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\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs16\insrsid8421204 \tab Daniel Azad Wali v State (CA)}{\fs16\insrsid8421204\charrsid933470 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cs18\fs16\insrsid8421204\charrsid12604364  PAGE }}{\fldrslt {
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\par Court of Appeal Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction
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\par }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 Murder \endash  sentencing to life imprisonment - evidence \endash  corroboration \endash  statements inconsistent with the evidence \endash  credibility of a witness 
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\par Nanise Wati, the Appellant in this proceedings and one Daniel Azad Wali were charged and convicted with murder of Reena Bibi on 5 October 1996. The trial began in the High Court on the 12th of August 1999 and on the 20th
 of September 1999 both the accused were found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Daniel Wali appealed against the conviction and sentence. T
he grounds of appeal were failure by the trial judge to give the assessors: 1. An adequate or proper direction on corroboration of the evidence of an accomplice Sophie Radrodro; 2. a chance to comment adequately or at all on inconsistencies in the evidenc
e of prosecution witnesses; 3. To direct the assessors on important facts which favoured the defence. The court found that Sophie Radrodro, a very important witness for the state, made inconsistent statements in evidence that she gave in court. 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
\par Held}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747  -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6295747  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
Corroboration is any evidence which comes from an independent source and which affects an accused person by connecting or tending to connect him or her with the crime in question. Further it must be evidence which implicates an accused person that is, whi
c
h confirms in some material particular not only the evidence that the crime has been committed but also that the accused person committed it. A number of incidents referred by the judge to assessors as having a corroborative effect did not meet the requir
ements of corroboration according to law because they did not satisfy the test of implicating the accused.
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6295747 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 Appeal allowed. The conviction and sentence are quashed and a new trial is ordered.
\par 
\par [Note: subsequently, on a retrial, the accused was acquitted and discharged: HAC 012/01 21 August 2001]
\par 
\par No cases referred to in Judgment
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
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Abhay K.Singh for the Appellant
\par Josaia K Naigulevu for the Respondent
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\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 Casey, Gallen, Byrne, JJA}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473 
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 On the 28th of April 1999 Nanise Wati the Appellant in these proceedings and one Daniel Azad Wali were charged with the murder of Reena Bibi on the 5th
 of October 1996. The deceased Reena Bibi was murdered at her place 48 Milverton Road, Raiwaqa. A post mortem was carried out by a Doctor R.B Cayari who said that in his opinion the cause of death was a }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6295747 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 slashed injury to the neck}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6295747 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747  which caused severe hemorrhaging and that a sharp instrument was used to cause the injury. The trial began in the High Court on the 12th of August 1999 and on the 20th of September
 Nanise Wati and the Appellant were found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.
\par 
\par Nanise Wati did not appeal against her conviction and sentence but the Appellant did and his appeal is now before the court.
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\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 Apart from all other Prosecution witnesses}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6295747 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
 one very important witness was Sophia Radrodro who said that she knew the deceased Reena Bibi quite well. According to Sophia Radodro that on Saturday October 1996 she went to Chequers Night Club at about 7.00pm. She met Nanise Wati and Daniel Wa
li there. Nanise Wati then asked Sophia if she could take them to Reena Bibi, as Nanise Wati knew Sophia Radrdro and Reena Bibi were good friends. 
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\par At about 10.30 pm the three went to Reena Bibi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6295747 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 s flat in a taxi driven by Pita Nasedra. As they arrived at Reena Bibi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6295747 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 s place, Sophia then led them to the house and she knocked and called out Reena Bibi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6295747 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
s name who in return responded and opened the garage/ carpot door. The deceased opened the door and then walked back inside not knowing that Nanise Wati and Daniel Wali were following Sophia Radrodro in the house. 
\par 
\par As Reena Bibi approached the passage she then turned back and when she saw Nanise Wati and Daniel Wali she rushed back passing Sophia Radrodro and tried to push Daniel Wali at the doorway. A struggle 
followed between Daniel Wali and Reena Bibi at the doorway. During the struggle Bamboo beads, which were hanging at the doorway, broke and fell on the floor. According to Sophia Radrodro Daniel Wali dragged Reena Bibi into the bedroom. Nanise Wati followe
d Daniel Wali into the bedroom but before doing s
o had closed the garage door. Sophia said that she heard Reena Bibi yelling and after a while the yelling stopped. Sophia then was scared to check on what had happened but finally she decided to go in the bed
room. She said that she saw Reena Bibi lying on a mattress and blood coming from her neck. Blood was all over the place. Sophia then said that she saw a blade not very long in Daniel Wali}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6295747 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 s hand.
\par 
\par In cross-examination Sophia Radrodro said she told lies to the Police when first questioned.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6295747  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
Sophia Radrodro said she could not hold the truth back any longer and told the truth to the Police in 1999. Sophia Radrodro also said that the reason why she finally told the truth about the murder was that she had confid
ence in the new team of Police Investigators brought into the case.
\par 
\par The trial began in the High Court on the 12th of August 1999 and on the 20th of September 1999 in which both the accused were found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. 
\par 
\par Daniel Azad Wali appealed against his conviction and the appeal was allowed and the conviction and sentence quashed, however a new trial was ordered and eventually Daniel Azad Wali was acquitted. The present Appellant
, Nanise Wati sought leave appeal out of time and the court granted her application.
\par 
\par At the hearing the Appellant relied however on 4 main grounds. These were:
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6295747 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
\nooverflow\faroman\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6295747 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 That the direction on intent was inadequate.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
\nooverflow\faroman\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6295747 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 That the direction on joint enterprise was inadequate.
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
\nooverflow\faroman\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6295747 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 That the judge failed to adequately direct the assessors on the law relating to principal offenders and whatever part the 
Appellant may have played and
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
\nooverflow\faroman\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6295747 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 That the summing up contained errors of law with regard to corroboration.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6295747 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
\par The prosecution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6295747 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 s case at trial was conducted on the basis that Daniel Wali was the principal offender and the present Appellant
 was a party to that offence. The prosecution was therefore obliged to prove as against Wali an intention to murder within the meaning of the criminal co
de. The Judge dealt with this in his summing up to the assessors but did so in terms, which did not clearly differentiate the position of the present Appellant. 
\par 
\par The prosecution relied upon the provisions of {\*\bkmkstart s21_1_PC_Daniel_Azad_Wali_v_State}section 21(1) {\*\bkmkend s21_1_PC_Daniel_Azad_Wali_v_State}of the Penal Code and contended that the present Appellant
 had been guilty of aiding and abetting the principal offender.
\par 
\par In the circumstances of the case the Judge ought to have explained to the assessors that mere presen
ce does not of itself constitute aiding and abetting and he ought to have gone on to set out those circumstances upon which the prosecution relied in order to establish both that the present Appellant
 did some act or acts which could properly be categorised as aiding and abetting and in doing so had the necessary criminal intention.
\par 
\par It was argued therefore that the assessors might have been left in some confusion as to the state of mind which the prosecution needed to prove before the Appellant could be co
nvicted and this was compounded by the lack of any adequate explanation as to what might have constituted aiding and abetting in the particular case.
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6295747 \f40\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
The Judge in this present case further stated that involvement in a crime as a party involves difficult c
oncepts that need to be explained with some care to the assessors as lay people. The judges in this matter felt that the assessors in the court of first instance may well have been left in some confusion as to the state of mind, which the prosecution need
ed to prove before the Appellant could be convicted.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6295747 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
\par On the issue of corroboration, the case against both co-accused was dependent to a considerable extent on the evidence of Sophia Radrodro. Since she was an accomplice there was as obligation to advice th
e assessors that it was dangerous to convict on her evidence unless it was corroborated to a material extent. The concept of corroboration is a technical and a legal one and is often confused with confirmation. Before the evidence can be corroborative it 
must directly implicate the accused in the crime.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6295747  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
\par 
\par The situation in this case differs in that there is only one piece of evidence that the Judge advised the assessors could amount to corroboration of the evidence of Sophie Radrodro against the present Appellant
, which does not legally amount to corroboration. In relation to the application of s21 and {\*\bkmkstart s22_PC_Daniel_Azad_Wali_v_State}s22{\*\bkmkend s22_PC_Daniel_Azad_Wali_v_State}
 of the Penal Code the judges were left in no doubt that the conviction must in this case be set aside and the appeal allowed.
\par 
\par Furthermore the Court of Appeal was of the view that if the present Appellant were to be retried, the assessors could be told that Daniel Wali had been acquitted. The question would arise as to whether or not the assessor
s could be informed that Daniel Wali had been retried following on his successful appeal and had been completely acquitted.
\par 
\par While therefore it may be that there was more to corroborate the evidence of Sophie Radrodro as to the implication of the present Appellant
, looking at the facts of the matter it is quite unreal to suggest that on the material adduced before the court at the first trial a distinction in the outcome between the co-accused would be a just result even bearing in mind the legal distinctio
ns. If the account that Sophie Radrodro gave was rejected, as against the alleged principal offender it could hardly be decisive against another party. Therefore no order for a new trial is made.
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 Appeal allowed.
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6295747 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\insrsid15085473\charrsid6295747 Kamni Naidu}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid6295747 
\par }}