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{\*\bkmkstart Livai_Nagera_v_State}\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 LIVAI NAGERA v STATE \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkend Livai_Nagera_v_State} \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 \f180\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 High Court Criminal Appeal Jurisdiction \par 28 September, 5 October, 2001 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab HAA056/01S \par \par }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Housebreaking entering and larceny}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \endash a ppeal against conviction and sentence \endash whether juvenile at the time of trial - sufficiency of evidence}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 - whether adequate time to prepare for trial -}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 appeal against sentence -}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 found outdoors without a permit - validity of Emergency Decree 2000 and charge under the Decree \endash doctrine of necessity \endash whether reasonably}{ \i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 justifiable in free and democratic society \endash harsh and excessive - activation of sentence - age of the Appellant \endash first offender \endash Penal Code ss41 and 300(a); Emergency Decree 2000 (Decree 4/00) ss7(3), 25; Public Safety Act; Juveniles Act; High Court Act s22; 1997 Constitution ss34(3), (7)(a) \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par The Appellant was convicted and sentenced to 3\'bd years imprisonment for housebreaking entering and larceny, with an additional 3 months imprisonment activated in respect of a binding over t o keep the peace in respect of an offence under the Emergency Decree 2000 bringing the total term to 3 years and 9 months.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 At the time the offence was committed the Appellant was 17 years old.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The Appellant appealed against his conviction and sentence fo r housebreaking entering and larceny and against his sentence for }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 found outdoors without a permit}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 .}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 In respect of the appeal against conviction for housebreaking entering and larceny, the Court considered whether the Appellant was entitled to special pro tective measures of the Juveniles Act, whether there was an obligation to provide a closed court hearing or to call the Appellant}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 s parents or a welfare officer, the sufficiency of the evidence, the voluntariness of the caution statement and whether the Appellant had adequate time to prepare for trial.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 In respect of the activation of the 3 month sentence imposed in default of payment of a $300 fine for a binding over order for the charge of }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Found outdoors without a written permit}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 '}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 , the Court considered th e validity of the charge and the Emergency Decree 2000, whether the doctrine of necessity applied and whether the Decree was reasonably justifiable in a free and democratic society. \par \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Held}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \endash (1) In the absence of an enquiry as to the Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 s means to pay the $300 fine, it was inappropriate for the Magistrate to impose a three month term consecutive to the 3\'bd year sentence for the housebreaking offence.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (2) In respect of the 3\'bd year imprisonment for the housebreaking offence, the sentence was harsh and excessive.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Although the length of the sentence was within the tariff for similar offences, the fact that the Appellant was a first offender and was only 17 years old, the sentence was both harsh and excessive in the circumstances. \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 \f180\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Mitchell v DPP }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (1986) LRC (Const) 35, 88 appl. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par The Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 s 3\'bd years sentence of imprisonment is quashed and substituted with a 12 months term of imprisonment.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 No activation of the breach of binding over.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par \par Other cases referred to in Judgment \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 \f180\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Cons }{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Ah Yick v Lehmer }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (1905) 2 CLR 593 at 601 \par Cons }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Grahame Bruce Southwick v State }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (1996) AAU0020/96 }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 14 February 1996}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Foll}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Jokapeci Koroi & Others v Commissioner of Inland Revenue }{ \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (2001) HBC 179/01L 24 August 2001}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Cons }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 R v Whitehouse }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (1977) 1 QB 868 \par Cons}{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 R v Power }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (1978) 66 Cr. App. R. 15 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Foll}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Republic of Fiji v Chandrika Prasad }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (No. 2)}{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (2001) ABU 0078/00S 1 March 2001; [2001] 2 LRC 743 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 \f180\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Foll}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 State v The Ivory Trumpet Publishing Co. }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (1984) 5 NCLR 736}{ \b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Foll }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 State v Makwanyane & Anor }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (1995) 6 BCLR 665 \par Cons }{\b\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Tevita Taimalawai v State }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 [2001] HAA 0021/01B Judgment 7 August 2001 \par \par }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Appellant in person \par Buphendra Solanki for the Respondent \par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par 5 October 2001 }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 JUDGMENT \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Shameem, J \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The Appellant appeals against his conviction and sentences delivered on 11th May 2001, of 3\'bd years imprisonment for Housebreaking Entering and Larceny, and an additional 3 months imprisonment activated in respect of a binding over to keep the peace in respect of an offence under the Emergency Decree 2000. \par \par The charge of Housebreaking, read as follows: \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Statement of Offence \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 HOUSE BREAKING ENTERING AND LARCENY}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 : Contrary to Section {\*\bkmkstart s300_a_PC_Livai_Nagera_v_State}300(a) {\*\bkmkend s300_a_PC_Livai_Nagera_v_State}of the Penal Code Act 17. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Particulars of Offence \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 FILIPE DELANA and EPINERI LIVAI NAGERA, on the 11th day of January 2001 at Suva in the Central Division, broke and entered the house of SARVADA NAND SADAL s/o SADAL and stole from therein, assorted jewelleries valued $6,535.00, radio valued $2,115.00, shoes valued $95.00, assorted wrist watche s valued $395.00, perfumes valued $255.00, cuff links valued $272.00, torch valued $8.50, cash $195.00 to the total value of $9,870.50 the properties of SARVADA NAND SADAL s/o SADAL. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The charge under the Emergency Decree read as follows: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Statement of Offence \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 FOUND OUT OF DOORS WITHOUT A WRITTEN PERMIT}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 : Contrary to {\*\bkmkstart s7_3_Emergency_D_Livai_Nagera_v_State}Section 7(3) {\*\bkmkend s7_3_Emergency_D_Livai_Nagera_v_State}and {\*\bkmkstart s25_Emergency_D_Livai_Nagera_v_State} 25{\*\bkmkend s25_Emergency_D_Livai_Nagera_v_State} of the Emergency Decree No. 4 of 2000 and of the Public Safety Act 19. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Particulars of Offence \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 ILAITIA MAVOA and LIVAI NAGERA, on the 17th day of June, 2000 at Nasinu in the Central Division, were found out of doors at Bailey Bridge, Laucala Beach Estate without a written permit between specified hours of 8.00pm on 17/6/00 and 5.00am on 18/6/00. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par The Appellant now appeals against his conviction and the total sentence of 3 years and 9 months imprisonment, saying that it is harsh and excessive. \par \par At the outset, I informed State Counsel that I could not consider the appeal against the sentences unless I was satisfied of the validity of the Emergency Decree 2000 and therefore of the validity of the charge under the Decree.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 To that end, State Counsel sought leave to file the affidavit of Ac ting Superintendent Waisea Tabakau purporting to show that the Emergency Decree had been necessary to help to contain a serious situation in Fiji, from the 19th of May 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Leave was granted to file the affidavit. \par \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Grounds of Appeal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par The grounds of appeal filed by the Appellant may be summarised as follows:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1)\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 \f29\fs24\lang1033\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp3081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Inadequate time to prepare for the defence including failure to disclose the prosecution case;}{ \f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 { \f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Insufficiency of evidence;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 { \f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 He was a juvenile at the time of the trial, and his parents and welfare officer were not present;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 { \f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The sentence was harsh and excessive for a first offender. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The State opposed the appeal saying that the conviction was correct in law, that the sentence was not excessive and that the conviction and sente nce under the Emergency Decree justified under the doctrine of necessity. \par \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The trial}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 At the time the offence was committed the Appellant was already 17 years old, and no longer entitled to the special protective measures of the Juveniles Act.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Further duri ng his interview with the police, he was asked if he wanted to have his relatives present during his interview but he declined.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Indeed in court he told me that he had no relatives who visited him in prison, or who showed interest in him while he was remanded pending trial. \par \par Thus, in law, there was no obligation to provide a closed court hearing for the Appellant, nor did the learned Magistrate need to call for his parents and a welfare officer.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 If he had been under the age of 17 at the time of trial, and had been accorded special protection it is unlikely that his parents would in any event have attended. \par \par As to sufficiency of evidence, the Appellant and his accomplice were identified by Special Constable Tavola of the Muanikau Police Post near the crime scene with a radio and a green bag.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The bag contained items stolen in the break-in at Mr Justice Sadal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 s house.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 They were apprehended three weeks later because the Constable was unable to catch them at the time.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Under caution, the Appellant said that on 11th January 2001, he was sleeping in a cave in Toorak with the accomplice, when they decided to go to Muanikau.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 His friend broke into the house while he stood outside watching.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 They then entered the house and took the items in the charge.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 He admitted committing the offence. \par \par In her judgment the learned Magistrate accepted the evidence of the Special Constable and accepted the voluntariness of the caution statement.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 She found the Appellant guilty. \par \par There was ample evidence on which she could make this finding and she did not err in convicting the Appellant. \par \par The record also shows that the Appellant applied for legal aid, and that legal aid was only provided for a bail application on 26th March 2001.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Although bail was refused on the ground that the Appellant had re-offended during his bound over period, the Appellant had from 22nd January 2001 to 20th April 2001 to prepare for the trial.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Indeed a perusal of the record shows that he did a competent job in defending himself, and was able to call a witness in his defence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 In the circumstances I consider that the trial was conducted fairly and that the conviction was correct in law. The appeal against conviction is dismissed. \par \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Sentence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par The sentence included the activation of a 3 month period of imprisonment imposed in default of a binding over order imposed by the same Magistrate on 11th May 2001.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The Appellant did not appeal against the conviction in respect of this offence, but I consider it necessary and just to consider the validity of the charge.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 This is particularly so because the Appellant is unrepresented. \par \par State Counsel urged me to ignore the question of the validity of the charge asking me to confine my judgment to the question of sentence only.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 I am somewhat surprised at this submission.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 It is encumbant upon every appellate court to consider all issues relevant to the appeal whether or not they were raised as a ground of appeal.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Thus where a charge was laid which was not known in law or was clearly defective, the sentence is a nullity, and the court can so declare even where the appeal was against sentence only.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Thus in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkstart Regina_v_Whitehouse_L_Nagera_v_State}Regina v Whitehouse}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkend Regina_v_Whitehouse_L_Nagera_v_State}(1977) 1 QB 868, the Court of Appeal considered the validity of the charges on an appeal against sentence and found that the offences on the indictment were unknown to the law.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Recently in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkstart Tevita_Taimalawai_v_State_Nagera_v_State}Tevita Taimalawai v The State}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkend Tevita_Taimalawai_v_State_Nagera_v_State}Criminal Appeal No.0021 of 2001, Fatiaki J quashed a conviction for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 House Breaking & Entering with Intent to Commit a Felony}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 , on an appeal against sentence, finding that the charge was not known in law. \par \par As Griffith CJ said in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkstart Ah_Yick_v_Lehmer_L_Nagera_v_State}Ah Yick v Lehmer}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkend Ah_Yick_v_Lehmer_L_Nagera_v_State}(1905) 2 CLR 593 at 601:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 When there is a general appeal from an inferior Court to another Court, the Court of Appeal can entertain any matter, however arising, which shows that the decision of the Court appealed from is erroneous.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The error may consist in a wrong determination of a matter properly before the court for its decision, or it may consist in an assertion by that Court of a jurisdiction whic h it does not suggest, or it may consist in a refusal of the Court to exercise a jurisdiction which it possesses.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 In all these cases the Court of Appeal can exercise its appellate jurisdiction in order to set the error right.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par That passage was cited with approval by the Fiji Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkstart Grahame_Southwick_v_State_Nagera_v_State}Grahame Bruce Southwich v The State}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkend Grahame_Southwick_v_State_Nagera_v_State}Crim. App. No. AAU0020 of 1996.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The Court of Appeal said that the above passage was a correct statement of the common law, which is applicable in Fiji by virtue of {\*\bkmkstart s22_HC_Act_Livai_Nagera_v_State} section 22 {\*\bkmkend s22_HC_Act_Livai_Nagera_v_State}of the High Court Act.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 That section provides that the common law of England prior to the enactment of the Act, is applicable in Fiji. \par \par In the circumstances not only do I have the jurisdiction to consider the validity of the charge under the Emergency Decree, but I consider it just to do so.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 To turn a blind eye to the possible invalidity of the charge in an appeal against sentence is neither just nor proper and I reject the State}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 s submissions on this point. \par \par The question therefore is whether the charge of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Found out of doors without a written permit}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 is valid, and whether the Emergency Decree 2000 is a valid law.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 State Counsel submits, and I agree, that the reference to the Public Safety Act in the Statement of Offence was an error but not one which invalidated the charge.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The particulars of the offence were clearly worded and there was no prejudice or injustice to the Appellant as a result of the error (}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Power_Livai_Nagera_v_State}R v Power}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Power_Livai_Nagera_v_State}(1978) 66 Cr. App. R. 15). \par \par The State conceded at the outset that there was no constitutional basis for the Emergency Decree 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Under the Constit ution, there is no power given to the military to pass any laws, emergency or otherwise.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 State Counsel submitted however, that the Decree was lawful under the doctrine of necessity as an extra-constitutional measure taken by the army commander to maintain public security.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 He relied on the affidavit of Acting Superintendent Waisea Tabakau.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The affidavit, sworn on 27th September 2001, states that there was an armed invasion of Parliament on 19th May 2000, and that members of Parliament were taken hostage.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 It said that there was rioting in the streets of Suva and rebels moving in and out of Parliament.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 It states that on the 27th of May 2000, two soldiers and a British journalist were shot and wounded by rebels, and that on the next day, armed rebels raided the Fiji Television Office causing extensive damage.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 It said that as a result of rebel activity a security guard and a police constable died and that on the 30th of May 2000 the President of Fiji and his family were moved to a safe house for their own security. \par \par The affidavit deposes as to a deteriorating law and order situation accompanied by the take-over of Army Barracks and Police Stations around the country, and the continued hostage situation in Parliament.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 On 29th May 2000 Commodore Bainimarama }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 assumed all executive authority and established Martial Law.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 " }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Finally, the affidavit states that on 2nd June 2000, the Commodore promulgated the Emergency Decree 2000. \par \par The Decree itself commences with the following statement:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Whereas given the escalating civil unrest and political uncertainty in the country with its attendant grave risks to life and property, it is imperative that the emergency situation continues in order to guarantee the safety of the people of Fiji and to maintain law and order. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 NOW T HEREFORE, in exercise of the powers conferred upon me as the Commander and the Head of the Interim Military Government of Fiji, I proclaim the following:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par The Decree allowed for the prohibit of a meeting, procession or assembly, by the district officer, t he closing of roads, the control of the movement of persons thought to be involved in acts likely to cause a breach of the peace, the control of arms, ammunition and explosives, and provided for the use of reasonable force by a member of the armed forces to prevent the imminent threat to life or property.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkstart s7_Emergency_Decree_L_Nagera_v_State}Section 7 {\*\bkmkend s7_Emergency_Decree_L_Nagera_v_State}of the Decree provided:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (1) The Commissioner of Police, Officer Commanding, the officer in charge of a Police District ma y by order in the Gazette require every person within a specified area to remain within doors between such hours as may be specified in the order unless in possession of a written permit in that behalf by a police officer or the officer in charge of a Pol ice District or a district officer or a military officer to issue such permits.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par Section {\*\bkmkstart s7_3_Emergency_Decree_L_Nagera_v_State}7(3) {\*\bkmkend s7_3_Emergency_Decree_L_Nagera_v_State}provides:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Any person who is out of doors without a permit in writing within an area declared under this section and between such hours as have been specified to remain indoors commits an offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par It is under section 7(3) that the Appellant was convicted. \par \par The Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkstart Republic_v_Prasad_2_Nagera_v_State}The Republic of Fiji v Chandrika Prasad}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkend Republic_v_Prasad_2_Nagera_v_State}Civil Appeal No. ABU0078/2000S at p.27 said this of the doctrine of necessity: \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The doctrine of necessity enables those in de facto c ontrol, such as the military, to respond to and deal with a sudden and stark crisis in circumstances which had not been provided for in the written Constitution or where the emergency powers machinery in that Constitution was inadequate for the occasion.} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The extra-constitutional action authorised by the doctrine is essentially of a temporary character and it ceases to apply once the crisis has passed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par At first instance, Gates J said:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 It is obvious therefore that the doctrine of necessity could come to aid Commodore Bainimarama in resolving the hostage crisis, imposing curfews, maintaining road blocks and ensuing law and order on the streets.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Once the hostage crisis was resolved and all other law and order matters contained, if not entirely eradicated, t he Constitution previously temporarily on ice or suspended, would re-emerge as the supreme law demanding his support and that of the military to uphold it against any other usurpers.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par The Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Chandrika Prasad}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (supra) at p.26 cited with appr oval the following passage from the judgment of Haynes P in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkstart Mitchell_v_DPP_L_Nagera_v_State}Mitchell v DPP}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkend Mitchell_v_DPP_L_Nagera_v_State}(1986) LRC (Const) 35, 88:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 I would lay down the requisite conditions to be that:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10254753 \fs24\lang1033\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp3081 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 i. }{ \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 an imperative necessity must arise because of the existence of exceptional circumstances not provided for in the Constitution, for immediate action to be taken to protect or preserve some vital function to the State;}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 ii. }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 there must be no other course of action reasonably available; \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 iii. }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 any such action must be reasonably necessary in the interest of peace, order, and good government; but it must not do more than is necessary or legislate beyond that; \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 iv. }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 it must not impair the just rights of citizens under the Constitution; \par }\pard \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 \par }\pard \s19\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 v. }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 it must not be one the sole effect and intention of which is to consolidate or strengthen the revolution as such.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par The burden of proving }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 necessity}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 is on the party claiming the validity of the unconstitutional action.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 As Haynes P said at p.88:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 It is for this court to pronounce on the validity (if so) of any unconstitutional action on the basis of necessity, after determining as questions of fact, whether or not the above conditions exist. But it is for the party requiring the Court to do so to ensure tha t proof of this is on the record.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Such validation will not be a once-for-all validation, so to speak, it will be a temporary one, being effective only during the existence of the necessity.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par More recently, Gates J held in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkstart Koroi_v_CIR_2_L_Nagera_v_State}{\*\bkmkstart Jokapeci_K_Inland_Revenue_State_v_Livai}Jokapeci Koroi & Others v The Commissioner of {\*\bkmkend Koroi_v_CIR_2_L_Nagera_v_State}Inland Revenue}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkend Jokapeci_K_Inland_Revenue_State_v_Livai} Civil Action No. HBC179/2001L, that a decree imposing Value Added Tax on food items could not be justified under the doctrine of necessity.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 He said at page 25: \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 There is a danger in allowing the doctrine of necessity to degenerate into a doctrine of convenience, a doctrine to avoid awkward or embarrassing situations.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 That is not the doctrine of necessity.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par Applying the principles laid down in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Mitchell}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (supra), I am satisfied on the affidavit of ASP Tabakau that the hostage-taking of Parliamentarians on May 19th created an exceptional situation which was not provided for in the Constitution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 I also accept that there was no other course of action available than to allow for the security measures promulgated in the Emergency Decree.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 I am also satisfied that the promulgation of the Emergency Decree was reasonably necessary in the interests of peace, order and good government and that it does not make provision for acts that go beyond national security measures. \par \par As to the condition that the Decree must not impair the just rights of citizens, there can be no doubt that it severely limits the rights of citizens to freely move around Fiji.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 However the freedom of movement provision under section 34(3) of the Constitution is limited by {\*\bkmkstart Const_s34_7_L_Nagera_v_State}section 34(7) {\*\bkmkend Const_s34_7_L_Nagera_v_State}which provides:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 A law may limit or may authorise the limitation of, the right of a person to freedom of movement:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10254753 \f29\fs24\lang1033\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp3081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (a) \tab in the interests of national security, public safety, public order, public morality or public health.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par Section 34(7)(a) is subject to a further restriction, that a law may limit the right }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 but only to the extent that the limitation is reasonable and justifiable in a free and democratic society.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The Nigerian High Court in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkstart State_v_Ivory_Trumpet_L_Nagera_v_State}State v The Ivory Trumpet {\*\bkmkend State_v_Ivory_Trumpet_L_Nagera_v_State}Publishing Co.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 (1984) 5 NCLR 736, 750, said (per Araka CJ):}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 For a restriction ... to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society the restriction itself must be reasonable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 But it is not all restrictions that are reasonable that must of necessity be justifiable in a democratic society.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par The Constitutional Court of South Africa said in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkstart State_v_Makwanyane_L_Nagera_v_State}State v Makwanyane & Anor.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkend State_v_Makwanyane_L_Nagera_v_State}(1995) 6 BCLR 665, that what is required of the courts, is a balancing of the benefits to a democratic society resulting from the restriction with the detriment caused to a democratic society by the specific restriction.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 At p.104 the Court said (per Chaskalson P): \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 In the balancing process, relevant considerations will include the nature of the right that is limited, and its importance to an open and democratic society based on freedom and equality; the purpose for which the right is limited and the importance of that purpose to such a society; the extent of the limitation, its eff icacy, and particularly where the limitation has to be necessary, whether the desired ends could reasonably be achieved through other means less damaging to the right in question.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par In respect of the Emergency Decree, it is clear that the extraordinary measures (including the involvement of the armed forces in maintaining law and order) were passed to meet an extraordinary situation.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Indeed the measures were introduced to deal with persons responsible for the removal of democracy, and those who might take a dvantage of the situation which arises when democratic institutions are destroyed, or fail to operate.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The freedom of movement provision in the Constitution is undoubtedly important in a free and democratic society, but even more important is the protection of democracy itself.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Further, the emergency powers procedures laid down in the Constitution, were frustrated because of the inability of the Cabinet to function.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 In these circumstances insofar as the Emergency Decree was in breach of Section 34 of the Constitution, it was reasonably justifiable in a free and democratic society when it was passed by Commodore Bainimarama on 2nd June 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Whether it continues to be justifiable, is a matter which the State must prove to the satisfaction of the courts, on each occasion it seeks to rely upon its provisions. \par \par The last condition is that the Decree must not have the effect and intention of consolidating or strengthening the revolution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 I am satisfied on the affidavit evidence before me, that the intention was solely to restore law and order in Fiji. \par \par The Emergency Decree, when promulgated, therefore passes the }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Mitchell}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 test.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Further, because the Appellant was found to be in breach of the Decree when the hostage crisis was continuing, I am satisfied that the doctrine of necessity applied at the time he committed the offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The charge is therefore valid. \par \par That is, of course, not to say that the Emergency Decree continues to be valid under the doctrine of necessity. \par \par State Counsel conceded that once the hostages were released, and the arms returned to the Army, the Emergency Decree was no longer necessary.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Although this issue calls for full argument when a party seeks to rely upon the Decree after the release of the hostages, I doubt that the principles in }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Mitchell}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 would be satisfied in respect of the Emergency Decree once the hostage crisis was resolved, and the rebels detained by the police. \par \par Turning therefore to sentence, the learned Magistrate was right to bind over the Appellant for being in breach of the curfew on the 11th of June 2000, under section 41 of the Penal Code.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 {\*\bkmkstart s41_PC_Livai_Nagera_v_State}Section 41 {\*\bkmkend s41_PC_Livai_Nagera_v_State}allows the Magistrates}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Court to bind over a person to keep the peace and to be of good behaviour for a period not exceeding two years.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The Appellant was a first offender, and this sentence was well suited to both offence and offender.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 However, the condition imposed was that he should pay $300 if he failed to keep the peace.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Such a recognizance would be meaningless for an unemployed youth with no family to support him.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 His inability to pay the $300 when and if he re-offended, should have been predictable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 And, in ordering him to be imprisoned for failure to pay the $300 the learned Magistrate should have enquired as to the Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 ' }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 s means and as to his ability to pay.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 In the absence of such an enquiry the imposition of the three month term consecutive to the 3\'bd years is inappropriate and I quash it accordingly. \par \par I now turn to the 3\'bd years imprisonment for the House-breaking offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The length imposed was certainly within the tariff for similar offences, and the Appellant was entitled to no discount for a guilty plea.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 However, apart from the breach of curfew offence, the Appellant was a first offender.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Further, he was only 17 years old.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 In the circumstances the sentence imposed was both harsh and excessive.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The fact that his was not the principal role in the offending should also have been taken into account. \par \par In all the circumstances I consider a term of 12 months imprisonment to be an appropriate sentence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 The Appellant}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 s sentence is therefore quashed and substituted with a term of imprisonment for 12 months.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10254753 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 There is no activation of the breach of binding over. \par \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Appeal allowed. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10254753 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10562406\charrsid10254753 Shayne Sorby \par }}