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Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 27 July, \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 6 August, 2001\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 HAA 042/01S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Wrongful confinement \endash criminal intimidation \endash appeal against sentences \endash whether magistrate failed to take into account prison discipline \endash whether sentence by Court is disproportionately severe treatement or double jeopardy \endash 12 month sentence affirmed - Constitution ss25(1) and 28(1)(k); Penal Code ss253, 330(b); Prisons Act ss82, 83 \par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par T he Appellants, both serving prisoners forcefully took over the prison and held 12 officers captive for one day. A2, who threatened to injure prison officers was charged with criminal intimidation. The Magistrate sentenced the Appellants to 12 months conse c utive to their current term, but A2 faced a further 12 months concurrent to count 1. The State submitted that prison discipline is not a conviction for the purposes of the autrefois convict principle, and that the sentence was neither harsh nor excessive nor disproportionately severe. The Court received affidavit evidence of reduction in prisoner privileges.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The Court found that it unclear whether the prison discipline was for the same offence or whether it was for conduct arising out of the hostage situat ion. The Court discussed what is disproportionately severe treatment. It referred the Appellants to agencies where they could complain about treatment which could be out of proportion to events that occurred in prison. \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Held\endash }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (1)}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 }{ \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The relevance of punishment under section 83 of the Prisons Act is to mitigate sentence. Prison discipline is not a criminal sentence but a disciplinary matter. It does not affect conviction. The magistrates' court had powers to deal with conviction, there being no double jeopardy and no breach of the Constitution s28. \par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 \par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (2) The test for \lquote disproportionately severe\rquote punishment is }{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 whether it outrages public opinion or that is startlingly inappropriate for the offending, or that is excessively severe\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 . Sentences of 12 months are not dispro\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 portionately severe where the maximum term is 10 years, where the offenders took advantage of a politically unstable period in Fiji\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s history, added to an already volatile national situation, and caused fear not only amongst prison officers but also the g\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 neral population.}{ \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Both Appellants\rquote 12 month consecutive sentence on count 1 and A2\rquote s 12 month concurrent sentence on count 2 affirmed. \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 \par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 [note: for A1\rquote s Court of Appeal Judgment, see (No. 2) reported in this volume. The prisons Act has been repealed and replaced by the Prisons and Corrections Act 2006 2/06]. \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Cases referred to in Judgment \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Connelly v DPP}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (1964) AC 1254 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Furman v Georgia}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (1972) 408 US 238 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Lewis v Mogan}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (1943) 1 KB 377}{ \b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The Queen v White ex parte Byrnes}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (1963) 109 CLR 665 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 R v Smith}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (1987) SCR 1045 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Reg v Hogan}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (1960) 3 WLR 426 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 S v Vries}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (1996) 12 BCLR 1666 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Sudi Yaku v Commissioner of Police Ex Parte The State}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (1980) PNGLR 27 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Taito Rarasea v State}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (2000) 2 FLR 27 \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Appellants in person \par Josaia Naigulevu with S Bavou for the Respondent \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 6 August, 2001}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\b\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 judgment}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Shameem, J \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 This is an appeal by the two Appellants against their sentences of 12 months imprisonment each, in the Suva Magistrates}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Court on 11th May 2001, for the offences of Wrongful Confinement and Criminal Intimidation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The charges read as follows: \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 FIRST COUNT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Statement of Offence \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 WRONGFUL CONFINEMENT}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 : Contrary to Section {\*\bkmkstart s253_PC_Cerevakawalu_Balesavu_v_State_1}253{\*\bkmkend s253_PC_Cerevakawalu_Balesavu_v_State_1} of the Penal Code, Cap. 17. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Particulars of Offence}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 NASONI TAMANI, SERUPEPELI CEREVAKAWALU, OSEA BALEASAVU and others, between the 12th day of July 2000 and the 13th day of July 2000, at the Medium Security Prison, Naboro in the Central Division , knowingly and wilfully confined ASP KORESI RAYAWA, PPO TEVITA KOROITAMANA, ACTING PPO SOLOMONE TUINASAU, SGT 764 INOSI TOGA, SGT 775 VENAISI BULI, POC 745 NEORI RACULE, POC 943 JOSAIA QEREQERETABUA, POC 933 JONE WAQALEVU, POC 1029 TANIELA RARARUA, POC 9 50 SHALENDRA SHARMA s/o Mahen Prasad, POC 890 JAGDISH SINGH s/o Prem Singh and POC 1110 SAULA SAUMAKA. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 SECOND COUNT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Statement of Offence \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 CRIMINAL INTIMIDATION}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 : Contrary to Section {\*\bkmkstart s330_b_PC_State_v_Cerevakawalu_Balesav_1}{\*\bkmkstart s330_b_PC_Cerevakawalu_Balesav_v_State_1}330(b) {\*\bkmkend s330_b_PC_State_v_Cerevakawalu_Balesav_1}{\*\bkmkend s330_b_PC_Cerevakawalu_Balesav_v_State_1}of the Penal Code, Cap. 17. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Particulars of Offence \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 SERUPEPELI CEREVAKAWALU and others, between the 12th day of July 2000 and the 13th day of July 2000 at the Medium Security Prison, Naboro in the Central Division, without lawful excuse directly and knowingly threatened ASP KORESI RAYAWA, PPO TEVITA KOROITAMANA, ACTING PPO SOLOMONE TUINASAU, SGT. 764 INOSI T OGA, SGT. 775 VENAISI BULI, POC 745 NEORI RACULE, POC 943 JOSAIA QEREQERETABUA, POC 933 JONE WAQALEVU, POC 029 TANIELA RARARUA, POC 950 SHALENDRA SHARMA s/o Mahen Prasad, POC 890 JAGDISH SINGH s/o Prem Singh and POC 1110 SAULA SAUMAKA collectively of inju ry to the said persons with intent to cause alarm to those persons. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par They now appeal against their sentences.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Their grounds are similar and may be summarised as follows:}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 '}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 1.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \tab That the learned Magistrate failed to take into account the incidents of prison discipline already imposed on the Appellants;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834 \par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 2.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \tab That the Appellants have been punished twice for the same offence; and \par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 \par }\pard \s20\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 3.\tab That their sentence was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 disproportionately severe treatment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 under section 25(1) of the Constitution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par At the hearing in the Magistrates}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Court, the prosecution, in outlining facts, said that both Appellant s had been serving prisoners at the Naboro Medium Security Prison on 12th July 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 On that day, at about 1.30pm they with other prisoners forcefully took over the prison and took twelve prison officers captive.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 They were armed with knives, iron rods, sticks and forks.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 They threatened and abused the prison officers, until the prison complex was stormed by the police and the Prisons Emergency Unit on the 13th of July 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 These were the facts relevant to Count One. \par \par On Count Two the prosecution said that the second Appellant, threatened to injure the prison officers, held hostage in respect of Count One.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The 1st Appellant was not charged with Criminal Intimidation. \par \par Both Appellants admitted their considerable number of previous convictions.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The 1st Appellant told the learned Magistrate:}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Already sentenced in prison under the Prison Act.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 This is punishment enough.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 One cannot be punished twice for the same offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par The 2nd Appellant said:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Ask for mitigation before the Chief Magistrate.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Same as Accused 2.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Ask for time to put the mitigation in writing.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par The learned Magistrate adjourned for sentence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 In his sentencing remarks he said that the offences had been committed when the State was trying its best to control law and order after the May 19th crisis.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 He sentenced the Appellants to a 12 month term of imprisonment consecutive to the term they were currently serving, and a further 12 months imprisonment for Accused 2 on Count 2 to be served concurrently with the sentence on Count 1. \par \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The Appeal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par When this appeal was first called for hearing, counsel for the State, sought and received leave to file an affidavit on behalf of the Prisons Department explaining the circumstances of the prison discipline sentenced. \par \par On 20th July 2001 the State filed the affidavit of Sikeli Tamani, Officer in Charge of the Naboro Maximum Prison Complex.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 He said that on the 15th of August 2000, the two Appellants were transferred to the Naboro Maximum Security Complex }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 as a result of their involvement in the Medium Security Complex takeover and the wrongful confinement of the Medium Security Complex Wardens in July 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 " }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 He said they were also transferred for the security and safety of the prison officers and prisoners at the Medium Security Complex. \par \par Additionally, he states at Paragraph 8 of his affidavit, that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 the Naboro Stage Promotion Restoration Board reviewed the Appellants}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 records and reduced their privileges to the First Stage Category by virtue of {\*\bkmkstart s83_1_Prison_Act_Cerevakawalu_v_State_1}section 83(1) {\*\bkmkend s83_1_Prison_Act_Cerevakawalu_v_State_1}of the Prison Act Regulations Cap 86 Laws of Fiji.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 " }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 He further states that the Appellants continued to receive all other normal privileges including exercise, visits, sleeping times and approved items. \par \par In their submissions the Appellants disputed the effect of the prison discipline inflicted, saying that they had visitation rights reduced, sleeping times reduced and exercise rights varied. \par \par The Director of Public Prosecutions opposed the appeal, saying that prison discipline was not a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 conviction}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 for the purposes of the autrefois convict principle, and that the sentence was neither harsh nor excessive nor }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 disproportionately severe.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The Grounds of Appeal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par The first ground of appeal is that the learned Magistrate had failed to take into account the fact that the Appellants had already been disciplined by the Prison Service.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 It is not in dispute that the Appellants were disciplined for their role in the prison hostage crisis.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Nor is it in dispute that the discipline was imposed before they were sentenced by the Magistrates}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Court. \par \par {\*\bkmkstart s82_Prisons_Act_Cerevakawalu_B_v_State_1}Section 82 {\*\bkmkend s82_Prisons_Act_Cerevakawalu_B_v_State_1}of the Prisons Act provides:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Any prisoner who commits any prison offence as may be prescribed under the provisions of this Act shall be guilty of a prison offence and shall be liable to suffer punishment in accordance with the provisions of this Act: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Provided that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 \endash }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364\charrsid10297364 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s21 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard\plain \s21\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10297364 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 nothing in this connection shall be construed to exempt any prisoner from being proceeded against for any offence for any other process of law;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834 \par }\pard \s21\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364\charrsid10297364 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s21 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \s21\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10297364 { \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 save as expressly provided by the provisions of this Act, no prisoner shall be punished twice for the same offence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{ \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Section 83 of the Prisons Act allows the Controller of Prisons and/or a Supervisor to impose punishments for the trial of prison offences.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 These punishments include forfeiture of remission of sentence, deprivation of earnings, and forfeiture of privileges.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 It also includes a power to reduce a prisoner}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 s diet. \par \par Section 82 of the Prisons Act expressly allows a criminal court to deal with a prisoner, after he has been disciplined under section 83 of the Act.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The relevance of the punishment under the Prisons Act, is that it may mitigate sentence. \par \par In this case, there is no dispute that the learned Magistrate was told of the prison discipline.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Not only was he told of it in the course of the hearing but the 2nd Appellant in his submissions on appeal said that the learned Magistrate had visited the prison as a visiting justice, and was fully aware of the detail of such discipline because he had b een briefed on his visit. \par \par Although he did not refer specifically to the previous punishment, it is apparent from the learned Magistrate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 s sentencing remarks, that he considered the offences to be grave and deserving of an additional term of imprisonment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Given the maximum statutory term of the offences, the 12 months imposed on each count was hardly excessive.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 This ground is therefore dismissed. \par \par The second ground of appeal is that the Appellants have been punished twice for the same offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 It is unfo rtunate that the affidavit of Sikeli Tamani, fails to set out the exact nature of the offences charged and the exact nature of the discipline imposed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 It is therefore unclear what offences were charged, and in what way they were similar to the criminal charges. \par \par However, as the Director of Public Prosecutions submitted, the imposing of prison discipline is not a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 criminal sentence}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 , it is a disciplinary matter.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 He referred me to the case of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkstart Reg_v_Hogan_Cerevakawalu_B_v_State_1}Reg v Hogan}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkend Reg_v_Hogan_Cerevakawalu_B_v_State_1}(1960) 3 WLR 426, a decision of the English Court of Criminal Appeal.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 In that case, the Appellants were convicted of aiding a prisoner to escape and resisting a peace office.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 They were sentenced to two years imprisonment on each count.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Counsel for the Appellants, before sentence, had informed the sentencing judge that the Appellants had already been dealt with by the Prison Rules.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 They had forfeited all privileges for 28 days, forfeited earnings for 28 days, forfeited associated work and were confined to their cells for 15 days.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The judge then proceeded on the count of escaping but struck out a count of simple escape.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The Appellants appealed.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The Court of Criminal Appeal said at page 429 (per Lord Parker CJ): \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 It so happens that the offence created under the Prison Rules, an offence against discipline, is in fact the same as the common law offence of escape, but the visiting committee dealt with the matter as an offence against discipline under the Prison Rules .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 They have not dealt with the common law offence of simple escape.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 It follows, therefore in our judgment, that, strictly, Hilbery J need not have struck out the first count as to simple escape, though clearly it was the sensible thing to do, because if c onvicted of simple escape alone the judge, in deciding upon the sentence would have to take into consideration what had already happened as a matter of prison discipline.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par The Court went on to say that a prisoner can be charged both with the common law offence of simple escape and with the same offences under the Prison Rules, saying: \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The truth of the matter is that the visiting Committee are dealing with matters of internal discipline with which this court is in no way concerned.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par This, of course makes good sense.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The prison rules are there to ensure the maintenance of an orderly prison. They do not create criminal offences, they create disciplinary offences.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 These are matters relevant for sentence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 They do not affect conviction. \par \par In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkstart S_Yaku_v_Compol_Cerevakawalu_B_v_State_1}Sudi Yaku v Commissioner of Police Ex Parte The State}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkend S_Yaku_v_Compol_Cerevakawalu_B_v_State_1} (1980) PNGLR 27 Andrew J considered the principle of autrefois convict in relation to police disciplinary charges, and criminal charges for the same conduct.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 His Lordship said (at p.30): \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 In my opinion a criminal conviction does not, in the absence of any statutory provision, bar subsequent disciplinary action.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Any other result would be absurd.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 How could it be said that a public servant found guilty of stealing monies from the public service could not then be dismissed?}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 It is clear law today that a professional body has the right to suspend or expel a member following a conviction in a criminal court.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkstart Queen_White_Exp_B_Cerevakawalu_v_State_1}The Queen v White ex parte Byrnes}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkend Queen_White_Exp_B_Cerevakawalu_v_State_1}(1963) 109 CLR 665, the High Court of Australia said that an offence under the Public Service Act was not a criminal offence, but was a disciplinary matter before an administrative tribunal. \par \par In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkstart T_Rarasea_v_State_Cerevakawalu_v_State_1}Taito Rarasea v The State}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkend T_Rarasea_v_State_Cerevakawalu_v_State_1}Criminal Appeal No. HAA 0027 OF 2000, Madraiwiwi J considered whether a reduction of rations and the extension of a prison sentence by the Commissioner of Prisons, for the prison offence of escaping was a breach of section 25(1) of the Constitution and {\*\bkmkstart Const_28_1_k_Cerevakawalu_v_State_1}section 28(1)(k) {\*\bkmkend Const_28_1_k_Cerevakawalu_v_State_1}of the Constitution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The former section protects the freedom from inhuman, degrading, or disproportionately severe treatment, the latter protects the right not to be tried twice for the same offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 He found that the reduction of rations was degrading and inhuman, a nd that the extending of his prison term by the number of days he had been at large, the prisoner had been punished twice for the same offence. \par \par His Lordship based his decision on the fact that, in his view, the prisoner was punished twice for the same conduct, because his sentence had, in effect, been lengthened by the Commissioner of Prisons.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 That case is of course, quite different from this one.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 There is no extension of the prison term nor a reduction of rations. \par \par {\*\bkmkstart Const_s28_1_k_Cerevakawalu_B_v_State_1}Section {\*\bkmkstart Const_s28_1_k_State_v_Cerevakawalu_B_1}28(1)(k) {\*\bkmkend Const_s28_1_k_Cerevakawalu_B_v_State_1}{\*\bkmkend Const_s28_1_k_State_v_Cerevakawalu_B_1}provides: \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Every person charged with an offence has the right: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (k) not to be tried again for an offence of which he or she has previously been convicted or acquitted.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par The word }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 convicted}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 has been interpreted as meaning convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 (}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkstart Connelly_v_DPP_Cerevakawalu_B_v_State_1}Connelly v DPP}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkend Connelly_v_DPP_Cerevakawalu_B_v_State_1}(1964) AC 1254, }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkstart Lewis_v_Mogan_Cerevakawalu_v_State_1}Lewis v Mogan}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkend Lewis_v_Mogan_Cerevakawalu_v_State_1}(1943) 1 KB 377). A }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 conviction}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 is not one imposed by a domestic or internal tribunal.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Thus an employee can be dismissed by a disciplinary tribunal, and prosecuted for the same conduct. \par \par I find therefore that where a criminal charge is laid in respect of conduct which has already been the subject of a prison disciplinary charge, the court can still proceed to try the criminal offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The discipline imposed is however to be taken into account for the purpose of sentence. \par \par In this case it is not clear whether the Appellants were disciplined for the same conduct, or whether it was for conduct arising from the hostage situation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 However, whichever is the case, the Magistrates}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Court had powers to deal with the criminal charge.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 There was no double jeopardy, and no breach of section 28 of the Constitution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 This ground is dismissed. \par \par The third ground raises the question of what is disproportionately severe punishment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The test for }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 disproportionately severe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 punishment, is whether it outrages public opinion, or that it is startlingly inappropriate for the offending, or that it is excessively severe.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 These are the tests developed in other jurisdictions with comparable constitutional provisions (see }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Smith_Cerevakawalu_Balesav_v_State_1}R v Smith}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Smith_Cerevakawalu_Balesav_v_State_1}(1987) SCR 1045, }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkstart Furman_v_Georgia_Cerevakawalu_v_State_1}Furman v Georgia}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkend Furman_v_Georgia_Cerevakawalu_v_State_1}(1972) 408 US 238 and }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkstart S_v_Vries_Cerevakawalu_Balesav_v_State_1}S v Vries}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 {\*\bkmkend S_v_Vries_Cerevakawalu_Balesav_v_State_1}(1996) 12 BCLR 1666).}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 It is not suggested that the Penal Code offences and punishments, offend section 25(1) of the Constitution in principle, only that the sentences passed on these offenders, were disproportionately severe to the offending. \par \par The maximum term for an offence of Wrongful Confinement is ten years imprisonment. The maximum term for Criminal Intimidation is ten years imprisonment in a case where there is threat to cause injury.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The offending in this case took advantage of a politically unstable period in Fiji}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 s history.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 It added to an already volatile national situation, and must have caused fear not only amongst the prison officers who were victims, but also in the general population. \par \par In the circumstances I see nothing disproportionately severe in the sentence of 12 months imposed on the Appellants.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Had they not been disciplined for the incident in prison, no doubt both would have received a considerably longer term. \par \par This ground is also dismissed. \par \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Conclusion}{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid414830\charrsid10297364 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 This appeal is unsuccessful for the reasons I have given.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 However, before I conclude this judgment, I consider it a matter of some concern that the Appellant s appear to have a real sense of grievance about the way they were treated after the hostage crisis.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 The 1st Appellant says that he lost his eye as a result of assault on him. \par \par The Director of Public Prosecutions assured me that if they were to complain to him or to the police about their alleged assaults, their complaints would be investigated.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 It is also open to the Appellants to make a complaint with the Human Rights Commission.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10297364 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Whatever the circumstances might be, a full and fair investigation would go a long way to address what I detect to be, a feeling that both Appellants share, that the syst em has treated them unfairly, and out of proportion to the events that occurred in the prisons. \par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Appeal fails. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }\pard\plain \s16\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10297364 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 Marie Chan}{ \lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid14251834\charrsid10297364 \par }}