AG}parte}{ \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe3081\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 }{\b0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe3081\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Lt Charles Yabakidrau Dakuliga & 7 Ors}{ \caps\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe3081\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard \s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\b0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe3081\kerning0\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 High Court Judicial Review Jurisdiction \par 2 November, 2001 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab HBJ 33/01S \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Judicial Review - }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 opposed leave application - decision of Court- Martial dismissing application for transfer of charges to High Court}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 - whether rulings of disciplinary Courts reviewable by the High Court - jurisdiction of the High Court \endash whether General Court-Martial an inferior Court - authority of the Commander to convene General Court-Martials \endash 1997 Constitution s120(6); Republic of Fiji Military Forces Act; High Court Rules O.53 r. 3(1) & (2); Army Act (UK) \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 The }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 a}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 pplicants applied for leave for judicial review of a decision of the General Court- Martial to refuse to transfer 19 charges laid against the applicants to the High Court or to an independent and impartial Court of law. They sought certiorari to remove into the High Court and to quash the decision, and prohibition against further proceedings, on the grounds that the Commander did not have authorization to convene the General Court-Martial to try the applicants, that the General Court- Martial erred in holding bias was unlikely to occur and the constitutional rights to be tried before a fair and impartial tribunal may not occur. The Respondents submitted that the Court did not have original jurisdiction to deal with the matter; that the General Court-Martial wa s not a subordinate Court and the supervisory role of the High Court did not exist; and that the General Court-Martial had already decided on the issues now raised. The Court agreed with the Respondents}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid12873547 '}{ \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 arguments. \par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Held\endash }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 (1) The decision of President of C ourt Martial is not judicially reviewable by the High Court. The General Court-Martial is not an inferior court but a superior Court of the same level as the High Court, and the High Court is not able to review the decision impugned. Only decisions on con viction go to the Court of Appeal.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 From this, it can be inferred that the General Court-Martial is a superior Court. It was an abuse of the process of Court to have commenced this action.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866 \par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 (2) The }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 a}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 pplicants are governed by military law under the Army Act and have to be tried by military personnel, thus the issue of bias does not arise.}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par Leave for judicial review refused. \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Cases referred to in Judgment \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 In re Racal Communications Ltd }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 [1981] AC 374 at 384 \par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 The King v The Army Council ex parte Ravenscroft }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 [1917] KBD 504 \par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 R v Oxenden}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 (1691) 1 Show KB 217 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 R v Secretary of State for Home Department}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 , }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 ex p. Cheblak }{ \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 (1991) 1 WLR 890 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 R v Social Security Commissioner and Anor }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 ex parte Pattni }{ \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 (1992) Adm. L.R. 219 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Kelemedi Bulewa for the }{\i\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 a}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 pplicants \par Capt. Kini T. Keteca with Capt. Aziz Mohammed for the Respondents \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 2 November, 2001}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\b\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 judgment}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Pathik, J \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 This is an opposed application for leave to apply for Judicial Review {\*\bkmkstart O53_3_2_HCR_State_v_GCM_Dakuliga}under Order 53 Rule 3(2) {\*\bkmkend O53_3_2_HCR_State_v_GCM_Dakuliga}of The High Court Rules 1988 by the Applicants herein in respect of the decision of the General Court-Martial delivered on 17 September 2001.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 An affidavit in support of Charles Yabakidrau Dakuliga sworn 24 September 2001 has been filed. \par \par The application was heard inter partes with Counsel from both sides making their submissions.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 After listening to counsel, it was agreed that because the Court-Martial is scheduled to resume shortly, namely, 5th November 2001 I would give a short oral decision with reasons later.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 This is what I am now doing. \par \par The President of the General Court-Martial (First Respondent) dismissed the application by the Applicants to have the charges laid against them transferred to the High Court of Fiji or to an independent and impartial Court of law. \par \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Relief sought \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 The relief sought are as follows (as stated in the application):}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\insrsid12873547 (a) }{\fs24\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 An order for Certiorari to remove into the High Court of Fiji and quash the decision of the General Court Martial, sitting at the Officers Training School, Vatuwaqa, Suva, dated 17th September, 2001; and \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\insrsid12873547 (b) }{\fs24\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 An order of Prohibition directed to the President of the said General Court Martial, its members and Judge Advocate from further proceedings with the trial against the applicants on the nineteen charges so far filed and in the process of being tried; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 AND THAT all proceedings on these charges be stayed until after the hearing of this application and the conclusion of these proceedings; \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Grounds of relief}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 The following are the grounds of relief:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s19 \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12873547 \f29\fs24\lang1033\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp3081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 That the convening officer and Commander of the Fiji Military Forces, Commodore Voreqe Bainimarama did not have the authorisation to convene the General Court Martial to try the applicants;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s19 \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12873547 { \f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 That the said General Court Martial erred in fact and law in holding that in the unique circumstances of the case a reasonable likelihood of bias was unlikely to occur;}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s19 \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}}\pard \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12873547 { \f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 That constitutional rights of the accused to be tried before a fair and impartial tribunal is unlikely to occur in this case given the unique and special circumstance it generates. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Consideration of the application}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par In his oral submission the learned Counsel for the Applicants elaborated on the grounds of relief filed. \par \par I have also had the benefit of both an oral and written submission of Mr. Keteca for the Respondents.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 He dealt very succinctly with the issue under two heads, namely: (1) jurisdiction of the High Court on rulings of disciplinary Courts and (2) lawful authority of the Commander to convene General Court Martials.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 In summarising his argument he submitted that:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s19 \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\ls2\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12873547 \f29\fs24\lang1033\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp3081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 This Court does not have the original jurisdiction to deal with this matter.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s19 \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\ls2\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12873547 { \f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 The GCM is not a subordinate court and thus the supervisory role of the High Court under Section 120(6) of the Constitution does not apply.}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s19 \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \s19\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\ls2\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12873547 { \f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 The GCM has already decided on the issues raised by the applicants in the decision dated 17 September 2001. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Leave required}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par The }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 leave of the court is a necessary pre-condition to the making of an application for judicial review, and no application for judicial review may be made unless this leave has first been duly obtained.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 (Hals. 4th Ed. Vol. 37 para 568).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 This requirement is also contained under {\*\bkmkstart O53_3_1_HCR_State_v_GCM_Dakuliga}Order 53 r 3(1) {\*\bkmkend O53_3_1_HCR_State_v_GCM_Dakuliga}of t he High Court Rules 1988 pursuant to which this application is being made.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 The said Or 53 r3(1) provides:}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 No application for judicial review shall be made unless the leave of the Court has been obtained in accordance with this rule.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par Leave is obtainable provided that, inter alia, there is an arguable case on merits. \par \par So, before the hearing of the judicial review the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 threshold stage}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 (leave stage) as regulated by Or 53 r3 has to be considered and also its purpose. \par \par The Court has held that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 even though the onus is on an applicant for leave to apply for judicial review to satisfy the Judge that the case discloses an arguable ground for relief, a Judge who grants leave without being so satisfied is acting wrongly}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 It was so held by Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Social_S_Cmsner_State_v_GCM_Dakuliga} R v Social Security Commissioner and Another {\*\bkmkend R_v_Social_S_Cmsner_State_v_GCM_Dakuliga}ex parte Pattni}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Adm. L.R. 1992 p.219. \par \par To conclude on leave aspect, I refer to the following passage and it is pertinent to this case and should be borne in mind:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 ...to filter out the applications of cranks and busybodies who might otherwise impose an excessive burden in the process of legitimate administrations.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 The granting of leave does not prevent a Respondent from applying to strike out an application, just as applications to strike out are possible in actions begun by or originating summons.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 The fact that leave is required, however, gives the Court an opportunity to control applications of its own motion, e.g. refusing leave or permitting them to proceed only in such manner as it may direct.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 The Court does not require extensive argument on an application for leave but simply need to be satisfied that the applicant has a prima facie arguable point.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 (Per Lord Donaldson in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Sec_exp_Cheblak_State_v_GCM_Dakuliga}R v Secretary of State for Home Department, ex. p. Cheblak}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Sec_exp_Cheblak_State_v_GCM_Dakuliga} (1991) 1 WLR 890 at 901 (Application for Judicial Review Law and Practice of the Crown Office by Aldous & Alder 2nd Ed. p.139). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Decision}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par In the short decision which I propose to deliver without setting forth much reason in the short time at my disposal because of the pending General Court-Martial resumption date for hearing it is this: having considered the submission of learned counsel fr om both sides I agree fully with the arguments advanced by counsel for the Respondents.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 As to arguments put forward by Mr. Bulewa for the applicants, although he had interesting points to make, I find with respect they are devoid of merits bearing in mind particularly the law as it stands. \par \par In a nutshell, this said decision of the President of the General Court-Martial is not susceptible to judicial review.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 It is not a decision which will come under the subject of administrative law to be reviewable by the High Court. \par \par Very rarely will the High Court interfere with the workings of the General Court-Martial.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 From the very strong arguments advanced by Mr. Keteca, the General Court-Martial is not an inferior court and is of the same level as High Court, namely, it is regarded as a superior Court.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 On this basis alone the High Court is not able to review the decision.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 It should be noted, as Lord Diplock said in the House of Lords in }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkstart In_re_Racal_State_v_GCM_exp_Dakuiliga}In re Racal Communications Ltd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkend In_re_Racal_State_v_GCM_exp_Dakuiliga}[1981] AC 374 at 384 that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 judicial review is available as a remedy for mistakes of law made by inferior Courts and tribunals only}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Lord Diplock states further that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 mistakes of law made by judges of the High Court acting in their capacity as such can be corrected only by means of appeal to an appellate Court; and if, as in the instant case, the statute provides that the judge}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 s decision shall not be appealable, they cannot be corrected at all.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 A further authority on the non-av ailability of judicial review against superior courts is stated in so many words by Clive Lewis in his book }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Judicial Review in Public Law }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 (1992) at 46 citing the case of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Oxenden_State_v_GCM_exp_Dakuiliga}R v Oxenden}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Oxenden_State_v_GCM_exp_Dakuiliga}(1691) 1 Show, KB 217. \par \par Apart from the above argument The Laws of Fiji in {\*\bkmkstart FMF_Act_State_v_GCM_exp_Dakuiliga}Republic of Fiji Military Forces {\*\bkmkend FMF_Act_State_v_GCM_exp_Dakuiliga}Act Cap. 81 makes provision for the applicability of the Army Act, 1955 of the United Kingdom to be in force in Fiji.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Also under Cap. 81 decisions from the decision of General Court-Martial go to Court of Appeal, Fiji Islands, but only on convictions.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 This only goes to show and it can be inferred that General Court-Martial is a superior Court and no judicial review can lie to High Court from its decision. \par \par The Court is further fortified by the following passage from the judgment of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Viscount Reading C.J.}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 in}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkstart King_v_Army_State_v_GCM_exp_Dakuiliga}The King v The Army Council, Ex parte Ravenscroft}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkend King_v_Army_State_v_GCM_exp_Dakuiliga}[1917] KBD 504 at 608 in ruling against the applicants:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 I have no doubt that this Court has no power to interfere with matters of military conduct and purely military law affecting military rules for the guidance of officers or discipline generally.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 I agree with what was said by Willes J. in }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkstart Dawkins_v_Rokeby_State_v_GCM_e_Dakuiliga}Dawkins v Lord Rokeby}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 {\*\bkmkend Dawkins_v_Rokeby_State_v_GCM_e_Dakuiliga}(1): }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 It is clear that, with respect to those matters placed within the jurisdiction of the military forces, so far as soldiers are concerned, }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 military men must determine them}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 And later he said: }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 With respect to persons who enter into military state, who take Her Majesty}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 s pay, and who are content to act under her commissi on, although they do not cease to be citizens in respect of responsibility, yet they do, by a compact which is intelligible, and which requires only the statement of it to recommend it to the consideration of any one of common sense, }{ \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 become subject to military rule and military discipline}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 .}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 That is not only an opinion which binds this Court, inasmuch as it has been followed in other cases.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 "}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 (emphasis mine underlined).}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par On the question of bias, that issue does not actually arise once the applicants are governed by military law under the Army Act and have to be tried by military personnel. \par \par For the above short reasons the application for leave to apply for judicial review is refused mainly for the reason that the said decision of the General Court-Martial is not susceptible to judicial review.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 In fact it was an abuse of the process of the Court for the applicants to have commenced this action under Order 53 of the High Court Rules.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12873547\charrsid12873547 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Leave refused. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 \par }\pard\plain \s15\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid4787866\charrsid12873547 Marie Chan \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12873547 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid12873547 \par }}