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{\title \'93this is a quote, has said, of me saying \'91this is a quote\'92\'94}{\author raikatalau_l}{\operator ruddley_e}{\creatim\yr2011\mo6\dy16\hr14\min5}{\revtim\yr2011\mo6\dy20\hr10\min2}{\version3}{\edmins3}{\nofpages3}{\nofwords1000}
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STATE v NAND KUMAR
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 {\*\bkmkend State_v_Nand_Kumar}
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 High Court Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction 
\par 2 February, 12 April,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 25 July, 2001 \tab \tab \tab \tab HAA 014/00L
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 \f180\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Common a
ssault \endash  sentencing \endash  minor injuries \endash  compensation to wife paid \endash  what is appropriate}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378  }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
sentence in proportion to gravity of offence \endash  principles to consider in absolute discharge \endash  disproportionality to crime committed - Penal Code s44; 1997 Constitution s25(1) 
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
\par The Respondent police officer was charged with assault occasioning actual bodily harm and common assault of his complainant wi
fe at a supermarket. Having paid $100 in compensation to his wife, and having been interdicted without pay for nearly 3 years, the Court determined that any form of punishment would result in loss of employment, and be disproportionately severe treatment 
or punishment against the 1997 Constitution section 25(1).}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
It earlier allowed part of a State appeal and rejected a cross appeal by the respondent. It now gives its reasons.
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Held \endash }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378  Absolute discharges are appropriate only in a limited number of circumstan
ces, such as where no moral blame attaches or where a mere technical breach of the law has occurred, perhaps by imprudence without dishonesty. Principles 
to be exercised in sentencing and whether appropriate for Penal Code s44 discharge: nature of the offe
nce, gravity, circumstances of the offender, his pocket, his reputation, civil disabilities consequential on conviction and any other relevant circumstances. Loss of livelihood would be disproportionate to the crime committed.}{
\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
\par Appellant discharged absolutely without conviction entered.
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Cases referred to in Ruling
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 CIR v Druavesi }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 [1997] HAA12/97 Judgment 3 July 1997
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Fisheries Inspector v Turner}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378  [1978] 2 NZLR 233
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Halligan v Police}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 (1955) NZLR 1185
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Tebbutt v CIR }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 (1999) AAU0005/99S Judgment 27 August 1999
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Tipple v Police }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 (1994) 2 NZLR 362
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Kev
ueli Tunidau for the Appellant
\par Abhay Singh for the Respondent
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 25 July, 2001}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 {\b\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 RULING }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
(Reasons)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Gates, J
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 \f180\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
On 2 February 2001 I had acceded to part of the Appellant}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 s appeal and rejected the cross-appeal of the Respondent
. A conviction for the count of assault occasioning actual bodily harm was substituted for the lower court}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
s acquittal on that count. The conviction for common assault was therefore quashed. 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
\par On 12 April 2001, I heard both counsel who made submissions as to the appropriate sentence for the more serious charge now substituted. These submissions were helpful.
\par 
\par I will not rehearse the facts again. It is sufficient to recall that this was an assault at the lower end of the scale. The complainant who was then the wife of the Respondent
 received minor injuries to her right elbow and her right side of her head when she was pulled out by the Respondent from the counter of a supermarket. The injuries required dressing by the doctor. The complainant}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 s husband, the Respondent
, was a serving police officer at the time. He took her to the police station over a dispute about jewellery. His behaviour was high-handed and inappropriate for a police officer. He was a first offender.
\par 
\par The Respondent, prior to the sentence, has suffered in various ways. The case went through many adjournments in the Magistrates}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
 Court. For nearly 3 years he suffered interdiction without pay. This had the equivalent effect of a substantial time. His wife had earlier left him. He was try
ing to look after the two children, to whom he had to act as mother and father. I had been informed that he was to pay $100 to the complainant as compensation, which compensation the victim has now confirmed has been paid. Upon the basis that a punishment
, if it were to result in the loss of the Respondent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
s livelihood with the police, would be disproportionate to the crime committed, I ordered that the Respondent be discharged absolutely without conviction entered. This cannot be a precedent however for th
e imposition of absolute discharges in cases of this sort.
\par 
\par Section 25(1) of the Constitution provides a statutory right for every person to be free inter alia from disproportionately severe treatment or punishment. Cases are presently before the court whi
ch have also urged the need to take into account the rights of children affected by the sentencing process. Clearly this balancing exercise could not assist an accused charged with smuggling heroin or with robbery with violence. But at the lower end of th
e scale of offences it assumes further significance: see observations of Scott J. in}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
{\*\bkmkstart CIR_Druavesi_State_v_Nand_Kumar}Commissioner of Inland}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Revenue v 
{\*\bkmkend CIR_Druavesi_State_v_Nand_Kumar}Druavesi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378  (unreported) Suva Cr. App. No. HAA12 of 1997: 3 July 1997; approved by the Court of Appeal in }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 {\*\bkmkstart Tebbutt_v_CIR_State_v_Nand_Kumar}Tebbutt v CIR}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378  {\*\bkmkend Tebbutt_v_CIR_State_v_Nand_Kumar}
(unreported) Cr. App. No. AAU 0005 of 1999S: 27 August 1999. As I had indicated in my first judgment in this appeal case on 2 February 2001 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 absolute discharges are appropriate only in a limited number of circumstances}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 \'85\tab I had given two examples taken from English cases. }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 {\*\bkmkstart Halligan_v_Police_State_v_Nand_Kumar}
Halligan v Police}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 {\*\bkmkend Halligan_v_Police_State_v_Nand_Kumar}[1955] NZLR 1185
 follows the same principles, and in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 {\*\bkmkstart Tipple_v_Police_State_v_Nand_Kumar}Tipple v {\*\bkmkend Tipple_v_Police_State_v_Nand_Kumar}Police }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 [1994] 2 NZLR 362 the discharge resulted from the police having approved the activities the subject of the Accused}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 s charges.
\par 
\par However the circumstances of this case would, but for the harsh consequences for this Accused, demand a conviction to be entered and perhaps a fine to be ordered. It is appropriate to refer to the reasoning of Richard J. in
{\*\bkmkstart Fisheries_In_v_Turner_State_v_Nand_Kumar} }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Fisheries Inspector v Turner}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378  
{\*\bkmkend Fisheries_In_v_Turner_State_v_Nand_Kumar}[1978] 2 NZLR 233 at p241 who described the extent of the sentencing discretion for a section not very different from {\*\bkmkstart s44_PC_State_v_Nand_Kumar}Section 44 
{\*\bkmkend s44_PC_State_v_Nand_Kumar}of Fiji}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 s Penal Code:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378\charrsid11691378 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11691378 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
In considering the exercise of the discretion under s42 the Court is required to balance all the relevant public interest considerations they apply in the particular case; or; as s42(1) puts it, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 after inquiry into the circumstances of the case}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
, which must refer to all the circumstances that are relevant in the particular case before the Court. It must have due regard to the nature of the offence and to the gravity with which it is viewed by Parliament;
 to the seriousness of the particular offending; }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 to the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378  }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 circumstances of the particular offender in terms of the effect on his career,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378  }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 his pocket,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
 his reputation and any civil disabilities consequential on conviction; and to any other relevant circumstances. }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
And if the direct and indirect consequences of a conviction are in the Court}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 '}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
s judgment, out of all proportion to the gravity of the offence, it is proper for a discharge to be given under s 42.}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 \tab }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 (underlining added)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 \f180\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
\par In view of all the circumstances here and to avoid the risk of loss of employment, I am prepared to exercise a judicial discretion in the Respondent}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11691378 '}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 s favour by not entering a conviction. These are the reasons for the absolute discharge without conviction published earlier.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Appeal allowed.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11691378 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid8945241\charrsid11691378 Marie Chan
\par }}