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{\title \'93this is a quote, has said, of me saying \'91this is a quote\'92\'94}{\author raikatalau_l}{\operator ruddley_e}{\creatim\yr2011\mo6\dy16\hr14}{\revtim\yr2011\mo6\dy20\hr9\min52}{\version3}{\edmins7}{\nofpages20}{\nofwords8702}{\nofchars49607}
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{\*\bkmkstart Sailasa_Naba_Paula_Mactu_Nawai_State}\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 SAILASA NABA, PAULA KUBU, MACIU NAWAI, NIKOLA WAQA BAINIVALU & SIKELI SIVOI v STATE}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkend Sailasa_Naba_Paula_Mactu_Nawai_State}
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 High Court Criminal Jurisdiction}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 25 May, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 4 July, 2001\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab 
\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 HAC 0012/01L
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 Constitutional Law \hich\f0 \endash \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  fundamental rights \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  interpretation -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 Constitution a living instrument \hich\f0 \endash \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 
Constitution sets a high standard and expectation of progressive development of human rights and fundamental freedoms -}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 Constitutional Law -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 Trial within reasonable time \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  discussi\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 on of factors that constitutes reasonable time 
\hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  complexity of case \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  conduct of the defence and prosecution \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  delay for prosecution is State}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 '}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 s responsibility}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 non compliance of block at Natabua Prison with UN Standard Minimum Rules - treatment of applicant for 18 months amounts to cruel,}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 inhuman and degrading treatment -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 breach of constitutional rights of presumption of innocence}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \endash \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 1997 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution preamble,}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 ss2(1), 3, 7(2), 21(2), 21(4), 25(1), 27(1)(f), 27(4), 28(1)(a), 29(3), 43(2);}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Penal Code ss199 and 200; Prisons Act; Prisons Regulations reg. 121(f)
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Bail - remanded accused awaiting murder trial \endash  Principles in grant of bail \endash  primary delay over 18 months \endash  presumption of innocence}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 nature of evidence disclosed in the depositions -}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 court
}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 s considerations of International Convention affecting the particular right under consideration - grounds}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 - }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 1997 }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution ss25(1), 41(1), 41(3); Criminal Procedure Code s108(4)
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Five applicants, remanded on a charge of murder at the Natabua Prison Remand block for 1\'bd
 years prior to application, applied again for bail, on the basis that there was no evidence of murder, and the delay in the trial. An earlier application for bail had
 been refused, with the proviso that if the trial did not proceed expeditiously, the Court would have to reconsider the issue.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
As the application was based on the Constitution section 25(1), the Court invited the Fiji Human Rights Commission as }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 amicus curiae}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 .}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
It also requested inspectors from the National Occupational Health and Safety section of the Ministry of Labour and Industrial Relations to inspect and report on their findings on the remand block.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 The Court also visited the complex to inspect condi
tions. It found that State submissions that the overcrowding situation was temporary untrue. The Court interpreted the bail provisions in light of fundamental human rights principles. The Court looked at the bill of rights provisions of the Constitution i
n a liberal and purposive way.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
It noted that the Constitution is a living document, and all other laws are measured against it. The Court examined case authorities on the right to a fair trial within a reasonable time}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  
and on bail}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 . The Court analysed statis
tics of homicide cases filed at the Lautoka High Court and found that of 18 cases, 12 accused either pleaded guilty to manslaughter or were found guilty of manslaughter after trial.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 6.3% of all cases resulted in life imprisonment sentences. The Court observed that the }{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 
guideline }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Standard Minimum Rules) required minimum floor space and cubic content of air for each prisoner, adequate sanitary facilities, clothing which shall be in no m
anner degrading or humiliating, provision of separate bed and provision of food of nutritional value adequate for health and strength. From affidavit evidence the Court deduced that the conditions did not meet minimum standards. It affirmed previous findi
ngs of a 1980 Royal Commission on Treatment of Offenders.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 It queried the definition of }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 prisoner}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  in the Prisons Act to include those unconvicted of any offence. 
The Court commented that even where derogations are allowed under the Constitution, such as a state of emergency, the law was invalid to the extent of any inconsistency. 
Concluding that the conditions offended the minimum standards as well as their constitutional rights under s28(1) of the 1997 Constitution, the Court recommended the closure of the
 Remand block at the Natabua Prison complex for the purpose of detaining persons awaiting trial.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Held\endash }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (1) }{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 
The 1997 Constitution sets a high standard and expectation of progressive development of human rights and fundamental freedoms.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 It embodies the wi\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 
ll of the people and must be allowed to develop with the values and aspirations of the people, including social and cultural developments, and understanding, promotion and content of particular human rights, while being sensitive to democratic values base
\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  on freedom and equality, and popular expectations.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 The right to trial }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
within a reasonable time is a fundamental right recognised both in international conventions and in the 1997 Constitution. What is reasonable time or when is delay inordinate and subje
ct to presumptions in favour of charged persons depends on the complexity of the case, the conduct of the defendants and the conduct of the prosecuting authorities. The State is responsible for the delays attributed to the prosecution or the Court, such a
s closure by the occupational and health and safety inspectors of the criminal courts, causing all criminal trials to be aborted, systemic delays such as understaffing, workload of the Court and shortage of resources.}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 (2) \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 Bail for murder can be granted only\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 
 in exceptional circumstances of delay, exceeding 12 months. Relevant considerations will include }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
the presumption of innocence, whether or not it is probable that the accused will appear to stand trial, the nature of prosecution evidence weighed against a State submission of a prima facie case to answer, and a judicial discretion but e}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 ach case must be looked at on its own facts. }{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 (3) \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 The treatment of prisoners and detainees on remand have not met the minimum guideline }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules f
or the Treatment of Prisoners (the Standard Minimum Rules) for accommodation, where detainees are crowded 3 to a cell, there is insufficient natural light for reading, foam mattresses are thin and inadequately covered, blankets are inadequate
, where detainees are released our of their cell 2 hours a day, where detainees use a bucket system for relieving themselves, where there is not provision for education or training and staff constraints result in a restriction of privileges.}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 The treatment, }{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 together wit
\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 h the length of time detainees have been held pending trial,}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  breaches the }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 a}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 pplicants}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
 Constitutional right to be free from cruel, inhumane, degrading or disproportionately sever treatment or punishment and the presumption of innocence guaranteed by s28(1).
 The Courts cannot condone breaches of the constitutional provisions ss27(1)(f) and (4) for a fair trial within a reasonable time and to be treated with humanity and inherent dignity.}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par Obiter dictum \endash  On analysing the results of murder
 cases filed at the Lautoka High Court from 1995 to 2000, it is questionable why the Courts have deemed the charge of murder as a special category of offence, where 12 of 18 accused on murder charges either pleaded guilty to manslaughter or were found gui
lty of manslaughter after trial.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par Each applicant granted bail on conditions: on his own recognisance for $500.00, with a surety each for $500.00; to report to their nearest Police Station once a week; to reside at a fixed address to be provided to Court and
 not to change their residence without informing the Police; not to communicate with or interfere with any Prosecution witnesses and to appear in Court at its next Criminal session.
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par [note: }{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 The accused were subsequently convicted and sentenced to 12 months\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  imprisonment suspended for 2 years.}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  A Bail Act 2002 26/02 has been promulgated, in close terms to a repealed Bail Decree 2000. A Prisons and Corrections Services Act 2006 2/06 was also promulgated.}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 By section 2, the definition of }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 prisoner}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  reads: }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 means all prisoners incarcerated in a Fiji prison, including unconvicted prisoners and civil prisoners.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  This case}{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 is commented on in (2005) 1 PHRLD 20.}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 ]
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Cases referred to in Judgment 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 A Juvenile v The State}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  [1989] LRC (Const) 774 Supreme Court of Zimbabwe 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 Abdolla v Netherland}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 20}{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 E HRR 585}{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Adesh Singh & Ors. v The State}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (1988) 34 FLR 1}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Bechu and Another v Reginam}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (1962) 8 FLR 240}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Hunter v Southam Inc}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 . Supreme Court (1985) 11 D.L.R.(Canada) 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 Minister of Home Affairs and Anor. v Fisheries & Anor}{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 [1980] \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 AC\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  319 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Mukon v Cameron}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  CCPR/C/51/D/458/1991
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 Nawaz Sharif v President of Pakistan}{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 
 [1993] PLD SC 473
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 NTN Pty Ltd and NBN Ltd v The State}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  [1988] LRC (Const.) 333 Supreme Court of PNG}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 Orchin v UK}{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  6 E HRR 397
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 State v Anthony Stephens and Apaitia Seru }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (1998) }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\cgrid0\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 44 FLR 165}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 State v Felix Keath Vusonitokalau }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 HAC 0005/96S
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 State v Iowane Taroga and Tevita Rosadriwa }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 HAC 0015/94S 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 State v Peniasi Kata}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 [2000]}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 HAC0009/94L\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 10 May 2000}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 State v Vijay Kapoor and Kailesh Chandra }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (}{\lang2057\langfe3081\cgrid0\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
1996) 42 FLR 58}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Surya Prakash v Shirley Reshmi Narayan}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  HBA 000IJ/99
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Taito Rarasea v State}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (2000) 2 FLR 27}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
Timoci Naisake and Saula Matavucu v State }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 [2001] HAM 001/00S Ruling 31 January 2001
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 Ziminernam & Steiner v Switzerland}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f0 6 E HRR 17
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par Other materials considered in the judgment 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Advisory Mission on the Treatment of Offenders}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (Fiji Legislative Council Paper 1 of 1967)
\par Article 19: }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 The Interpretation of Fundamental Rights Provisions\emdash international and regional standards in Africa and other common law jurisdictions,}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  London. 1997 p2
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Background Paper to a Review of the Prisons Act and Subsidiary Legislation}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (Fiji Law Reform Commission Paper No. 5)

\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Covenant Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Crime, Deviance and Delinquency in Fiji, }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Adin
krah M (1995) Fiji Council of Social Services in Association with Asia Crime Prevention Foundation, USP Fiji Prisons Service
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Royal Commission on Treatment of Offenders }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Suva, Fiji 1980 Part I pp41-42
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 The Report of the Ombudsman (Justice Moti Tikaram). Into the Allegations of ill-treatment at Naboro Maximum Security Prison 31st May 1978}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (Parliamentary Paper No 37 of 1978)
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Too Many Prisoners", English Parliamentary All-Party Penal Affairs Group Report, June 1980
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  Arts.9(3), 10
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Treatment of Prisoners (Standard Minimum Rules}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 ) r.12
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 United Nations Universal Declaration}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  Arts. 5, 11(1).
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
Kitione Vuataki for the }{\i\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 a}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 pplicants
\par Davendra Prasad for the Respondent
\par Shaista Shameem for the Proceedings Commissioner, Fiji Human Rights Commission (Amicus Curiae)
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 4 July, 2001\tab \tab \tab }{\b\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 judgment }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Prakash, J
\par INTRODUCTION}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 This is an application for bail by the 5 Applicants. The 5 Applicants have been remanded at the Natabua Prison Remand block since 15 December 1999 for the charge of Murder-contrary to 
{\*\bkmkstart s199_PC_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}Sections 199 {\*\bkmkend s199_PC_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}and {\*\bkmkstart s200_PC_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}200{\*\bkmkend s200_PC_Sailosi_Naba_v_State} of the Penal Code.
 The applicants had earlier applied for bail in October 2000. That application was refused. The application was made on the basis that there is no evidence of murder in the depositions, and the delay in the Applicants}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
 trial. In its ruling in October 2000 this Court had indicated that there were no special reasons to bail the accused persons then. However, the Court further stated: "if their trial does not proceed expeditiously i
n future the Court will have to reconsider, the issue" (p2).
\par 
\par The current application for bail is based on {\*\bkmkstart Const_s25_1_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}Sections 25(1) {\*\bkmkend Const_s25_1_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}and 29(3) of the}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution of the Republic of Fiji. Whether it is for a breach of constitutional rights or otherwise the High Court has jurisdiction to entertain any application for bail.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart s108_4_CPC_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}Section 108(4) {\*\bkmkend s108_4_CPC_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}of the 
Criminal Procedure Code (as amended) states:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 "The High Court may }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 \endash 
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (a)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 in its original jurisdiction grant or refuse bail upon such terms as it considers just."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 The High Court has under {\*\bkmkstart Const_s41_3_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}Section 41(3) 
{\*\bkmkend Const_s41_3_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}of the Constitution "original jurisdiction: (a) to hear and determine applications under subsection (1)... Under {\*\bkmkstart Const_s41_1_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}Section 41 
{\*\bkmkend Const_s41_1_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}subsection (1):
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
If a person considers that any of the provisions of this Chapter has been or is likely to
 be contravened in relation to him or her (or, in the case of a person who is detained, if another person considers that there has been, or is likely to be, a contravention in relation to the detained person) then person (or the other person) may apply to
 the High Court for redress.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par The applicants are detained persons, that is, "persons deprived of personal liberty as a result of conviction of an offence" (UN Body of Principles for the Protection of all Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment).
\par 
\par Due to the nature of the application, dealing as it were with the Bill of Rights provisions in the Constitution of the Republic of Fiji Islands, the Court, by consent of the parties, invited the Fiji Human Rights Commission (FHRC) to intervene as amicus
 curiae in proceedings. The Court is grateful for the comprehensive submissions made by the learned Counsel for the Applicants, and Dr. Shameem for the Fiji Human Rights Commission. The extensive materials on international instruments and other documents 
submitted by the FHRC greatly assisted the Court.
\par 
\par The Court has before it the Affidavits of Kemueli Qoro, a litigation officer, on behalf of the applicants. In response the state filed 2 affidavits - i) by Oliver Fisher, the Officer-in-Charge of the Natabua Prison; and ii) by Dr Petero Qauqau,
 a doctor of the Old People}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 s Home at Natabua, who also visits the Natabua Prison once a week to examine prisoners.
\par 
\par In addition the Court had also requested the National Occupational Health and Safety Inspectors from the Ministry of Labour and Industrial Relations to inspect and report on their findings on the Remand block. The Court also visited the Prison complex to 
view the conditions in the Remand block.
\par 
\par In his affidavit on behalf of the Applicants (para 4) Kemueli Qoro complains the inhumane conditions faced by the applicants, in particular:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 4.1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 That one prison cell is shared amongst the three prisoners at Natabua Remand Block and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 4.2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 That they are allowed only two hours per day for fresh air breathing.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par The officer in charge of the Natabua Prisons admits the above in his affidavit in reply. He further states: "That I verily believe that each cell block housing three prisoners is over-crowded and not suitable for healthy human survival."}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 In his submissions learned Counsel for the applicants relies essentially on two fundamental provisions of the Bill of Rights (Chapter 4) of the}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution. These are:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Const_s25_1_State_v_Sailosi_Naba}Article 25(1)}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkend Const_s25_1_State_v_Sailosi_Naba}"}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Every person has the right to
 freedom from torture of any kind, whether physical, mental or emotional; and from cruel, inhumane, degrading or disproportionately severe treatment or punishment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Const_s29_3_State_v_Sailosi_Naba}Article 29(3)}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkend Const_s29_3_State_v_Sailosi_Naba}"}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Every perso
n charged with an offence and every party to a civil dispute has the right to have the case determined within a reasonable time."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par In interpreting these provisions it is evident that they need to be considered within the evolving human rights jurisprudence both in Fiji and internationally. Section 3 and Chapter 4 
of the Constitution mandates us to promote democratic values based on freedom and equality. In our interpretation of human rights we are obliged by the Constitution 
to consider social and cultural developments, and developments in the understanding, promotion and content of particular human rights. The Court will now see the basis of constitutional and fundamental rights interpretation to consider the Applicants}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  complaints about the breach of their rights.
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 In Fiji and most Commonwealth countries the Constitution is the Supreme law. Our Constitution itself states:}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 "This Constitution is the supreme law of the State}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (
{\*\bkmkstart Const_s2_1_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}Section 2(1){\*\bkmkend Const_s2_1_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}. All institutions o
f the State - the Parliament, Executive and the Judiciary - are bound by it. The Bill of Rights provisions (Chapter 4) containing what are termed fundamental human rights are part of our}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution. As the supreme law, reflecting the will of the people, 
the constitution is a document requiring special rules of interpretation. As the Privy Council declared, a constitution was:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
"sui generis, calling for principles of interpretation of its own, suitable to its character ... without necessary acceptance of all the presumptions that are relevant to legislation of private law ...." (}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Minister_HA_v_Fisher_Sailosi_Naba_v_Stat}Minister of Home Affairs & Anor. v Fisher & Anor{\*\bkmkend Minister_HA_v_Fisher_Sailosi_Naba_v_Stat}.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  Appeal from the Court of Appeal of Bermuda, [1980] ACS 19 at 329 (Lord Wilberforce).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par However, as Lord Wilberforce further stated:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
"This is in no way to say that there are no rules of law which should apply to the interpretation of a constitution. A Constitution is a legal instrument giving rise, amongst ot
her things, to individual rights capable of enforcement in a court of law. Respect must be paid to the language which has been used and to the traditions and the usages which have given meaning to that language. It is consistent with this, and with the re
c
ognition that rules of interpretation apply, to take as a point of departure for the process of interpretation a recognition of the character and origin of the instrument, and to be guided by the principle of giving full effect to those fundamental rights
 and freedoms with a statement of which the Constitution commences (opcit p. 329).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par It is quite evident from perusing case law from the Commonwealth and jurisdictions having Bill of Rights provisions that interpretation needs to give fall to the fundamental
 rights, taking a very liberal and purposive approach. As the law the constitution is owned by the people. It does not change with governments, an election. It provides the framework for governance. It limits the powers of organs. All other laws have to b
e
 tested against it. Reflecting as it does the embodiment of the will of the people it must be allowed to develop with the values and aspirations of the people "taking into account new social and political realities which may whittle down the full recognit
ion of their rights" (ARTICLE 19: }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 The Interpretation of Fundamental Rights Provisions\emdash international and regional standards in Africa and other common law jurisdictions,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  London. 1997 p.2).
\par 
\par As the Canadian Supreme Court has stated:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 "The task of expounding a 
constitution is crucially different from that of construing a statute. A statute defines present rights and obligations. It is enacted and easily repealed. A constitution, by contrast, is drafted with an eye to the future. Its function is to provide a con
t
inuing framework for the exercise of governmental power and, when joined by a bill or charter of rights, for the unremitting protection of individual rights and liberties. Once enacted, its provisions cannot easily be repealed and amended. It must, theref
o
re, be capable of growth and development over time to meet new social, political and historical realities often unimagined by its framers. The judiciary is the guardian of the constitution and must, in interpreting its provisions bear these conditions in 
mind" (}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Hunter_v_Southam_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}Hunter v Southam Inc.{\*\bkmkend Hunter_v_Southam_Sailosi_Naba_v_State} }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada (1985) 11 DLR (4th) 641 (SCC) at page 649 (Dickson J).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par In interpreting the fundamental rights provisions of the c
onstitution courts have to recognise that a constitution is a living instrument. As the High Court of Tanzania has stated: "A constitution is a living instrument which must be construed in the light of present day conditions" (}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Muhozya_v_AG_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}Muhozya v The Attorney-General}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 .
{\*\bkmkend Muhozya_v_AG_Sailasa_Naba_v_State} Judgment of the High Court of Tanzania (DSM) Civil Case No 206 of 1993 (unreported) p2). The Supreme Court of Pakistan has further stated:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 "...Basic or fundament
al rights of individuals which presently stand formally incorporated in the modem constitutional documents, derive their lineage from and are traceable to the ancient Natural Law. ...They require to be construed in consonance with the changed conditions o
f the society and must be viewed and interpreted with a vision to the future" (}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Nawaz_Sharif_v_Pres_v_S_Naba_v_State}
{\*\bkmkstart Nawaz_Sharif_v_President_v_State_Sailasa}Nawaz Sharif v {\*\bkmkend Nawaz_Sharif_v_Pres_v_S_Naba_v_State}President of Pakistan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
{\*\bkmkend Nawaz_Sharif_v_President_v_State_Sailasa} Judgment of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 1993 SC 473).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par The whole tenor of the case law on the interpretation of fundamental rights emanating from constitutional cases around the Commonwealth is one of growth and development. The spirit of
 the constitution is to be adopted. The constitution is meant not only for this, but future generations. Its interpretation must reflect changes in society. What may have been condoned previously may not be condoned today.}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 On a point of issue before this Court the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe observed:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 "a penalty that was permissible at one time in our nation}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
s history is not necessarily permissible today. What might not have been regarded as inhuman and degrading decades ago may be revolting to the new sensitivities which emerge as civilisation advances". (}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart A_Juvenile_v_State_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}A Juvenile v The State}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
{\*\bkmkend A_Juvenile_v_State_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}, Judgment of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe, [1989] LRC (Const) 774 at 787).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par The philosophy adopted in our}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution
 and the Bill of Rights chapter are very much in the tradition embedded in the case law summarised above.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 As the}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution itself mandates, in the interpretation of a provision of the}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution we need to take }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
"...into account the spirit of this Constitution as a whole...}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 . }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 It further mandates us to regard }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
...the context in which this Constitution was drafted and to the intention that constitutional interpretation take into account social and cultural developments}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  More specifically in relation to human rights it mandates us to regard especially}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
"developments in the understanding of the content of particular human rights; and developments in the promotion of particular human rights}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  ({\*\bkmkstart Const_3_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}section 3{\*\bkmkend Const_3_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}). As far as the Bill of Rights (Chapter IV) is concerned }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 ...the courts must promote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 values}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
that underlie a democratic society based on freedom and equality and must, if relevant, have regard to public international law applicable to the protection of the rights set out in this Chapter}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  ({\*\bkmkstart Const_s43_2_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}section 43(2){\*\bkmkend Const_s43_2_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}).
\par 
\par The above specific mandates need to be situated in the wider context of the {\*\bkmkstart Const_Preamble_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}preamble{\*\bkmkend Const_Preamble_Sailasa_Naba_v_State} to the}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution which, amongst other things, acknowledges:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Committing ours
elves anew to living in harmony and unity, promoting social justice and the economic and social advancement of all communities, respecting their rights and interests, and strengthening our institutions of government": and}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Reaffirming our recognition of the
 human rights and fundamental freedoms of all individuals and groups safeguarded by adherence to the rule of law, and our respect for human dignity..."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par Further, in the Compact (Chapter 2) of our Constitution "The people of the Fiji Islands recognise that, within the framework of this Constitution and the other laws of the State, the conduct of government is based on the following principles:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (a)}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 The rights of all individuals, communities and groups are fully respected;....}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par While the preamble and the compact are non-justiciable they do reflect the spirit and purpose of the Constitution. As {\*\bkmkstart Const_s7_2_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}Section 7(2){\*\bkmkend Const_s7_2_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}
, on the Application of Compact, states:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 "In the interpretation of this Constitution or a law made under this Constitution, consideration must be given to those principles, when relevant".
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par The case law from around the Commonwealth take a similar approach see, for example, }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart NTN_Pty_NBN_v_State_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}NTN Pty Ltd and NBN Ltd v The State}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  {\*\bkmkend NTN_Pty_NBN_v_State_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}(Supreme Court of PNG [1988] LRC (Const.) 333).
\par 
\par For the judiciary in Fiji the}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution 
sets high standards and high expectations in the promotion and progressive development of human rights and fundamental free
doms. For us there is no luxury of a declaratory theory of law. We need to be dynamic and creative, sensitive to popular expectations and democratic values. As was stated by a professor of law:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
Adjudication, as a form of democratic power, stands tinged wi
th incredible popular expectations. Magistrates and Judges are expected not just to use their power wisely and well; they are also expected to accelerate the pace of historic transformation in state and civil society". (Professor U. Baxi "On Being an }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Activist}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  Judge Not Just an }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Active}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  One"-a text of observations made at the }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
Eleventh Triennial Conference of the Commonwealth Magistrates and Judges Association,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  Cape Town, South Africa, October 1997).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par TRIAL WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par The right to a fair trial within a reasonable time is a fundamental right recognised both in international conventions and in our}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution. What is reasonable time or when is delay inordinate and subject to presumptions in favour of charged persons has
 considered by the Courts in different occasions. The Courts have stated that time must depend on all the facts of the particular case (see, for example, }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
{\*\bkmkstart State_v_Anthony_Stephens_S_Naba_v_State}{\*\bkmkstart State_Anthony_Stephens_S_Naba_v_State}State v Anthony Stephens and Apaitia Seru{\*\bkmkend State_v_Anthony_Stephens_S_Naba_v_State} }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkend State_Anthony_Stephens_S_Naba_v_State}HAC004 of 1997; }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
{\*\bkmkstart State_v_Peniasi_Kata_Sailasa_Naba_v_Stat}State v Peniasi Kata}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  Cr. {\*\bkmkend State_v_Peniasi_Kata_Sailasa_Naba_v_Stat}Action HAC0009 of 1994L, unreported ruling 
of Townsley J. delivered on 10/05/ 2000).
\par 
\par In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Peniasi Kata}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
 case (supra) Townsley J outlined the factors that need to be considered. These include the complexity of the case, the conduct of the defendants and the conduct of the prosecuting authorities. A 
more rigorous standard applies when the defendant is in custody }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Abdolla_v_Netherland_Sailas_Naba_v_State}Abdolla v Netherland}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  {\*\bkmkend Abdolla_v_Netherland_Sailas_Naba_v_State}20 EHRR 585. The State is responsible for the prosecution before the Court (}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Orchin_v_UK_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}Orchin v UK}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  {\*\bkmkend Orchin_v_UK_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}6 EHRR
 391. Neither the workload of the Court nor a shortage of resources is a sufficient justification for delay in a trial. Under the European Convention on Human Rights there is a duty on part
ies, regardless of costs, to organise their legal systems so as to allow the Courts to comply with the requirements of the European Convention, Article 6(1), requiring within a reasonable time (see }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Zimmerman_v_Switzerland_S_Naba_v_State}Zimmerman and Steiner v Switzerland}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
{\*\bkmkend Zimmerman_v_Switzerland_S_Naba_v_State} 6 EHRR 17). Following cases emanating from the European Convention and other relevant Townsley J had declared in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Peniasi Kata}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  case (supra) 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
The position is that the authorities concerned with the administration of justice in the Lautoka High Court have not made the resources available to bring this matter to trial, thus breaching the Accused}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 s constitutional right to be brought to trial within a reasonable time. The fact the authorities have not made 
resources available to try this accused is not his problem" }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (at page 18).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par The situation of the Lautoka High Court has deteriorated since those statements made by Townsley J in May 2000. On 14 March 2001 the Occupational Health and Safety Inspectors closed
 the two Courts at the High Court complex. Since then all hearing of criminal trials have been aborted. No suitable alternative venues are available. It is not clear when the Courts will be re-opened again to continue hearing criminal cases. This will be 
l
isted after another murder trial which was aborted mid trial due to the closure of the Courts. It is unlikely that the trial of the Applicants will commence until August 2001, at the latest, if resources are made available by the authorities for the Court
 to comply with Occupational Health and Safety requirements. Otherwise it may be further delayed. Even prior to the closure of the Courts the problem of delay in the Lautoka High Court was described as systemic due to under-staffing (}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Peniasi Kata}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (opcit) pa
ge 6). The Applicants have now been in custody for 18 months, awaiting trial. In the Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
s view this is excessive delay for which the applicants are not responsible.
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par Bail in Murder cases}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par It is quite clear from case law in Fiji that for a charge of Murder bail is only granted in exceptional circumstances. In the few cases where bail has been granted the exceptional centre on the issue of delay (see, for example }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart State_v_F_Vusontikalau_S_Naba_v_State}State v Felix Keath {\*\bkmkend State_v_F_Vusontikalau_S_Naba_v_State}Vusonitokalau }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (Cr. Case HAC0005 of 1996S; }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart State_v_Kapoor_Chand_Sailasa_Naba_v_S}The State v Vijay Kapoor and 
{\*\bkmkend State_v_Kapoor_Chand_Sailasa_Naba_v_S}Kailesh Chandra }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Cr Case No. HAC0006/94S, }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
{\*\bkmkstart State_Taroga_Rosadriwa_S_Naba_v_State}{\*\bkmkstart State_Lowane_Tevita_v_State_Sailosa}State v Iowane Taroga and Tevita {\*\bkmkend State_Taroga_Rosadriwa_S_Naba_v_State}Rosadriwa{\*\bkmkend State_Lowane_Tevita_v_State_Sailosa} }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (Cr. Case HAC0015 of 1994S }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Timoci_Naisake_v_State_S_Naba_v_State}
Timoci Naisake and Saula Matavucu v {\*\bkmkend Timoci_Naisake_v_State_S_Naba_v_State}State }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
(Cr. Case HAM 0010D.2000S). This court had in its earlier ruling (dated 26/10/2000) reviewed the authorities on the grant of bail in murder cases. There is no need to reiterate the principles exhaustively: It is quite clear from the decided cases in Fi
ji that once a delay of 12 months occurs in the setting of a trial the matter becomes an issue of concern. Though the Courts have also emphasized that there is no magic in a 12 month delay to trigger a grant of bail. Each case has to be considered on its 
own facts. In the cases cited earlier the period of delay has ranged from 12 months to 1 year and 9 months.
\par 
\par In both the leading authorities on the issue of bail, namely }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Bechu_v_Reginam_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}Bechu and Another v {\*\bkmkend Bechu_v_Reginam_Sailasa_Naba_v_State
}Reginam}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  ((1962) 8 FLR 240) and }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Adesh_Singh_v_State_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}
Adesh Singh & Ors. v The State}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  {\*\bkmkend Adesh_Singh_v_State_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}(34 FLR 
1) the Courts have emphasised the basic principles for the grant of bail. These includes the presumpt
ion of innocence and the primary test whether or not it is probable that the accused will appear to stand trial on the charges against him. As was succinctly expressed by the then Chief Justice in }{
\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Bechu}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  case: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 There are other considerations which may aff
ect the discretion of a Court in granting or refusing bail. In the first place, while a Court has, subject to statutory restriction, a discretion in granting bail, such discretion must be exercised judicially and in the light }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 of the paramount principle tha
t an accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty. For that reason, he should not be deprived of his liberty merely because he is accused of a crime if he can satisfy the test that in all the circumstances he will appear in Court for his trial 
on that accusation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 ." (emphasis added)
\par 
\par Courts have also emphasised the need to consider the nature of the accusation, including the nature of the evidence in support of the accusation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 While the Courts have commented on the nature of the evidence contained
 in the depositions their assessment of the evidence is not the primary consideration. As this Court had stated in its earlier ruling: "The Court, at this stage, cannot consider its assessment of the materials in the deposition as superior to the State}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 s submission that there is a prima facie case for murder}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
 (see Ruling of 26/10/00 at p.3). Given the following discussions on the outcome of murder cases the Courts will need to reassess the consideration of bail in terms of the nature of evidence disclosed in the depositions. The presumption of innocence,
 which is a constitutional right, will need to be given the weight it deserves.
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par Outcome of Murder cases}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par The Court has undertaken an analysis of the results of murder cases filed in the High Court at Lautoka from 1995 to 2000. Altogether there were 18 cases in which persons were charged with murder. In two of these cases the accused pleaded guilty and were s
e
ntenced to mandatory life imprisonment. In only 3 cases were the accused found guilty of murder after trial. Amongst these three (3) cases, one case involved 4 accused persons - only two were found guilty for murder; for the other 2 the charges were withd
rawn. In the rest of the cases there was one nolle prosequi, and one not guilty after trial. In the bulk of the cases, 12, the accused either pleaded guilty to manslaughter or were found guilty of manslaughter after trial.
\par 
\par In a study: }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Crime, Deviance, & Delinquency in Fiji}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
 by Dr. Mensah Adinkrah, a USP sociologist and criminologist, the data also suggest that the charge of murder}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
does not reflect the outcome of the cases.
\par }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 FINAL CASE DISPOSITION IN HOMICIDE CASES}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-300\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Case disposition
\par \cell Number
\par \cell Per cent
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow0\irowband0
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-300\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\trowd \irow1\irowband1
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-260\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Non Prosecution
\par \cell 3
\par \cell 0.9
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow1\irowband1
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-260\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\trowd \irow2\irowband2
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-280\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Granted immunity from prosecution and used as prosecution
\par \cell 1
\par \cell 0.3
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow2\irowband2
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-280\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\trowd \irow3\irowband3
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-240\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Witness
\par \cell 
\par \cell 
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow3\irowband3
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-240\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\trowd \irow4\irowband4
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-280\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Confinement to a mental hospital
\par \cell 3
\par \cell 0.9
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow4\irowband4
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-280\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\trowd \irow5\irowband5
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-240\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Bound over
\par \cell 1
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\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow5\irowband5
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-240\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\trowd \irow6\irowband6
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-280\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Suspended jail sentence
\par \cell 54
\par \cell 16.9
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow6\irowband6
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-280\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\trowd \irow7\irowband7
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-260\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Committed suicide
\par \cell 10
\par \cell 3.1
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow7\irowband7
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-260\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\trowd \irow8\irowband8
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-300\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Acquitted
\par \cell 76
\par \cell 23.8
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow8\irowband8
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-300\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\trowd \irow9\irowband9
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-280\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Under 1 year imprisonment
\par \cell 4
\par \cell 1.3
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow9\irowband9
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-280\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 1-5 years imprisonment
\par \cell 57
\par \cell 17.8
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow10\irowband10
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-280\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 6-10 years imprisonment
\par \cell 50
\par \cell 15.7
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow11\irowband11
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-280\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\trowd \irow12\irowband12
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-260\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 11 -20 years imprisonment
\par \cell 9
\par \cell 2.8
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow12\irowband12
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-260\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\trowd \irow13\irowband13
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-260\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Life imprisonment
\par \cell 52
\par \cell 6.3
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow13\irowband13
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-260\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\trowd \irow14\irowband14\lastrow 
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-492\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 TOTAL
\par 
\par \cell 320
\par \cell 100.0 (approx.)
\par \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \trowd \irow14\irowband14\lastrow 
\ts11\trgaph40\trrh-492\trleft0\trftsWidth3\trwWidth7106\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl40\trpaddr40\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5049\clshdrawnil \cellx5049\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth935\clshdrawnil \cellx5984\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1122\clshdrawnil \cellx7106\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Source: Adinkrah M (1995)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  Crime, Deviance and Delinquency in Fiji, }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Fiji Council of Social Services in Association with Asia Crime Prevention Foundation, USP Fiji Prisons Service.
\par 
\par In analysing the above data one needs to recognise that homicide cases, as discussed in Dr Adinkrah}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 s 
study, includes murder, manslaughter and infanticide. As the author in his study the Police routinely classify all investigated homicide incidents as murder unless facts clearly indicate manslaughter or infanticide. During the period of the (1982-92) the 
b
ulk of the cases were originally classified as murder (220), manslaughter (37) and infanticide (12). While the data on case disposition and the charges are not fully compatible, the sentencing outcomes provided in the above study clearly indicate that the
 bulk of the charges of murder are reduced to manslaughter before trial. This is clearly unsatisfactory when considering the issue of bail where the initial information filed by the State is one of murder.
\par 
\par It is, therefore, questionable why the Courts have
 deemed the charge of murder as a category of offence where bail is so rarely granted in special circumstances. The mere fact that a charge of murder is proffered by the State does not reflect the outcome. Whatever the charge the presumption of innocence 
remains. One may reiterate the outcome expressed by the Royal Commission on Treatment of Offenders in 1980: "Are there too many custodial remands and }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
are they justified by the outcome of the cases}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 ? Is }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 convenience put before justice?}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (p40 emphasis added). As Madraiwiwi J stated in the case of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Timoci Naisake and Another}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (opcit): }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 There comes a point }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 when the applicants can no longer be held hostage to the process of criminal justice especially when the only bar to bail is the charge of murder}{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (p4, emphasis added).
\par 
\par The UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 9(3) states:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
"Anyone arrested or detained on a criminal charge shall be brought promptly before a judge...to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release. }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 It shall not be the general rule that persons awaiting trial shall be detained in custody, but release may be subject to guarantees to appear for trial,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  at any stage of the judicial proceedings... }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (emphasis added).
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par Our Constitution ({\*\bkmkstart Const_s29_3_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}Section 29(3)) {\*\bkmkend Const_s29_3_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}
also guarantees to charged persons the right to have their case determined within a reasonable time. Justice delayed is justice denied. Principle 38 of the Sta
ndard Minimum Rules, discussed in the next section, also states: "A person on a criminal charge shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to trial."
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par CONDITIONS AT THE NATABUA REMAND BLOCK}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par The Court will now consider whether the treatment of t
he Applicants at the Natabua block Remands amounts to cruel, inhumane, degrading or disproportionately severe treatment or punishment. In considering this human right of prisoners one needs to begin with the principal international human rights convention
s. These include:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (a)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (b)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR);
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (c)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 The Covenant Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Treatment or Punishment.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par Article 5 of the Universal Declaration states: "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment". This article is adopted in the Bill of Rights provision of our}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution in {\*\bkmkstart Const_s25_1_State_v_S_Naba}Section 25(1){\*\bkmkend Const_s25_1_State_v_S_Naba}
. All the above UN prohibit torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment without or derogation. {\*\bkmkstart ICCPR_a10_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}Article 10 of the ICCPR{\*\bkmkend ICCPR_a10_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}, which is now considered pa
rt of international law, states:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
"all persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par This provision is also incorporated in our}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution via section 27(1)(f) which states:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 "Every person who is arrested or detained has the right to be treated with humanity and with respect for his or her inherent dignity.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par It is pertinent to note that in the interpretation of the Bill of Rights the Courts must have regard to public international law applicable to the protection of the rights set out in Chapter IV. The Court}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 s intervention is not dependent on Fiji}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 s ratification of the relevant convention or treaty. It is the relevance of the international convention to the rights under consideration that the Courts have to consider (see also }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Surya_Prakash_v_Narayan_S_Naba_v_State}Surya Prakash v Siurley Reshmi Narayan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  
{\*\bkmkend Surya_Prakash_v_Narayan_S_Naba_v_State}Civil Appeal No. HBA 0001J of 1999L). The over-riding obligations must be to promote the values that underlie a democratic society based on freedom and equality. 
\par 
\par As with t
he work of specialised UN agencies dealing with particular groups, for example, women, children, refugees and disabled persons additional international documents flesh out the human rights of persons deprived of their liberty. These provide helpful guidan
ce as to how governments may comply with their human rights obligations. For prisoners the most comprehensive such guidelines are the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (known as the Standard Minimum Rules). These were adop
ted by the UN Economic and Social Council in 1957. Although the Standard Minimum Rules (SMR) are not a treaty, they constitute an authoritative guide to binding treaty standards. The norms set out in the SMR explicate the broader standards contained in th
e
 principal human rights conventions mentioned earlier. The basic tenet of all human rights instruments dealing with prisoners clearly reaffirm the principal prisoners retain fundamental human rights. The classification of a person as a prisoner, convicted
/unconvicted or otherwise, does not derogate from fundamental human rights attached to all human beings.
\par 
\par In 1992 the UN Human Rights Committee explained that states have "a positive obligation towards persons who are particularly vulnerable because of their status as persons deprived of liberty}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 .
 It further stated: "Not only may persons deprived of their liberty not be subjected to torture of other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment .... But neither may they be subjected to any hardship or 
constraint other than that resulting from deprivation of liberty; respect for the dignity of such persons must be guaranteed under the same conditions as for that of free persons. Persons deprived of their liberty enjoy all the rights set forth in the ICC
PR, subject to the restrictions that are unavoidable in a closed environment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 " }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
A more significant pronouncement of the Human Rights Committee is that the obligation to treat persons deprived of their liberty with dignity and humanity is a fundamental and u
niversally applicable rule not dependent on the material resources available to the state party. As the Human Rights Committee stated in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
{\*\bkmkstart Mukon_v_Cameroon_S_Naba_v_State}Mukon v Cameroon}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkend Mukon_v_Cameroon_S_Naba_v_State} (Communication No. 458/1991: Cameroon 10/08/94. CCPR/C/51/D/ 458/1991) }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 ... the Committee observes that minimum standards regarding the conditions of detention }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 must be observed regardless of a State party}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
s level of development.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  These include, in accordance with rules 10, 12, 17, 19 and 20 of th
e Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Minimum floor space and cubic content of air for each prisoner, adequate sanitary facilities, clothing which shall be in no manner degrading or humiliating, provision of bed and provision of food of
 nutritional value adequate for health and strength. It should be noted that these are minimum requirements which the Committee considers }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
always be observed, even if economic or budgetary considerations may make compliance with these obligations difficult}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 ." (emphasis added).
\par 
\par Within the general category of prisoners special set of standards apply to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 untried prisoners}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
, that is, persons detained by the State who have not been tried or sentenced of a criminal charge against them. The rights of untried prisoners is premised on another fundamental human rights concept - the presumption of innocence. The 
{\*\bkmkstart UN_Decl_a11_1_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}UN Universal Declaration states in Article 11(1):{\*\bkmkend UN_Decl_a11_1_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 "Everyone charged with a penal offence has 
the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par This Universal right is reaffirmed in our Constitution under {\*\bkmkstart Const_s28_1_a_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}Section 28(1)(a) {\*\bkmkend Const_s28_1_a_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}which states:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
Every person charged with an offence has the right: to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par It is clear from the affidavits that the applicants are sharing one cell a
mong three detainees. The cells in the Remand block are quite small (9ft x 9ft and 11 inches). There is only one window per cell (3ft x 1ft 5 inches). It is clear from the Court visit that there is insufficient natural light to read, which is required und
er the Minimum Standard Rules. According to the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners 9(1):
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
"Where sleeping accommodation is in individual cells or rooms, each prisoner shall occupy by night a cell or room by himself. If for special reaso
ns, such as temporary over-crowding, it becomes necessary for the central prison administration to make an exception to this rule, it is not desirable to have two prisoners in a cell or room". It is clear from in the case of the Applicants and in the Nata
b
ua Remand block the minimum standards are not being met. Most detainees sleep with at least two other prisoners routinely. When there is over-crowding 3 or more persons sleep in a cell. According to Prison officials two persons are not put together in a c
ell-it is either }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 one}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  or}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  three}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  persons.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par The problem of overcrowding in our prisons appears to be have been a perennial problem since the 1960s. The }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Advisory Mission on the Treatment of Offenders}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (Council paper No. 1 of 1967) noted the problem in the 1960s. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
The Report of the Ombudsman (Justice Moti Tikaram). Into the Allegations of ill-treatment at Naboro Maximum Security Prison 31st May 1978}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
 (Parliamentary Paper No 37 of 1978) stated that "Overcrowding and shortage of staff has been a perennial problem with 
the Prisons Service (p.30). As regards to Remand prisoners generally one cannot but quote the following observations by the English Parliamentary All-Party Penal Affairs Group in its Report: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Too Many Prisoners" published in June 1980:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 \i\f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 "Remand prisoners ma
ke a particularly heavy demand on the resources of the prison service because of the disproportionate amount of staff time spent on reception duties and in escorting them to and from Court. Furthermore, the May Committee described conditions for many rema
nd prisons as a }{\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 scandal}{\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{
\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
. Although un-convicted prisoners receive certain privileges not afforded to serving sentences (e.g. more frequent letters and visits and the right to have a greater of variety of articles sent in by relatives and friends), in other
 ways they are worse off than convicted prisoners. Work is not readily available for who wish to work, educational and recreational facilities are often minimal and they spend the majority of each 24 hour period locked in their cells. We that the location
 of, and conditions for, remand prisoners should be reviewed since it is particularly undesirable that persons who have not yet been found guilty of an offence should be subjected to such conditions" (Quoted from }{
\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Royal Commission on Treatment of Offenders}{\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  Suva, Fiji 1980 Part I pp41-42).
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par The Court cannot but reiterate and reconfirm those sentiments expressed in the 1980s in the U.K. in relation to the conditions at the Remand block in Lautoka in 2001. The detainees/unconvicted prisoners in the Remand block 
live in atrocious conditions, more so when the block is overcrowded. On the day of our visit there were 45 male persons in detention. According to the Officer-in-charge over the past 3 years, on average, there have been 45 persons in the Remand block at a
n
y given time. There are only 18 cells in the block. As such the submission by State Counsel that the overcrowding in Natabua Remand block is temporary is not correct. Most detainees, including the applicants, were housed 3 to a cell. They are locked in mo
s
t of the time. The building is very old, built in 1920s. For three or more persons the cell is inadequate. The officer in charge himself admits in his affidavit that "I verily believe that each cell block housing three prisoners is over-crowded and not su
i
table for healthy human survival." There is insufficient natural light for reading. The type of light bulbs used are not conducive for reading in the overall structure of the block. The foam mattresses provided were thin and mostly inadequately covered. T
h
ey are placed on the bare cement floor for sleeping. The blankets provided, especially for the cooler months of May - July are inadequate. Many were torn. Some detainees complained about these. It is clear that the provision of bedding does not comply wit
h the }{\i0\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 SMR}{\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
 which requires that every prisoner be provided with "a separate bed with separate and sufficient bedding which shall be clean when issued kept in good order and changed often enough to ensure its cleanliness." The situation in the Remand block is 
the more distressing when one notes that convicted prisoners housed in the dormitory blocks at Natabua are provided with beds.
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
The remand prisoners are provided breakfast from 7:00-8.00a.m. which appears reasonable. Lunch is from 11:30 to 12.00noon which 
may be considered reasonable. However, the evening meal is provided from 4:00pm to 4.30. Unlike the convicted prisoners unconvicted prisoners take all their meals in their cells. It is not clear why.
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \i\f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par However, this appears unsatisfactory when at least 3 pe
rsons are confined in a cell. There is no table or chairs in the cell. From 5pm all detainees are locked in their cells. They are then left with a bucket each for the needs of nature until 7.00am. Such a situation is inhumane and degrading in view of the 
fact that 3 persons are confined in a badly ventilated cell. This also breaches the }{\i0\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 SMR 12}{\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
 which states: }{\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
The sanitary installations shall be adequate to enable every prisoner to comply with the needs of nature when necessary and in a clean and decent manner.}{\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
 By 8pm all lights are put off. Given the climatic conditions and the socio-cultural milieu in Fiji this locking up at 5pm is inhumane. Most persons in villages and settlements, where most detainees come from, are busy in outdoor activities from 5-7.00p
m, for example, in sports, gardening, farming and other recreational activities. Very few persons in Fiji would, in normal circumstances, have their dinner at 4.00p.m.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par The detainees in the Remand block are allowed one hour of exercise per day between Mond
ays to Fridays. This includes putting their beddings out and washing and drying clothes. Altogether, as the Applicants state, they are allowed two hours per day for fresh air breathing. According to the Prison Regulations 
{\*\bkmkstart s121_c_Prison_Regs_State_v_Sailasa_Naba}section 121(c) {\*\bkmkend s121_c_Prison_Regs_State_v_Sailasa_Naba}
an unconvicted criminal prisoner "may exercise daily during such period as the circumstances of the prison may allow." It is clear that this provision is not fully adhered to since there is no prov
ision for any exercise on Saturdays and Sundays. It is also evident that on rainy days there are no provisions for exercise since there are no indoor recreational facilities at Natabua Prison. The availability of staff resources also restricts this exerci
se privilege of the detainees.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
There are no provisions to undertake any education or training, for example, through extension classes or correspondence at Natabua Prison. While the detainees may receive letters any day, they are allowed to write only once 
a week. This is contrary to Regulation 121(f). As the HRC submission states in general the laws of Fiji regarding the treatment of unconvicted prisoners are consistent with international law. What appears to be a problem is the enforcement of the appropri
ate regulations. In the Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
s view in many areas, the regulations do not fully confirm to the Standard Minimum Rules. Where there is any conflict, under {\*\bkmkstart Const_s21_4_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}Section 21(4) {\*\bkmkend Const_s21_4_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}of the}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution,}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 the Courts will need to read the statute or regulation to confirm with the requirements of the Bill of Rights.
\par 
\par It is clear from the Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
s inspection of the Remand block and discussions with the Officer-in-charge that unconvicted prisoners do not have an
y favourable treatment to convicted criminal prisoners. In fact the conditions in the Remand block are inhumane and inferior to the dormitory blocks where certain class of convicted prisoners are kept. Much has to do with the allocation of staff and other
 
resources. The Court is aware that a disproportionate amount of time and staff resources are required to remand prisoners to and from the Courts and the consequential administrative burdens. This is perhaps one of the reasons, among others, that the Priso
n
 authorities suggested the option that Remand centres be under the jurisdiction of the Police Department (see HRC submission p.30). This is a matter which the authorities concerned to consider. It is also evident that neither the Prison officers nor the p
risoners are of the Standard Minimum Rules. According to Dr Shameem Fiji has never requested assistance from the relevant UN agencies to comply with the Standard Minimum Rules.
\par 
\par It does offe
nd our sense of human decency to realise that persons who are presumed innocent are only allowed 2 hours out of their cells in a 24 hour period. Most of the time they are locked in a small cell with at least 2 other persons. That a bucket system is still 
used for the needs of nature is offensive in this day and age. That such persons are confined in a building built in the 1920s with ventilation and structures not conducive to human habitation does not accord with the sense of social justice and}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 fairness o
ur community expects. Remand centres are meant to keep detainees for short periods, awaiting trial. However, given the backlog of cases in our courts such persons spend more than a reasonable time awaiting trial. The breaches of the provisions for a fair 
trial within a reasonable rime and to be treated with humanity and inherent dignity cannot be condoned by the Courts.
\par 
\par It is clear that the Prisons Act (Cap 86) and the subsidiary legislations dealing with}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
the treatment of prisoners needs to be reviewed. The definitional problem of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 prisoner}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
 meaning "any person, whether convicted or not under detention in prison, or being taken to or from prison in which he may be lawfully detained}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (Section 2) is but one aspect of the problem. There needs to be more updat
ing in terms of the treatment of prisoners, especially those unconvicted of any offence, to meet the requirements of the Minimum Rules. The Fiji Law Reform Commission: }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
Background Paper to a Review of the Prisons Act and Subsidiary Legislation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  (Commission P
aper No. 5) presents some very useful background on penal legislation, penal policy and philosophy.
\par 
\par The State Counsel}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
s rather bland oral submission that lack of resources is a problem does not address the issue. As discussed earlier resource constraint cannot be used to derogate from the provision of Bill of Rights in our}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution. As {\*\bkmkstart Const_s21_2_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}s.21(2) 
{\*\bkmkend Const_s21_2_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}itself states:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 "The rights and freedoms set out in this Chapter apply according to their tenor an
d are subject only to the limitation under laws of general application permitted by this Chapter and to such derogations as are authorised under Chapter 14."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par Chapter 14 derogations relate to a state of emergency.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Interestingly, even emergency powers. 
{\*\bkmkstart Const_s187_3_d_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}Section 187(3)(d) {\*\bkmkend Const_s187_3_d_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}states:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
"A law made under this section that is inconsistent with the obligations of the State under an international convention or covenant is invalid to the extent of the inconsistency.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par As such the rights of detainees to be treated with human dignity, provided for under the Universal Declaration, the ICCPR and the Covenant Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, cannot be compromise
d even under a state of emergency. One cannot but reiterate the remarks of Madraiwiwi J in the case of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 {\*\bkmkstart Taito_Rarasea_v_State_Sailasa_Naba_v_S}Taito Rarasea v State}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  {\*\bkmkend Taito_Rarasea_v_State_Sailasa_Naba_v_S}(Cr App HAA0027/2000S) which considered the rights of p
risoners in the context of the Standard Minimum Rules. In considering the reduction of prison rations as a form of punishment Madraiwiwi J. stated: "The very idea that the state would employ such means is intrinsically unacceptable for the reason that it 
uses what is a necessity of life as a means to punish proscribed behaviour. This devalues persons such }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 as the Appellant }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 because it assumes that their status as prisoners justifies such sanctions. The short answer to the proposition is that they are no less human for being incarcerated}{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  an entitlement to an inherent dignity no bars or walls can violate."}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
 (p4, emphasis added). It is interesting that in this case Maraiwiwi, J went beyond the Standard Minimum Rules to conclude that the reduction in rations amount
ed to inhumane and degrading treatment. As he stated: "It must also be borne in mind that the Minimum Rules were first approved in 1957 and recognised that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 ...the rules cover a field in which thought is constantly developing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 . The concept of human rights has evolved since then and from the vantage point of the Constitution, which came into effect in 1997, has deepened in its scope." (p4).}{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par CONCLUSIONS}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par In the Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 s view the overall conditions and regime in the Remand block at Natabua Prison 
is inhumane. It dehumanises those within it. The regime maintained is for convenience rather than human centred. The detainees are not treated with humanity and with respect for their inherent dignity as required by 
{\*\bkmkstart Const_s27_1_f_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}Section 27(l)(f) {\*\bkmkend Const_s27_1_f_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}of our Constitution.
 When one assesses the inhuman conditions pertaining to the unconvicted at the Remand block at Natabua Prison complex one wonders what is the presumption of innocence about. This coupled with
 the long delays in the trial for murder cases, as these applicants are facing, breaches the most fundamental human rights of a vulnerable group in society. Most studies suggest that prisons dehumanise human beings. It must particularly rankle those who a
re presumed to be innocent. If society is to be judged by how it treats its most vulnerable than at Natabua Remand block we have a test.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 One cannot but feel that the facilities and regime condoned by the concerned diminishes all those who are detained and
 those who detain them in sub human conditions. Such conditions cannot be condoned by all those who believe in the rule of law and fundamental human rights. One cannot reconcile such treatment the preamble to our}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution which reaffirms}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 "our recognition of the human and fundamental freedoms of all individuals and group, safeguarded by adherence to the rule of law, and our respect for human dignity...}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  Nor does it comply with the Compact in our}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution recognising that}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
"...the conduct of government is based on the principles" that "the rights of all individuals, communities and groups are fully respected}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 "}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 ({\*\bkmkstart Const_s6_a_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}section 6(a){\*\bkmkend Const_s6_a_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}).
\par 
\par Prisoners are not captives of Prison officers nor the Prison servic
e. They are in prison due to a judicial determination. Most are in prison due to a conviction. The punishment is imprisonment. Their liberty has been restricted. That is the punishment. The circumstances of imprisonment should not be used as an additional
 punishment. The role of the Prison Service is to look after the welfare of the Prisoners while in State custody, of their social and cultural development. As for the unconvicted prisoners are to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to
 law. Apart from being separated from convicted persons they are to be treated with humanity and with for his or her inherent dignity (Sections 27(1)(f) and {\*\bkmkstart Const_s27_4_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}(4) {\*\bkmkend Const_s27_4_Sailasa_Naba_v_State}
of the Constitution).}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 They are to be tr
eated in a special regime conducive to their status as innocent persons. For them life in prison should be made as close to normal life, in keeping with their social and cultural requirements.
\par 
\par The Court finds that the treatment of the Applicants in partic
ular and other persons in the Remand block at the Natabua Prison at Lautoka does not comply with the UN Standard Minimum Rules. As such their Constitutional right to be free from cruel, inhumane, degrading or disproportionately severe 
treatment or punishment has breached. Their treatment is not in keeping with the presumption of guaranteed by Section 28(1) of the}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution. Further, the length of time they been kept in custody awaiting trial further aggravates the inhumane and treatment they are subjecte
d to. Their treatment amounts to punishment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 before are tried by a Court of law.
\par 
\par The Court recommends that the Remand block at the Natabua Prison complex be closed for the purpose of detaining persons awaiting trial. The authorities may use the block for
 storage and other administrative services but it should not be used to detain persons who are presumed to be innocent. If the facility is not closed forthwith this Court, in view of its findings in this case, and keeping with its obligations under 
{\*\bkmkstart Const_s21_1_a_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}Section 21(1)(a) {\*\bkmkend Const_s21_1_a_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}and {\*\bkmkstart Const_s21_3_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}(3) {\*\bkmkend Const_s21_3_Sailosi_Naba_v_State}of the}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Constitution, will consider granting bail to persons detained in the Remand Block and awaiting trial.
\par 
\par This Court cannot but express its grave disappointment with the Occupational}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Health 
and Safety Inspectors based at Lautoka. It is rare for government departments not to co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
operate and comply with a request made by the Courts. This Court had requests f
or the Occupational Health and Safety Inspectors to undertake an Occupational Health & Safety Inspection to determine whether the Remand block complies with the Act. No reports were forthcoming from the Department.
\par }\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \i\f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i0\f0\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par ORDER}{\i0\f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
As far as the specific situation of the 5 Applicants are concerned their}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 detention}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
and treatment over the last 18 months amounts to cruel, inhumane and degrading The delay in their trial has not been due to their conduct. It is excessive and in breach of
 their constitutional rights. The presumption of innocence that they are entitled to under the Constitution has been violated. The 5 applicants are granted bail on the following conditions:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (i)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \tab Each applicant is granted bail on his own recognisance for the sum of $500:00, with a surety each for $500:00.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (ii)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \tab Each applicant is to report to their nearest Police Station once a week.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 (iii)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 \tab Each is to reside at a fixed address - to be provided to Court. They are not to change their residence without informing the Police.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 (iv) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
They are not to communicate with or interfere with any Prosecution witnesses.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7241433 (v) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
They are to appear in this Court, at its next Criminal session on 6 August 2001at 9.30a.m.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Bail granted on conditions.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7241433 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 Marie Chan}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid10772939\charrsid7241433 
\par }}