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\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480
\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid902644750}{\list\listtemplateid624299014\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 
\fi144\li576\jclisttab\tx0\lin576 }{\listname ;}\listid1201940351}{\list\listtemplateid1206148066\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-880225082
\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916441\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916443\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916431\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916441\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916443\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid201916431\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916441
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916443\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
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\fbias0 \fi-1440\li1440\jclisttab\tx0\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \fi1008\li432\jclisttab\tx0\lin432 }{\listlevel
\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-1440\li4320\jclisttab\tx0\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-1440\li5760\jclisttab\tx0\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-1440\li7200\jclisttab\tx0\lin7200 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-1440\li8640
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\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-1440\li11520\jclisttab\tx0\lin11520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\'08;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-1440\li12960\jclisttab\tx0\lin12960 }{\listname ;}\listid1301615040}{\list\listtemplateid-885624722\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
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\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 
\fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23
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\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1302804728}{\list\listtemplateid1987842914{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
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{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \jclisttab\tx0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
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\fbias0 \jclisttab\tx0 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat0\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'00;}{\levelnumbers;}\fbias0 \jclisttab\tx0 }{\listname AutoList52;}\listid1309629890}
{\list\listtemplateid-178724164\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \fi-576\li2016\jclisttab\tx0\lin2016 }{\listname 
;}\listid1312710153}{\list\listtemplateid-718641402\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-360125404\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-720\li2880
\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel
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\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6480
\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li7200\jclisttab\tx7200\lin7200 }{\listname 
;}\listid1333027161}{\list\listtemplateid329662280\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat3\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1373035246\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \fi-504\li1224
\jclisttab\tx-720\lin1224 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916441\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel
\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916443\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916431\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916441\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid201916443\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916431
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916441\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916443\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li7200\jclisttab\tx7200\lin7200 }
{\listname AutoList12;}\listid1438480982}{\list\listtemplateid-1110267504\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \fi-720\li2160
\jclisttab\tx0\lin2160 }{\listname ;}\listid1522892797}{\list\listtemplateid503094648{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-504\li1224
\jclisttab\tx-720\lin1224 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2
\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-180\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\fbias0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-180\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel
\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-180\li7200\jclisttab\tx7200\lin7200 }{\listname AutoList53;}\listid1764451616}{\list\listtemplateid689197830\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \fi-576\li1324\jclisttab\tx-692\lin1324 }{\listname ;}\listid1783844846}{\list\listtemplateid1938715326\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat4\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid2100849778\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fs22\cf0\fbias0 \fi-720\li1400\jclisttab\tx1400\lin1400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1760\jclisttab\tx1760\lin1760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2480\jclisttab\tx2480\lin2480 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703
\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3200\jclisttab\tx3200\lin3200 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3920
\jclisttab\tx3920\lin3920 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4640\jclisttab\tx4640\lin4640 }{\listlevel
\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5360\jclisttab\tx5360\lin5360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6080\jclisttab\tx6080\lin6080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6800\jclisttab\tx6800\lin6800 }{\listname ;}\listid1824278421}{\list\listtemplateid532946822\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat0\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-89761026\'01-;}{\levelnumbers;}\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0\fbias0 \fi-360\li1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 
\fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23
\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698693\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1916427210}{\list\listtemplateid-302597786\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715
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CITIZENS CONSTITUTIONAL FORUM & ADI KUINI VUIKABA SPEED, DR TUPENI BABA, RT KINIJOJI MAIVALILI, RT ISIRELI VUIBAU & DEO NARAYAN v PRESIDENT & ATTORNEY-GENERAL }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (No. 1)
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\par High Court Civil Jurisdiction
\par 23 May, 2001 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab HBC119/01S
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\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Practice and procedure \endash  disqualification of judge on the ground of alleged bias \endash 
 allegation that Judge took part in drafting an Administration of Justice Decree 2000 - refusal of judge to recuse himself from hearing the case \endash whether participation in wider interests, or subjective apprehension of }{
\i\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
pplicant sufficient to disqualify trial Judge - High Court Rules O.7 r.2, O.12, O.17 r.3(3), O.28 r.3, O.41 rr.5(2) & 6, O.80 r.9(3), Forms 4 & 15
\par 
\par Constitution \endash  declarations sought on whether the President was wrong in proroguing Parliament instead of summoning Parliament \endash 
 whether President used advice tendered by Chief Justice for course of action taken 10 months later - Constitution ss28, 29(2), 85, 90, 91, 96, 98, 99(3), (4) & (5), 106, 118, 123 and 132 (1) & (2)
\par  
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 pplicants so
ught by Originating Summons various declarations about the refusal of the President to summons Parliament, but instead proroguing Parliament and dismissing the Prime Minister and appointing a caretaker government.}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Before the hearing of the substantive Originating Summons, the }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 pplicants sought to disqualify the trial Judge on the basis of involvement in drafting the Administration of Justice Decree 2000, that he had authored a document referred to as }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Document B}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
, and an opinion under s106 Constitution, tha
t he had common cause with the President in the issues raised, that the impugned Judge had prejudged the issues raised, that a call to the President to remove the impugned Judge was enough reason to apprehend possible bias, and in light of the facts and c
ircumstances, and in order to maintain public confidence the Judge should disqualify himself.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The impugned Judge required the}{
\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 first named }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 econd }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
pplicant deponent to amend and refile his affidavit without defects, as the affidavit failed to identify sources of information and grounds of belief. The }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 pplicants could not point to any authority to support a proposition that a subjective apprehension of an }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 pplicant is critical and sufficient grounds for disqualification, but suggested that apprehension may arise because of a Judge}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s relationship or connection with a party, which is so close and friendly as to indicate a bias, or an aderse relationship or attitude.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
pplicants pointed out that the impugned judge would be away overseas and was unable to hear the case and deliver Judgment in a short time span.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
The Judgment was required to be delivered hastily as the Government had intended to issue a Writ of Elections shortly, and Judgment was necessary to determine whether the Writ of Elections would be issued.
 The trial Judge discussed the various authorities on bias and concluded that the }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
pplicants did not firmly establish any bias, or common cause.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 However, the Judge returned the file to be reassigned to another Judge. 
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Held \endash  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1) An application to disquali
fy a trial judge is a serious matter and must be made on substantial grounds and accompanied with supporting evidence. The application must first be made to the trial Judge in chambers in the presence of the opposing party, and if refused, moved in open c
ourt. The test of recusal is objective and the onus is on the applicant to establish that the disqualifying interest or matter would cause the possibility of a departure from impartial decision\endash 
making and the oath of office taken by the Judge to administer 
justice without fear or favour. A subjective apprehension is not, of itself, enough to warrant or require disqualification. The latter of the dual constitutional requirements of independence and impartiality is more narrowly focused on individual characte
ristics than the prior, which is status oriented, and extends to cover constitutional and administrative independent of the Court. There is a constitutional presumption that a Court is independent and impartial unless rebutted by the }{
\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 pplicants.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (2) The re
al test of bias is whether there is a real danger or possibility of bias on the part of the tribunal under scrutiny. The separate disqualification rule that a person is not confined to a cause in which he is a party but also to a cause in which he has an 
interest, is good law in Fiji.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (3) The }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 pplicants cannot rely on a document }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 as tending to proof of bias by association, which document the trial Judge co-authored, but which was never received by the President}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s office.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Despite recorded denials of the
 trial Judge in having written it, the President did not rely on in his address to the nation for the actions he had taken to dismiss the Prime Minister and prorogue Parliament, and which painted a different scenario 10 months later than existed when the 
document was created. 
\par 
\par Obiter dicta \endash (1) It is unfortunate and unprecedented for fellow Judges to publicly reveal their opinions and seek to disqualify the trial Judge from hearing the substantive application on the basis of his involvement in certain acti
vities. Although motivated by higher ideals, the clumsy attempts have unwittingly intruded upon the trial Judge}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s personal integrity and judicial independence. They characterise an atmosphere of absence of collegiality, backbiting, envy, hidden-agendas, hypocrisy and disloyalty.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
(2) Judges are by their training capable of exercising personal and emotional detachment from cases. No applicant should be allowed to easily change judges based on public vilification of the Judge.
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Dimes v Proprietors of}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Grant ]unction Canal}{
\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1852) 3 H.L.C. 759 appl.
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 [Note: for Judgment see }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Rev Akuila Yabaki & Ors v President & Attorney-General}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (No. 2) }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in this volume]
\par }\pard \s17\ql \fi-374\li374\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin374\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Other cases referred to in Ruling
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Amina Koya v State }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 [1998] CAV0002/97
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Arab Monetary Fund v Hashim and Others}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (N
o.8) The Times May 4 1993
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Attorney General v Director of Public Prosecution}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
(1982) 28 FLR 20 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Auckland Casino Ltd. v Casino Control Authority}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1995) 1 NZLR 142
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Auten v}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Rayner and Others}{
\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1960) 1 All ER 692
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi-374\li374\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin374\itap0\pararsid675049 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Chandrika Prasad v Republic of Fiji & Attorney-General}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (No. 4) (2000) 2 FLR 89; [2001] NZAR 21; 1 LRC 665
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Conway v Rimmer}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1968) AC 910
\par }\pard \s17\ql \fi-374\li374\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin374\itap0\pararsid675049 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 D. v National Society for the}{
\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Prevention of Cruelty to Children}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1977) 2 WLR 201 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 and }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Clenae Pty Ltd. v A.N.Z.}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (2000) 176 A.L R. 644 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Grassby v The Queen}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1989) 168 CLR 1 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Hennessy v Wright}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1888) 21 QBD 509 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Iwi v Montesole}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1955) Crim.L.R. 313
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 J.L. Young Manufacturing Co Ltd v 1.1. Young Manufacturing Co. Ltd.}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1900) 2 Ch. 753
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Livesey v N.S.W. Bar Association}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1983) 151 CLR 288 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Locabail Ltd v Bayfield Properties }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (2000) 1 All ER 65
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Patel v Comptroller of Customs}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1965) 3 All ER593 

\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 President v lnoke Kubuabola and Others }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\cgrid0\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 [1999] }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 SC Misc. 1/99 }{\lang2057\langfe3081\cgrid0\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 3 September 1999}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
President of the Republic of South Africa v South African Rugby}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Football Union}{
\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1999) 4 S.A. 147}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Queen v Beauregard}{
\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1987) 30 D.L.R. (4th) 481
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The Queen v Watson}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ex-parte}{
\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Armstrong}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1976) 136 CLR248
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 R. v}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate ex parte}{
\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Pinochet Ugarte (No.2)}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1999) 1 All ER 577}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 R. v Gough}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1993) AC 646
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 R v Myers}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1965) AC}{
\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 1001 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Rajski v Wood}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1989) 18 N.S.WLR 512
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Raybos Aust. Pty. Ltd. v Tectran Corporation Pty. Ltd.}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1986) 6 N.S.WLR 272
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Re J.R.L}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ; }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ex parte C.J.L}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 . (1986) 161 CLR 342 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Re: Polites}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ex p. Hoyts}{
\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Corporation Pty.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Ltd. }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1992) 173 CLR78}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Re}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 : }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Renaud}{
\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ex}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 parte C.L.J.}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1886) 60 A.L.J.R 528}{
\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Reference concerning}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
the Independence and Impartiality of Judges of the Provincial Court of}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Prince Edward Island
\par }\pard\plain \ql \fi-374\li374\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin374\itap0\pararsid675049 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
{\*\bkmkstart Remuneration_Judges_v_AG_Constitutional}Reference re}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  {\*\bkmkend Remuneration_Judges_v_AG_Constitutional}Can SC September 18 1997
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Regina v London County Council }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 ex parte}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Empire Theatre }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1894) 71 L.T. 638 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Republic of Fiji v Chandrika Prasad }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (No. 2)}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (2001) ABU0078/00S; [2001] 2 LRC 743 }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af12\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \fi-374\li374\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin374\itap0\pararsid675049 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Savings Bank v Casco B.V.}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1984) 1}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 WLR271
\par }\pard \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Teper v R}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1952) AC480}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Turner v Allison }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1971) NZLR833}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Vakauta v Kelly}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1989) 167 CLR 568
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Valente v The}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Queen}{
\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1986) 24 D.L.R. (4th)}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 161 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Watson v Bish}{\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Limited}{
\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1985) 31 FLR 41 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Webb v The Queen}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1994) 181 CLR 41}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Wyatt v Gore}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1816) Holt N.P.299
\par }\pard \s17\ql \fi-374\li374\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin374\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Sir Vijay R. Singh for the }{\i\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 pplicants
\par Qoriniasi B. Bale for the First Respondent
\par Samuela Matawalu for the Second Respondent
\par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 23 May, 2001\tab \tab 
\tab }{\b\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 RULING}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Fatiaki, J
\par }\pard\plain \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It is my unpleasant duty to rule on this interlocutory application by the applicants seeking my disqualification from further hearing this matte
r on the ground of bias. I say unpleasant advisedly firstly because of the very nature of the application which places me in somewhat of an invidious position; and secondly, because of the unprecedented spectacle of me being confronted with the affidavits
 of two (2) serving colleagues on the bench.
\par 
\par In this Notice of Motion filed on 30.4.2001 counsel for the applicants seeks an order or declaration that I am }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
automatically disqualified from hearing or adjudicating upon the matters raised in the applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s Originating Summons}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  alternatively, that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 \'85
 in all the circumstances of the case I disqualify myself \'85.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par 
\par The grounds advanced in the Motion are as follows:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1)\tab that I have }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 common cause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  with H.E. the current President in the issues raised by the }{
\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 pplicants such as to automatically disqualify me from continuing any further with this case;
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (2)\tab that I have }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 effectively prejudged the same or closely related issues}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 as those raised in the applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s substantive Originating Summons such that any reasonable b
ystander would entertain a well-founded apprehension of possible bias on my part;
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (3)\tab that the first applicant the CCF has called on H.E. the President }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 to institute an inquiry into my conduct with a view to my removal from office}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  and this is reason enough for the CCF to apprehend possible bias on my part in determining the case;
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (4)\tab that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in light of all the facts and circumstances}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 deposed in the affidavits filed in support of this Motion I should disqualify myself }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in order to maintain public confidence and that of the}
{\caps\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s in the eventual decision on the substantive application}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par In my view grounds (3) & (4) as framed, are not proper grounds for the application, rather, both refer to specific and general evidential matters placed before me to consider in my ruling on grounds (l) & (2).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Be that as it may counsel candidly admitted that ground (4) was a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 "}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 catch-all" ground.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It was not addressed in any meaningful way and I do not propose to deal separately with it in this ruling.
\par 
\par In this application the applicants have filed seven (7) affidavits as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1)\tab Affidavit of Akuila Yabaki filed 1st May 20001;}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (2)\tab Affidavit of Ratu lsireli Vuibau filed 1st May 2001;}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (3)\tab Second affidavit of Akuila Yabaki filed 9th May 2001;}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (4)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Affidavit of Jone Dakuvula filed 9th May 2001;}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (5)\tab Affidavit of Joseph Browne filed 9th May 2001;}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 (6)\tab }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Affidavit of John Edward Byrne filed 11th May 2001; and}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (7)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  \tab }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Affidavit of Nazhat Shameem filed 11th May 2001.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par The Respondents in turn filed five (5) affidavits:
\par 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1)\tab Two
 (2) affidavits deposed by Jeremaia Waqanisau filed on 4th May and 14th May 2001 on behalf of the First Respondent; and
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (2)\tab Two (2) affidavits deposed by the Solicitor-General Nainendra Nand filed on 4th}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 May and 10th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
May 2001 on behalf of the Second Respondent who also filed a personal affidavit on 10th}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 May 2001.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Before dealing with the affidavits however there is one matter that 1 wish to briefly comment upon.
\par 
\par Very early in his oral submissions Sir Vijay touched upon the system in the High Court civil registry for the assignment of civil actions }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
... by pulling the name of a judge out of several names in a receptacle..." and counsel sought to make some capital out of the Chief justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s assignment of this case to me being a departure from the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ordinary and customary practice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .
\par 
\par It is a minor matter but one which counsel describes as having given rise to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 notorious facts and (is) known to be controversial}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
This submission warrants a short answer lest I add to the controversy by ignoring the insinuation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 T
he short answer is that there is nothing unusual or sinister in the allocation or assignment of difficult or important cases by the Chief justice to any judge of the High Court as he sees fit.
\par 
\par The longer answer is provided in the following passages taken from the judgment of Kirby P.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (as he then was) in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Rajski_v_Wood_CCF_v_AG_1}Rajski v Wood}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
{\*\bkmkend Rajski_v_Wood_CCF_v_AG_1}(1989) 18 N.S.WLR 512}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 at p.519:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li561\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin561\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It is one of the fundamental principles of judicial independence that the constitution of a court should be outside the control or influence of litigants in the court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 This self-evident truth is reflected not only in local law and practice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It is clearly laid down in principles concerning the independence of the judiciary contained in international statements on the subject.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
One such collection of principles is
 found in a resolution of the United Nations Organisation General Assembly, Basic Principles on the Independence of the judiciary ... Clause 14 of the United Nations Basic Principles of the Independence of the judiciary, for example, provides:
\par }\pard \s37\ql \fi-1437\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 14.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The assignment of cases to judges within the court to which they belong is an internal matter of judicial administration.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 His lordship continues:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
If parties could pick and choose judges according to their perception of the way in which their choice could adv
antage them, or disadvantage their opponents and then render judges answerable for sitting arrangements, great damage would be done to the integrity of the judicial process and to community confidence in the neutrality and impartiality of the judiciary. T
his is a reason why, ... the assignment of judges to hear cases has been by express law, inherent jurisdiction and daily convention and practice, reserved to the judiciary itself.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 It is not something over which litigants may exercise influence, except as th
e law provides, for example, by suggestion that a judge should disqualify himself or herself on the ground of actual bias or the reasonable apprehension of bias or (in the case of judicial officers of inferior courts) by action taken in proceedings prerog
ative in nature.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Then in words that might describe the existing system of allocating cases in the High Court civil registry, Kirby P. says:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Courts are vigilant to adopt procedures to guard against forum shopping and judge selection by parties to litigation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Sometimes practices are adopted to provide a random assignment of judges, precisely to reduce the risk that parties to litigation might, by their own actions, influence the choice of the judge to hear their case.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par The first and principal affidavit is deposed by Akuila Yabaki the Executive Director of the first applicant who describes himself as a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Fiji Minister of Religion and Social Activist}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The second affidavit is deposed by Ratu lsireli Vuibau who }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
was and claims still to be Assistant Minister for Fijian Affairs in the Coalition Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .
\par 
\par It is convenient that I deal first with Ratu Vuibau}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s affidavit which deposes to a meeting he attended with the current President Ratu Iloilo and to comments attributed to H.E. during the course of their discussions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Such attributions, which are denied, are inadmissible hearsay and totally irrelevant to the present application.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 For substantially similar reasons the affidavit of Jone Dakuvula and most of the affidavit of Joseph Browne both of which were filed without leave, may be ignored.
\par 
\par The affidavit of Akuila Yabaki was somewhat longer but it too suffered from numerous irregularities as to its contents. It was filed on behalf of the First applicant the Citizens Constitutional Forum (C.C.F.) by its Executive
 Director and purports to advance facts within the deponent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s own knowledge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  or facts based on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 information and belief,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  and facts that are claimed to be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 matter of public record}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 . I say }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 purports}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  advisedly.
\par 
\par {\*\bkmkstart O41_r5_CCF_v_AG_1}Or.41 r.5 {\*\bkmkend O41_r5_CCF_v_AG_1}& {\*\bkmkstart O41_r6_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}6{\*\bkmkend O41_r6_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1} of the High Court Rules 1988 relevantly provides:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Contents of affidavit (0.4l,r.5)
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
5.-(1) Subject to Order 14, rules 2(2) and 4(2), to Order 86, rule 2(1), to paragraph (2) of this rule and to any order made under Order 38, rule 3, an affidavit may contain only such facts as the deponent is able of his own knowledge to prove.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (2)\tab 
An affidavit sworn for the purpose of being used in interlocutory proceedings may contain statements of information or belief with the sources and grounds thereof.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Scandalous, etc., matter in affidavit (0.41, r.6)
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 6.\tab 
The Court may order to be struck out of any affidavit any matter which is scandalous, irrelevant or otherwise oppressive.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Quite plainly {\*\bkmkstart O41_r5_2_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}rule 5(2) {\*\bkmkend O41_r5_2_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}provides for an exception in interlocutory proceedings, permitting the inclusion of hearsay and secondary evidence in affidavits filed in such proceedings.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The relaxation is allowed only if the deponent discloses }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 the source(s)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 of his information and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 the grounds}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 of his belief.
\par 
\par The importance of these dual disclosures is obvious as was stated by Lord Alverstone C.J. over a century ago in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart JLYoung_v_IIYoung_CCF_v_AG_1}
J.L. Young Manufacturing Co Ltd v 1.1. {\*\bkmkend JLYoung_v_IIYoung_CCF_v_AG_1}Young Manufacturing Co. Ltd.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1900) 2 Ch. 753}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 at 754:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 "}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
In my opinion some of the affidavits in this case are wholly worthless and not to be relied upon. I notice that in several instances the deponents make statements on their }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Information and belief}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 without saying what their source of information and belief is, and in many respects what they so state is not confirmed in any way.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
In my opinion so-called evidence on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 information and belief}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  ought not to be looked at all, not only unless the Court can ascertain the source of the information and belief but also unless the deponent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s statement is corroborated by someone who speaks from his own knowledge.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
If such affidavits are made in future, it is as well that it should be understood that they are worthless and ought not to be received in evidence in any shape whatever."
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par In his principal affidavit, Akuila Yabaki in no less than eight (8) paragraphs has blithely used the expression: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 I am informed and believe}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  without disclosing or identifying either the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 source}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  of his information or the }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 grounds}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  for his belief.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The offending paragraphs in this regard are paras 9, 10, 11, 13, 19, 20 & 25 which contain the substance of the allegations against me.
\par 
\par Even more problematic was the contents of the rather unusually worded para.17 of the affidavit which identified counsel as being the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 source}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  of the information in the paragraph which was comprised of two (2) undated and unsigned documents (Annexure }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 AY6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The deponent also deposed in the paragraph as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 true}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s belief as to the nature, authorship, and ultimate recipient of the documents in question.
\par 
\par Quite plainly the wording of paragraph 17 was an attempt to overcome the strictures of Or.41 r.5(2) but in any event, if counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s belief is accepted, then counsel was not the original source of the documents but a secondary one and the paragraph as deposed was doomed to fail as was clearly expounded by Peter}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Gibson J.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 S{\*\bkmkstart Savings_Bank_v_Casco_CCF_v_AG_1}avings Bank v Casco B.V.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Savings_Bank_v_Casco_CCF_v_AG_1} }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1984) 1}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 WLR271 when the learned judge said at p.283:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
I find it impossible to accept (the) submission that it is sufficient in order to comply with rule 5(2) that the deponent should identify only the source }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 to him}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  of his information even though
 it is clear that that source was not the original source ..... That, to my mind, would largely defeat the requirement that the sources and grounds should be stated and would make it too easy to introduce prejudicial material without revealing the origina
l sources of hearsay information by the expedient of procuring as the deponent a person who receives information second-hand.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
By having to reveal such original source and not merely the immediate source, the deponent affords a proper opportunity to another 
party to challenge and counter such evidence, as well as enabling the court to assess the weight to be attributed to such evidence.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
In my judgment the court ought not to allow, in affidavits to be used in interlocutory proceedings, material which cannot b
e proved because it is mere opinion or is otherwise inadmissible. This is the more important in cases like the present when the material sought to be adduced will never be adjudicated upon at the trial, because, ... it is not relevant to the issues at the
 trial.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par In the circumstances in the absence of an affidavit from counsel (to which the observations of the Fiji Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Watson_v_Bish_CCF_v_AG_1}Watson v Bish}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Limited}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Watson_v_Bish_CCF_v_AG_1}(1985) 31 F.L.R. 41 at 48}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 would have undoubtedly applied) deposing as to the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 original source" of thes
e two documents to him and the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 grounds}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  for entertaining the belief that is attributed to him in the affidavit of Akuila Yabaki, no reliance could be placed on paragraph 17 or the attached annexure }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 AY6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 which counsel accepted was critical to the application.
\par 
\par A further allegation in Akuila Yabaki}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s first affidavit (paras 8, 9 & 10) is not that 1 personally assisted in the drafting of the Administration of justice Decree, rather the allegation was that the Chief Justice had agreed at a meeting with a Law S
ociety delegation that... he and two (unnamed) senior judges had been involved in the giving of advice and the drafting of the Decree}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
. Paragraph 10 also identifies the senior judges in the following unusual expression:... were then or later known to lawyers as justices Scott and Fatiaki}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .
\par 
\par None of this information was or could have been within the personal knowledge of Akuila Yabaki yet no }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 source}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  is named or identified in an attempt to lend some credence to it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The information was undoubtedly hearsay on 
hearsay and in so far as it sought to implicate me in any involvement or in rendering assistance to the Military in either advising or in drafting the Administration of Justice Decree, is baseless and entirely false.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Such }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 information}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  if one can call it that, is quite simply malicious gossip, rumour mongering and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 tittle-tattle}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  unworthy of any credit and I}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 reject it now as I did during the course of the hearing.
\par 
\par Even if the information was deposed to by a member of the delegation of the Law Society who m
et the Chief Justice, as it should have been if it is to be believed, how? can such a hearsay statement by the Chief Justice made in my absence and never communicated to me, ever implicate me or give rise to }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a real possibility of bias" on my part in heari
ng the substantive summons which nowhere questions the lawfulness of the actions of the Military.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Quite simply it cannot and does not give rise to any bias on my part and I reject the suggestion now as I did during the course of the hearing.
\par 
\par Akuila Yabaki}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s affidavit also contains a great deal of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 irrelevant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  matters that have no bearing on the question before the court.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 For instance numerous paragraphs make reference to the actions, omissions and reactions of the Chief Justice and Justice Scott which have
 nothing at all to do with me except, perhaps, by }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 osmosis}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 . For e.g. paras 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 18, 23, 24 & 25.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Then there are paragraphs that, instead of or in addition to setting out facts, contains quite improper legal arguendo or conclusions such as para 7 which plainly misrepresents the Court Appeal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s declarations in the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Republic_v_Prasad_CCF_v_AG_1}Chandrika Prasad}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Republic_v_Prasad_CCF_v_AG_1}judgment and paragraph 27}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 which advances a conclusion on a hypothetical.
\par 
\par From the foregoing analysis of Akuila Yabaki}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s principal affidavit it is sufficiently plai
n that the bulk of the affidavit in its most material parts, contains so many defects that it would be impossible to sever the acceptable and relevant from the unacceptable and irrelevant and accordingly counsel was permitted to file a further affidavit t
o regularise the defects.
\par 
\par That second affidavit was no better than the first in its failure to disclose }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 source}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 of the additional letters that were annexed to the affidavit which included copies of internal confidential correspondence within the judicial Department and even an official letter from the Chief justice to the Commander of the Military Forces.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 It did however improve dramatically on the contents of the former President}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s televised address to the nation on 27 May 2000.
\par 
\par It needs hardly to be said that an application to disqualify a judge is a serious matter not to be made lightly and in the absence of substantial grounds and evidence to support it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 As was said in the judgment of the Court of Appeal}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Arab_Monetary_v_Hashim_CCF_v_AG_1}Arab Monetary {\*\bkmkend Arab_Monetary_v_Hashim_CCF_v_AG_1}Fund v Hashim and Others}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (No.8) The Times May 4, 1993:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 A client}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s instructions were never themselves sufficient to justify an application for the removal of a judge on the ground of bias or apparent bias.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Such an application should only be made where counsel was satisfied that there was material on which it could properly be brought.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Furthermore as was said recently by the High Court of Australia}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Ebner_v_Trustee_ANZ_CCF_v_AG_1}Ebner v}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
{\*\bkmkend Ebner_v_Trustee_ANZ_CCF_v_AG_1}Official Trustee in Bankruptcy}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 and }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Clenae Pty Ltd. V. A.N.Z.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
(2000) 176 A. L. R. 644 at p.648:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The apprehension of bias pri
nciple admits of the possibility of human frailty.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Its application is as diverse as human frailty. Its application requires }{
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 two steps}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
. First it requires the identification of what it is said might lead a judge to decide a case other than on its legal and factual merits.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The 
}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 second step}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  is no less important.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 There must be an articulation of the logical connection between the matter and the feared deviation from the course of deciding the case on its merits.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The bare assertion that a judge has an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 interest}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  i
n litigation, or an interest in a party to it, will be of no assistance until the nature of the interest, and the asserted connection with the possibility of departure from impartial decision-making is articulated. Only then can the reasonableness of the 
apprehension of bias be assessed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (my underlining)
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par In the light of the flimsy affidavit evidence initially advanced by the applicants, I did not and do not believe that it was my responsibility to fill the gaps in the applicants evidence or dignify counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 fishing expedition}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  during the hearing, by providing answers that would not be accepted when given.
\par 
\par Needless to say I reject in limine counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s suggestion that the rules of evidence should be over-looked or relaxed because we are dealing with a cons
titutional matter or because of the nature of the particular application or because I refused to disclose information that counsel claims must have been known to myself.
\par 
\par Given the rarity and novelty of the present application and counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s view that the p
rocess is non-adversarial, something must be said about the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 procedure}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 onus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  in the making of an application for the disqualification of a judge.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li144\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin144\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 In a recent decision of the Constitutional Court of South Africa}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Pres_SA_v_Rugby_Union_CCF_v_AG_1}
{\*\bkmkstart South_Africa_v_Rugbu_Union_AG_Constituti}The}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 President of {\*\bkmkend Pres_SA_v_Rugby_Union_CCF_v_AG_1}
the Republic of South Africa v South African Rugby}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Football Union}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend South_Africa_v_Rugbu_Union_AG_Constituti}(1999) 4 S.A. 147}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 the court firmly rejected the view that a litigant could seek to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 interrogate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 members of the court and described the procedure for making an application such as this, as follows:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The usua
l procedure in applications for recusal is that counsel for the applicant seeks a meeting in Chambers with the judge in the presence of his opponent.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The grounds for recusal are put to the judge who would be given an opportunity, if sought, to respond to them.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 In the event of the recusal being refused by the judge the applicant would, if so advised, move the application in open court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par I am glad to record that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 usual procedure}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  was adopted in this case.
\par 
\par In the same judgment the Court also observed (ibid at p.177):
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 \'85
 the current approach to this application for the recusal of members of this Court is objective and the }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 onus of establishing}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 it rests upon the applicant...}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (my underlining for emphasis)
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par and further, in assessing the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 reasonableness}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 of an applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s apprehension of bias, the Court said:
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
(it) must be assessed in the light of the oath of office taken by the judges to administer justice without fear or favour; and their ability to carry out that oath by reason of their training and experience.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
 }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It must be assumed that they can disabuse their minds of any irrelevant personal beliefs or predispositions. They must take into account the fact that they have a duty to sit in any case in which they are not obliged to recuse themselves.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par The duty to disclose a disqualifying interest or matter is necessarily predicated on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
the nature of the interest and the asserted connection with the possibility of departure from impartial decision-making}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 being first articulated; the judge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s awareness of the inte
rest or matter so articulated; and thereafter, his personal judgment of its disqualifying nature. Accordingly, financial interests, personal friendships and kinship relationships are easily identified and disclosed.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Wider interests and associations however
, although inevitably present in all judges, are not so easily discernible nor are their disqualifying nature self-evident.
\par 
\par This present case in my view concerns interests and matters, of the latter kind.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 There can be no denying that I was involved in mat
ters and had and continue to have a personal as well as a professional interest in the events that have occurred in this country since 19th May 2000.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 But are those interests and my involvement necessarily of a disqualifying kind?
\par 
\par The answer to this question in the first instance, however unpleasant and unsatisfactory, is mine and mine alone and my colleagues}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 crude and insensitive attempts to arrogate to themselves the guardianship of my conscience is, with respect, to venture where even angels would fear to tread.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li144\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin144\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
I have no difficulty with my colleagues sharing a different opinion from me as to the disqualifying nature of the judges private collective activities between the 19th and 25th of May last year.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Plainly my colleagues consider that they are disqu
alified from hearing this case as a result of what occurred, and I respect their opinions, but that they should choose the occasion of this application to disqualify me for my involvement in the same activities, to publicly reveal their opinions is unfort
unate as it is unprecedented.
\par 
\par My colleagues would do well to remember the salutary remarks of Jacobs J. in his dissenting judgment in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Queen_v_Watson_CCF_v_AG_1}The Queen v Watson}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ex-parte}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Armstrong}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  {\*\bkmkend Queen_v_Watson_CCF_v_AG_1}(1976) 136 CLR248 at p.294 where the learned judge said:}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ... let it be remembered 
that it is confidence in his own integrity which supports (a judge) not only in his judgment but in all his words and conduct, both that which may be approved and that which may be disapproved.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Let none by conjecture or base imputation undermine that confidence, however much they may criticise his judgment or the way he conducts his court.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 To do so is to shake the foundations of justice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par I do not doubt that my colleagues in swearing their affidavits were motivated by what they must have considered were higher ideals than }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
base imputation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
but there is not the slightest doubt in my mind that in doing so they have unwittingly intruded upon my personal integrity and judicial independence as a judge of this court.
\par 
\par As was said by Dickson C.J.C. of the Canadian Supreme Court}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Queen_v_Beauregard_CCF_v_AG_1}The}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Queen v Beauregard}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Queen_v_Beauregard_CCF_v_AG_1} }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1987) 30 D.L.R. (4TH) 481}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 at p.491:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
...the generally accepted core of the principle of judicial independence has been the complete liberty of individual judges to hear and decide the cases that come before them: no outsider - be it government, }{
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 pressure group, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 individual }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 or even}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 another judge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 should interfere in fact, or attempt to interfere with the way in which a judge conducts his or her case and makes his or her decision.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
This core continues to be central to the principle of judicial independence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (my underlining for emphasis)
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Just as independence and impartiality are fundamental traits of a judicial officer no organisation, not even the courts, could function without confidentiality, probity, loyalty and most importantly, trust.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
These are not just high sounding words or pious sentiments, they are essential to the proper functioning of any organisation, no working relationship could survive for long or function effectively without them.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 To borrow an example from the disciplined forces what is the worth of a regiment or platoon without }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 esprit de corps}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ?
\par 
\par Recognising this, the law has provided, in well established circumstances, protections against any disclosure and breaches of confidence whatever the motivation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
So, a wife although competent is not a compellable witness against her husband; Discussions in cabinet and diplomatic despatches are absolutely privileged from disclosure as are the names of police informants and official state secrets are not amenable t
o the process of discovery.
\par 
\par In other words, there are some relationships, documents, and occasions which the law accepts and recognises cannot be allowed to be disclosed even in a court of law because to undermine them would be contrary to the public inte
rest and lead to the utter ruin of the relationship or interest sought to be protected and which the law holds dearer than absolute transparency or even the public interest that in the determination of disputes the courts should have all relevant material
 before them.
\par 
\par This is not to say that leakages do not occur of cabinet discussions or official secrets, they do, and the law seeks to prevent these happening where it is possible by the grant of prohibitory injunctions. Similarly it would be intolerable if
 the secrecy of cabinet discussions or advice to the Head of State}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
from government officials could be easily accessed and publicly disclosed by the mere threat of the issuance of a subpoena as my colleagues appear to infer in their affidavits.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Quite simply such documents can not be so easily accessed but I shall have more to say on this later in this ruling.
\par 
\par Suffice it to say that the clumsy attempt by my colleagues to undermine me in this present application are unworthy and I suggest reveals more about them than it does me.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 It also speaks volumes of the environment in which I work and the relationships that exists between the judges of this Court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 These are characterised by an absence of collegiality, backbiting, envy, hidden-agendas, hypocrisy and disloyalty. By comparison Hamlet}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s Denmark}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 is a holiday camp.
\par 
\par I turn next to deal with ground (3) which can be quickly and briefly disposed of.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The ground reads:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
That the First Applicant is a prominent component of, and its Executive Director Rev.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Akuila Yaba
ki a leading figure in the NGO Coalition on Human Rights which has made several well publicised appeals to the President, and continues to do so, for the President to institute an inquiry into the conduct of the Honourable Mr. justice Daniel Fatiaki and c
ertain judges with a view to their removal from office. }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 For this reason }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
CCF has well founded apprehensions of possible bias on Mr. Justice Fatiaki}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s part in the determination of its case now before the Court.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (my underlining for emphasis)
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par The evidence in support of this so-called }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
ground" and which counsel very helpfully drew to my attention is contained in the principal affidavit of Akuila Yabaki filed on 4th May 2001, in particular there were two (2) letters }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 AY10}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  & }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 AY11}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ; a press statement }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 AY12}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ; and a newspaper article }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
'}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 AY13}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  all of which makes some oblique references to me by name.
\par 
\par It is unnecessary to deal separately with the annexures which were adequately addressed with counsel during the course of the hearing as recorded in the following extrac
t of the court transcript which I find helpful to repeat (after counsel had helpfully identified the evidence)
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \fi-1870\li1870\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1870\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 JUDGE FATIAKI}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 \tab I see.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Well could you assist me?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Were any of these letters, or press releases or correspondence copied to me?
\par 
\par SIR VIJAY\tab :\tab I do not think so. 1 do not think the letters were.
\par 
\par JUDGE FATIAKI\tab :\tab Well, do you have any evidence that they were copied to me (10, 11, 12 and 13)?
\par 
\par SIR VIJAY\tab :\tab I am not aware of any evidence that they were copied to you because ...
\par 
\par JUDGE FATIAKI\tab :\tab Do they indicate on their list of persons to whom they are copied (where relevant) that they were copied to me?
\par 
\par SIR VIJAY\tab :\tab As 1 have already stated, the letters do not indicate that they were copied to Your Lordship, but there is evidence that the same criticism was, in one way or the other, released to the press, and 1 have referred to the press cutting.

\par 
\par JUDGE FATIAKI\tab :\tab So the first applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s fear relative to this particular ground is something like this; we have made calls for Your Lordship}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s removal from offi
ce to the President which we have not copied to you. We have, however, published those in the newspapers and we assume that Your Lordship has read them and we fear that you might, like the Chief justice, retaliate, Is that it?
\par 
\par SIR VIJAY\tab :\tab That is exactly it.
\par 
\par JUDGE FATIAKI\tab :\tab Do you have any case law authority that might support this particular proposition?
\par 
\par SIR VIJAY\tab \tab :\tab The proposition?
\par 
\par JUDGE FATIAKI\tab :\tab The proposition that an applicant with similar circumstances as this successfully sought and obtained the disqualification of the tribunal before whom he was.
\par 
\par SIR VIJAY\tab \tab :\tab I cannot say that I have an authority where the factual situation was identical, but the general term in, which apprehension of bias is discussed in judgments, it makes it clear that the 
apprehension of bias may arise because of a judge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s relationship or connection with a party. That relationship may be either close and friendly as to indicate a bias in favour of that person and therefore the other party will suffer and he will not get a s
eemingly impartial hearing. There is also reference that it may be an adverse relationship or attitude towards a party. So it is described in general terms in that way. If Your Lordship refers to the two Australian cases that I have quoted, they deal with
 a huge number of cases.
\par 
\par JUDGE FATIAKI\tab :\tab \tab I was really confining myself to the question of an authority which says that the subjective apprehension of an applicant is critical and \tab sufficient for the disqualification of a judge.
\par 
\par SIR VIJAY\tab :\tab \tab If it fits the bill of being ground for entertaining \tab apprehension which would be shared by an \tab objective bystander, that is good enough ground.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par No authority has been provided to the court to support the proposition that an applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s subjective apprehension of bias is per se}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 a sufficient ground to disqualify the judge about whom the apprehension was held.
\par 
\par Indeed I would be surprised if such an authority exists.
\par 
\par In other words this allegation made in particular by the first applicant CCF runs something like this - Since we have been instrumental in making public claims for Justice Fatiaki}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s removal from office for }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 alleged misbehaviour}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  we have a genuine fear that we will not get a fair hearing and an impartial consideration of our case against the current President
 before him.
\par 
\par Two reasons may be advanced for rejecting such an allegation. Firstly, the applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s fear is more a reflection of its own subjective perception rather than an objective assessment by an informed observer based on relevant and admissible evidence asking himself the question: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 is there a real danger that the judge is biased?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par 
\par In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Raybos_Aust_v_Tectran_CCF_v_AG_1}Raybos Aust. Pty. Ltd. v Tectran Corporation Pty. Ltd.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Raybos_Aust_v_Tectran_CCF_v_AG_1}(1986) 6 N.S.WLR 272}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 the N.S.W. Court of Appeal}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
in rejecting the application for leave to appeal in that case against a refusal by the trial judge to disqualify himself on the grounds of apprehended bias held:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Whether or not a judge should disqualify himself from hearing a case on the ground of bias requires an objective appraisal of the materials before the court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 That a party has a subjective (albeit firm) apprehension of bias is not of itself sufficient to warrant, or require, the disqualification of the judge.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Even more trenchant are the observations of Mason J. in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Renaud_Exparte_CLJ_AG_v_Consitutional}{\*\bkmkstart Re_Renaud_Exp_CLJ_CCF_v_AG_1}Re}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 : }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Renaud}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Ex}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 parte 
{\*\bkmkend Renaud_Exparte_CLJ_AG_v_Consitutional}{\*\bkmkend Re_Renaud_Exp_CLJ_CCF_v_AG_1}C.L.J.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1886) 60 A.L.J.R 528}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 when he said at p.532/533:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It needs to be said loudly and clearly that the ground of disqualification is a reasonable apprehension that the judicial officer will not decide the case impartially or without prejudice, rather than that he will decide t
he case adversely to one party. ... In cases of this kind, disqualification is only made out by showing that there is a reasonable apprehension of bias by reason of prejudgment and this must be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 firmly established}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ... although it is important that justice 
must be seen to be done, it is equally important that judicial officers discharge their duty to sit and do not, by acceding too readily to suggestions of appearance of bias, encourage parties to believe that by seeking the disqualification of the judge, t
hey will have their case tried by someone thought to be more likely to decide the case in their favour.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (my underlining)
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par It may not be commonly understood, that, besides being human, judges are, by training and experience, quite capable of exercising a high degree of personal and emotional detachment from the cases that they are called upon to determine.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
The Second equally important reason is that, if a litigant could be permitted through the launching of a public vilification campaign against a judge to t
hen successfully claim that the judge is thereby reasonably likely to be biased against him, then, no judge would be secure.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
No litigant ought to be allowed so easily to change his tribunal.
\par 
\par A further reason for rejecting this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ground}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  arises from the nat
ure of the claims made in the applicants Originating Summons which primarily raises questions concerning the construction of various constitutional provisions and the application of that construction to the largely undisputed facts of the case.
\par 
\par These are not claims that I imagine, involves serious disputes as to the facts }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 nor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 is it one which requires the court to make any findings as to the credibility of the applicants or form any views as to the desirability, utility, or otherwise of any action that the 
current President might have taken since the judgment of the Fiji Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Chandrika Prasad}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It is pure and simply a case of constitutional construction which is perhaps the purest legal question that a court can be called upon to determine.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Ground (3) is accordingly dismissed as misconceived and groundless.
\par 
\par I turn next to consider grounds (1) & (2) of the application which are the principal planks on which this application must either succeed or fail.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 They are exp}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 ressed as in the following term}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 1.\tab 
That the Honourable Mr. Justice Fatiaki has common cause with the First Respondent His Excellency the President in the issues raised by the Applicants as to automatically disqualify him from hearing and deciding the Applicants}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  claims in their substantive Motion without any need to consider the question of apprehended possible bias on His Lordship}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s part.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 2.\tab 
That the Honourable Mr. Justice Fatiaki has effectively prejudged the same or closely related issues as the Applicants have raised in their
 substantive Motion, and has thus given the Applicants and any reasonable bystander a well founded apprehension of possible bias on his part."
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Plainly ground (1) raises }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 automatic disqualification,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  for }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 common cause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 , and ground (2) raises }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 apprehended possible bias" on the basis of }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 prejudgment of the same or closely related issues}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 . It is common ground that the primary relevant evidence relied upon to support both grounds are the affidavits of John Edward Byrne and Nazhat Shameem. I shall return to thes
e affidavits later in this ruling but first let me turn my attention to the law.
\par 
\par Counsel opened his general submissions which lasted for the best part of a full day}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s hearing, with an interesting discourse on the relevant law and legal principles applicable to the present application.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Much of the submission is common ground and accepted by the parties and by me and I am grateful for the assistance and the industry of counsel.
\par 
\par For present purposes however it is only necessary to refer to the clear and express terms of Article 29(2) of the Constitution}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 which provides:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Every party to a civil dispute has the right to have the matter determined by a court of law, or if appropriate by an independent and impartial tribunal.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par and Art. 118 which declares:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The 
judges of the state are independent of the legislative and executive branches of government.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par These dual constitutional requirements of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 independence}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 impartiality}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  of a criminal court was comprehensively addressed by the Supreme Court of Canada in the context on a similarly worded provision in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Valente_v_Queen_CCF_v_AG_1}Valente v The}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Queen}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Valente_v_Queen_CCF_v_AG_1}
(1986) 24 D.L.R. (4th)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 161 where Le Dain J. in delivering the unanimous decision of the Court said at p.169:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Although there is obviously a cl
ose relationship between independence and impartiality, they are nevertheless separate and distinct values and requirements.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Impartiality refers to a state of mind or attitude of the tribunal in relation to the issues and the parties in a particular case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The word }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 impartial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
...connotes absence of bias, actual or perceived.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The word }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 independent}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
...reflects or embodies the traditional constitutional value of judicial independence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
As such, it connotes not merely a state of mind or attitude in the actual exercise of judicial functions, but a status or relationship to others, particularly to the Executive Branch of government, that vests on objective conditions or guarantees.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Later in his judgment the learned judge identifies the essential minimum requirements for securing the judicial independence of individual judges as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 security of tenure}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ; }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 financial security}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ; and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 institutional independence of the tribunal}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 with respect to matters of administration bearing directly on the exercises of the judicial funct
ion such as (the) assignment of judges, sittings of the court and court lists, as well as the related matters of allocation of court-rooms and direction of the administrative staff engaged in carrying out these functions.
\par 
\par It is immediately plain that the term }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 impartiality}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  as a concept, is more narrowly focused than }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 independence}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  which extends to cover the institutional and administrative independence of the court.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 In other words independence is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 status oriented}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 , impartiality on the other hand is personal or individual oriented. }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 [}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 see the scholarly analysis of these dual concepts in the judgment of Lamer C.J. in the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
{\*\bkmkstart Reference_Indep_Judges_CCF_v_AG_1}Reference concerning}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
the Independence and Impartiality of Judges of the {\*\bkmkend Reference_Indep_Judges_CCF_v_AG_1}Provincial Court of}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Prince Edward Island}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (supra)]}{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Mr. Q. Bale in his submissions however advanced a somewhat novel and far-reaching proposition that the dual constitutional imperatives of }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 impartiality}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 independence}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 are the very essence of a court of law and must be presumed to exist in each and every court unless re
butted (by the applicants). I confess that I was much attracted to the proposition and expressed, at the time, my regret that such an argument was not advanced before the Supreme Court}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Amina_Koya_v_State_v_CCF_v_AG_1}Amina Koya v The State }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Amina_Koya_v_State_v_CCF_v_AG_1}Cr.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
App. No. 2 of 1997 (unreported).
\par 
\par Be that as it may I am content to refer to the judgment of the Supreme Court}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Amina Koya}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
case for its convenient and succinct exposition of the duality of approaches that has developed within the Commonwealth in addressing the question of bias in the form of prejudgment.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 In its unanimous judgment the Supreme Court (Sir Tuivaga C.J., Lord Cooke of Thorndon, Sir Anthony Mason) said (at pp.12/13):}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li576\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin576\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
There is some controversy about the formulation of the principle to be applied in cases in which it is alleged that
 a judge is or might be actuated by bias. In Australia, the test is whether a fair-minded but informed observer might reasonably apprehend or suspect that the judge has prejudged or might prejudge the case (}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Livesey_v_NSW_Bar_CCF_v_AG_1}Livesey v N.S.W. Bar Association}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  {\*\bkmkend Livesey_v_NSW_Bar_CCF_v_AG_1}
(1983) 151 CLR 288 at 293-294, 300; }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Re_JRL_Exp_CJL_CCF_v_AG_1}Re J.R.L}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ; }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Ex parte C.J.L}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 . {\*\bkmkend Re_JRL_Exp_CJL_CCF_v_AG_1}(1986) 161 CLR 342 at 349, 351, 359, 368, 371; }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Vakata_v_Kelly_CCF_v_AG_1}Vakauta v Kelly}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  {\*\bkmkend Vakata_v_Kelly_CCF_v_AG_1}
(1989) 167 CLR 568 at 575, 584; }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Grassby_v_Queen_CCF_v_AG_1}Grassby v The Queen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  
{\*\bkmkend Grassby_v_Queen_CCF_v_AG_1}(1989) 168 CLR 1 at 29). In England, however, the House of Lords, in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Gough_CCF_v_AG_1}R. v Gough}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1993) AC 646{\*\bkmkend R_v_Gough_CCF_v_AG_1}, 
decided that the test to be applied in all cases of apparent bias involving justices, tribunal members, arbitrators or jurors is whether in all the circumstances of the case there is a real danger or real likelihood, in the sense of possibility, of bias.}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 In the later case, }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart webb_v_Queen_CCF_v_AG_1}Webb v 
{\*\bkmkend webb_v_Queen_CCF_v_AG_1}the Queen}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1994) 181 CLR 41, which concerned a juror, the High Court of Australia, despite }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Gough}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
, decided that it would continue to apply the reasonable apprehension or suspicion of bias test, and held that in the circumstances of 
the case a fair-minded but informed observer would not have apprehended that the juror or the jury would not have discharged their task impartially.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li576\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin576\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Subsequently, the New Zealand Court of Appeal, in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Auckland_Casino_v_Authority_CCF_v_AG_1}Auckland Casino Ltd. v {\*\bkmkend Auckland_Casino_v_Authority_CCF_v_AG_1}Casino Control Authority}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (1995) 1 NZLR 142, held that it would apply the }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Gough}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 test.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
In reaching that conclusion, the Court of Appeal considered that there was little if any practical difference between the two tests, a view with which we agree, at least in their application to the vast majority of cases of apparent bias.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
That is because there is little if any difference between asking whether a reasonable and informed person would consider there was a real danger of bias and asking whether a reasonable and informed observer would reasonably apprehend or suspect bias.

\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li576\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin576\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
In the present case, we are not concerned with the question whether a judge or juror should be disqualified at the commencement of an action or trial, that is, when the course of the proceeding lies ahead and one is necessari
ly contemplating the realm of possibilities.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par In so far as I may be called upon to choose, I prefer the judgment of the House of Lords in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Regina v Gough}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 to the alternative approach and test suggested in the Australian decisions referred to in the judgment of the Supreme Court in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Amina Koya}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .
\par 
\par In my view given the constitutional presumption referred to by Mr. Bale, it is imperative that the Courts retains the jurisdiction to decide the question of the disqualification of a judicial officer and further, that 
it do so, on the basis that the court itself reflects what is reasonable and finally, that the test or question be}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 : }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 whether there is a real danger or possibility of bias on the part of the tribunal under scrutiny}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ?}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par 
\par A similar divergence of approaches appears to have arisen regarding the automatic disqualification}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 rule enunciated in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Dimes_v_Grant_Canal_v_CCF_v_AG_1}Dimes v Proprietors of Grant ]unction Canal}{
\b\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Dimes_v_Grant_Canal_v_CCF_v_AG_1}
(1852) 3 H.L.C. 759 where Lord Campbell said, in an oft-cited passage, (at p.793):
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 No one can suppose that Lord Cottenham could be
, in the remotest degree, influenced by the interest that he had in this concern; but, my Lords, it is of the last importance that the maxim that no man is to be a judge in his own cause should be held sacred.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 And that is not confined to a cause in which he is a party, but applies to a cause in which he has an interest.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par The passage was recently referred to in the judgments of the House of Lords in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Bow_st_Metropolitan_CCF_v_AG_1}R. v}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }
{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate ex parte}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Pinochet Ugarte (No.2)}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
{\*\bkmkend R_v_Bow_st_Metropolitan_CCF_v_AG_1}(1999) 1 All ER 577}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 where
 the House of Lords made plain that the rule extended to a limited class of non-financial interests.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Delivering the leading judgment, Lord Browne-Wilkinson said at p.588:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
My Lords, in my judgment, although the cases have all dealt with automatic disqualification on the grounds of pecuniary interests, there is no good reason in principle for so limiting automatic disqualification.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The rationale of the whole rule is that a man cannot be a judge in his own cause.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 In civil litigation the matters in issue will
 normally have an economic impact; therefore a judge is automatically disqualified if he stands to make a financial gain as a consequence of his own decision of the case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 But if, as in the present case, the matter at issue does not relate to money or econo
mic advantage but is concerned with the promotion of the cause, the rationale disqualifying a judge applies just as much if the judge}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s decision will lead to the promotion of a cause in which the judge is involved together with one of the parties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par His lordship then went on to warn (at p.589):
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It is important not to overstate what is being decided. ... Only in cases where a judge is taking an active role as trustee or director of a charity which is closely allied to and acting with a party to the litigat
ion should a judge normally be concerned either to recuse himself or disclose the position to the parties.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
However, there may well be other exceptional cases in which the judge would be well advised to disclose a possible interest.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par More recently however in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Ebner_v_Official_Trustee_CCF_v_AG_1}Ebner v Official Trustee}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Ebner_v_Official_Trustee_CCF_v_AG_1}
(2000) 176 A.L.R. 644 Gleeson C.J. in the High Court of Australia delivering the judgment of the majority (Kirby J. dissenting) said (at para. 25):
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The concept of }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 interest}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  is protean.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par (at para.28):
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 There is no justifica
tion for having different principle for interest and association.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par (at para.30):
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
In each case, however, the question must be how it is said that the existence of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 association}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 interest}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  might be thought (by the reasonable observer) possibly to divert the judge from deciding the case on its merits \'85
. Similarly, the bare identification of an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 association}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  will not suffice to answer the relevant question.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par (at para.54):
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Having regard to the current state of the common law in Australia on the subj
ect of disqualification for apprehended bias, we do not accept the submission that there is a separate and free-standing rule of automatic disqualification which applies where a judge has a direct pecuniary interest, however small, in the outcome of the c
ase over which the judge is presiding \'85. For the reasons already explained, a rule of automatic disqualification would be anomalous \'85.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 

\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Despite the apparent divergence in views and noting the force in the decision of the majority in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Ebners}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 case, nevertheless I am inclined to accept that this Court should continue to recognise the separate automatic disqualification rule in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Dimes}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 case for the time being.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \fi-4464\li4464\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin4464\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 In doing so I bear in mind the judgment of the Court of Appeal}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Locabail_v_Bayfield_v_CCF_v_AG_1}
Locabail Ltd v Bayfield Properties }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Locabail_v_Bayfield_v_CCF_v_AG_1}(2000) 1 All ER 65}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 where the Court in reaffirming the rule in }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Dimes }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
case as explained and expanded in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Pinochet }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 said, at p.77 (para.25):}{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It would be dangerous and futile to attempt to define or list the factors which may or may not give rise to a real danger of bias. Everything will depend on the facts, which may include the nature of the issue to be decided....}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Then after enumerating several disqualifying and non-disqualifying factors, the Court said (at p.78):
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 We repeat: every application must be decide
d on the facts and circumstances of each case.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
The greater the passage of time between the event relied on as showing a danger of bias and the ease in which the objection is raised, the weaker (other things being equal) the objection will be.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Finally I return to the last judgment which was particularly relied upon by counsel for the applicant namely, }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Polites_exp_Hoyts_Corp_CCF_v_AG_1}
{\*\bkmkstart Re_Polites_H_Corporation_AG_Constitiona}Re: Polites}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ex p. Hoyts}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Corporation Pty.}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Ltd. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Polites_exp_Hoyts_Corp_CCF_v_AG_1}(1992) 173 {\*\bkmkend Re_Polites_H_Corporation_AG_Constitiona}CLR78}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 where their honours of the High Court of Australia said (p.88 para.10):
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 A prior relationship 
of legal adviser and client does not generally disqualify the former adviser, on becoming a member of a tribunal (or of a court, for that matter), from sitting in proceedings before that tribunal (or court) to which the former client is a party.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Of court i
f the correctness or appropriateness of advice given to the client is a live issue for determination by the tribunal (or court), the erstwhile legal adviser should not sit. A Fortiori, if the advice has gone beyond an exposition of the law and advises the
 adoption of a course of conduct to advance the client}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s interests, the erstwhile legal adviser should not sit in a proceeding in which it is necessary to decide whether the course of conduct taken by the client was legally effective or was wise, reasonable or appropriate.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
If the erstwhile legal adviser were to sit in a proceeding in which the quality of his or her advice is in issue, there would be reasonable ground for apprehending that he or she might not bring an impartial and unprejudiced mind to the re
solution of the issue.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Much depends on the nature of his or her relationship with the client, the ambit of the advice given and the issues falling for determination.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Amina Koya}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 case the above passage was cited to the Supreme Court and was rejected a
s having no application to the case in which the trial judge who was earlier in private practice had informally advised counsel on the basis of information provided to him by counsel }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 that the (committing) magistrate should hold there was no case to answer}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .

\par 
\par Similarly in the present application I would distinguish the facts of }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Polites}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 case from the present on the following grounds:
\par 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1)\tab 
By no stretch of the imagination can it be said that I and the current President had a professional }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 solicitor/client}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  relationship;
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (2)\tab 
I did not infact ever give the current President any professional advice or opinion either orally or in writing;
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (3)\tab 
The context and circumstances under which the current President made his challenged decisions, are not even remotely similar to that pertaining at the time that Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  was prepared and attempted to address during the former President}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s term; and
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (4)\tab There is not a shred of evidence that the current President had any access to Document }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 or had in fact acted upon the advice contained there in.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par So much then for the law let me now return to the affidavits.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
The affidavit of John Edward Byrne may be briefly summarised as follows: As a judge of the High Court he attended four (4) private meetings of judges at which a pres
s release was drafted and an advice coauthored by me was presented and discussed and I had at a later meeting read out a proposed Judicature Decree at the invitation of the Chief Justice.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 He had telephoned the Chief Justice on two (2) occasions and expressed his concern about the granting of an amnesty to Speight.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 He received a critical letter from the Fiji Law Society and he had agreed with several other judges to write a letter to the Law Society dissociating himself from the Decree.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 No copy of the Decree or any letter to the Law Society was annexed to his affidavit.
\par 
\par Nazhat Shameem}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s affidavit was similar in several respects to that of John Edward Byrne except that she does not refer to the meeting at which the Judicature Decree was read out by me.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 She ho
wever attended an additional meeting of the judges not attended by John Edward Byrne, at which I produced an opinion based on Section 106 of the Constitution and at which it was decided that the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 S.106 opinion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  would be sent to the former President despite her }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 expressed grave reservation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
. Her request to write a dissenting opinion at that meeting was also ignored.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
She had earlier drafted an opinion which she gave to Justice Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi (as he then was) in which she expressed the view that the contents of Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  was not correct.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 No copy of her dissenting opinion or the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 S. 106 opinion}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  was annexed to the affidavit.
\par 
\par Both affidavits had common annexures, the first being a Press Release by the judges (Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 A}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ), and the second, comprised of a five (5) page opinion in identical terms to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 AY6}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  except that my colleagues copies were prominently stamped }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 IN CONFIDENCE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 on the front page (referred to throughout this Ruling as Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ).
\par 
\par These particular affidavits have a common, relevant background and context which cannot be ignored.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
The statements that I was present at private meetings of the judges of the High Court including those at which the confidential Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  B}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  and the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 S.106 opinion}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  of the Constitution was discussed is true, as are the statements that I coauthored both opinions.
\par 
\par It is also sufficiently plain from both affidavits that the judges meetings were convened at short notice during the time when the country was in a state of utter turmoil.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Rioting, looting and burning ha
d occurred in central Suva City; Parliament was under armed seige with most of the parliamentarians held hostage; the President had declared a State of Emergency for the entire nation and had issued Public Emergency Regulations which, amongst other things
, authorised the imposition of a curfew.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 In the words of Gates J. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 the country appeared to be drifting daily into further anarchy.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 ' }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It was in that volatile situation that the two (2) documents were prepared and discussed amongst the judges of the High Court.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 I make no apologies for attending the meetings and participating in the discussions.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Indeed I would go so far as to say that it would be abnormally strange even callous on my part, for me, as a citizen, voter and judge living in Suva}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 at the relevant tim
e not to have any thoughts or interest in the events unfolding around me and I make no apologies for being interested and concerned and in writing about and voicing my personal opinions in a private meeting with my colleagues about the possible options av
ailable to the President who was the sole surviving executive authority left in the country at the time.
\par 
\par In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Turner_v_Allison_v_CCF_AG_1}Turner v Allison }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Turner_v_Allison_v_CCF_AG_1}(1971) NZLR833}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Turner J. (as he then was) at p.847 said:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It is not of course enough that the tribunal; or some member of it, has expressed a preconceived opinion, even one strongly held, on the matter to be tried.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 I know of no reason for saying that the expression of a man}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s opinion on any subject should render him unfit to adjudicate upon it}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  said Mellor J. in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart R_c_Alcock_CCF_v_AG_1}R. v Alcock}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  {\*\bkmkend R_c_Alcock_CCF_v_AG_1}37 L.T. 
829, 831; and Cockburn C.J. in the same case said }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
there is no authority for saying that an expressed opinion is sufficient to oust a Magistrate}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s jurisdiction}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par It has further been said that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 preconceived opinions - though it is unfortunate that a judge
 should have any - do not constitute such a (disqualifying) bias, nor even the expression of such opinions, for it does not follow that the evidence will be disregarded," per Charles J.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Regina_v_LCC_CCF_v_AG_1}Regina v London County Council }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
ex parte}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Empire {\*\bkmkend Regina_v_LCC_CCF_v_AG_1}Theatre }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 [(1894) 71 L.T. 638 at 639].
\par 
\par Before I leave my colleagues}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  affidavits and deal with counsels submissions concerning Document }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
, there is one other incidental and unfortunate matter that arises from my colleagues}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  affidavits.
\par 
\par If they are believed and there is no reason to doubt them, then Justice Gates was notably absent from both the judges meetings at which the respective opinions were tendered and discussed.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Whatever information he had concerning the meetings and the nature and purpose of the opinions discussed must, therefore have been reported to him }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 secondhand}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 and, as such, is inadmissible hearsay in a court of law.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 That is elementary.
\par 
\par Given the nature of much of the evidence deposed in the applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s affidavits and at the risk of extending this ruling, it 
is nevertheless necessary that I set out some of those elementary principles dealing with the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 hearsay rule}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .
\par 
\par In }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Teper_v_R_v_CCF_v_AG_1}Teper v R}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
{\*\bkmkend Teper_v_R_v_CCF_v_AG_1}(1952) AC480}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
the Privy Council in allowing the appeal against a criminal conviction based on the reported utterances of a woman at the scene of the crime who was not called as a witness at the trial, said of the rationale for the rule, (at p.486):
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
The rule against the admission of hearsay evidence is fundamental. It is not the best evidence and is not delivered on oath.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Then in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Myers_v_CCF_v_AG_1}R v Myers}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Myers_v_CCF_v_AG_1}(1965) AC}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
1001 the House of Lords}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 despite being invited to do so, refused to relax the rigours of the hearsay rule holding:
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 \'85
 that it was established law that as a general rule hearsay evidence was not admissible and that authority must be found t
o justify its reception within some established and existing exceptions to the rule for to countenance new exceptions thereto would amount to judicial legislation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Finally, and to bring this }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 fundamental}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  rule home to our shores, I refer to the reported 
judgments of the Privy Council in two (2) well known local cases in which the Privy Council set aside the conviction in one, and in rejecting the appeal of the Comptroller of Customs in the other, said in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Patel_v_Comptroller_v_CCF_v_AG_1}Patel v Comptroller of Customs}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Patel_v_Comptroller_v_CCF_v_AG_1}(1965) 3 All ER 593 at 597:
\par }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 From an evidentiary point of view the words }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Produce of Morrocco}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  printed on the imported bags) }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 are hearsay and cannot}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 assist the prosecution.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The matter need not be elaborated in}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 view of the decision of the House of Lords in Myers v D.P.P.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 given after the Fiji Courts had considered the case.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The decision}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 of the House }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ... }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
makes clear beyond doubt that the list of exceptions to the hearsay rule cannot be extended judicially to include such things as labels and markings.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Plainly the rule against the admissibility of hearsay cannot be so easily ignored under the guise of a new exception of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 notorious facts}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  nor can it be avoided merely because the judge himself asserts }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 it is well known}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (whatever that may mean).
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li2592\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin2592\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Knowing all that, and undeterred Justice Gates devoted no less than six (6) pages of his judgment in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Chandrika_v_Republic_4_CCF_v_AG_1}Chandrika Prasad v Republic of Fiji and the}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Attorney-General of {\*\bkmkend Chandrika_v_Republic_4_CCF_v_AG_1}Fiji}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Lautoka Civil Action No. HBC277 of 2000}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 , }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
to a discourse on the proper role of the judiciary in a constitutional crisis. 
That was never an issue before him in the case; no orders were sought concerning the behaviour of the judges during the crisis facing our country shortly after the May 19th coup; and no affidavit deposed to the action(s) of the judges at the time.
\par 
\par In other words, the criticism of the behaviour of the Chief Justice, justice Scott and myself which the judgment referred to as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
3 (un-named) judges of the High Court}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 was uncalled for and gratuitous.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 It was based on inadmissible hearsay and constituted a flagrant breach of confidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The fact that we were not named in Justice Gates}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 judgment does not make the criticisms acceptable, it merely aggravates it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
The omission was both cowardly and unjust in so far as, besides Justices Gates, Shameem and Madraiwiwi, there remained at the time no less than seven (7) other serving judges of the High Court to whom the criticism might have applied.
\par 
\par The failure to name the judges being criticized was nothing more than an exercise in mischievous }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 muck-raking}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 and}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 panders and promotes further public gossip as to the identities of the judges involved.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 If this was an example of the enforcement and pursuit of human rights then it is one that I hope never to emulate in the discharge of my duties.
\par 
\par The self-righteousness and personal aggrandisement evident in Justice Gates criticism of the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 3 (unnamed) judges}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  is only matched by the audacity that prompted it.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 To him must go the dubious honour of being the first judge of this court to publicly reveal the private and confidential deliberations of the judges of this Court.
\par 
\par I have said enough about this whole sordid affair and I must now return to the nature and effects of Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  which counsel accepted was fundamental to this application.
\par 
\par Plainly Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 which treats the Pres
ident in the third person, was a confidential discussion paper prepared solely for the judges of the High Court to focus, facilitate and prompt open discussion with a view to assisting the Chief Justice in formulating whatever assistance he considered app
ropriate to offer the former President during the constitutional crisis facing the country at the time - nothing more, nothing less!
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li144\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin144\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 With all due respect to Sir Vijay, it is an unwarranted legal }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 sleight of hand}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 to extend the document}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s (Document }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ) inf
luence beyond the 27th of May 2000 or to remove it from the factual context and circumstances in which and to which it was addressed, and then apply it to decisions of the current President taken ten (10) months later after the authoritative judgment of t
he Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Chandrika}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Prasad}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
and in a factual context entirely different from that which faced the former President in May 2000 and, all that, in the face of the sworn assertion by the current President}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s permanent secretary that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 there is no reco
rd of such advice in the official records of the (President}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s) files}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .
\par 
\par In this latter regard there is not a shred of evidence as to the actual advice, (written or oral), that was given by the Chief Justice to the former President and indeed the subsequent
 actions of the former President in invoking Section 106 of the Constitution which is evidenced in his televised address to the nation tends to suggest that Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 did not form part of any advice the Chief justice might have given to the former Presi
dent and, even if it did (upon which there is not the slightest evidence), then plainly the former President did not in fact accept it or act upon it in any way, shape, or form.
\par 
\par Even if one accepts that the former President publicly declared that he had dismissed the Coalition Government, that still does not mean that he was implementing the advice proffered in Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (which no where uses the word }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 proroguing}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 or}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 mentions either {\*\bkmkstart s106_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}
Sections 106 {\*\bkmkend s106_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}or {\*\bkmkstart s99_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}99{\*\bkmkend s99_Const_CCF_v_AG_1} of the Constitution), indeed, it is more likely that he had acted on the later }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 S.106 opinion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  disclosed in Justice Shameem}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s affidavit.
\par 
\par The former President}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s televised address to the nation on 27th May 2000 reveals all.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 H.E. said and I quote:
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
I was looking for and 1 think 1 have found the alternative constitutionally viable route through the present crisis, for the President, myself, to invoke Section 106 of the Constitution which provides and 1 quote
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
The President may appoint a minister to act in the office of another minister (including the Prime Mini
ster) during any period or during all periods when the minister is absent from duty or from the Fiji Islands or is for any other reason unable to perform the functions of the office.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 I think there can be little doubt now, given the existing hostage crisi
s, that the present Prime Minister Mr. Mahendra Chaudhry is not only absent from duty but also is unable to perform the functions of the office.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Thus the conditions precedent to the exercise of the power of Section 106 which I have just read daily exists including the exclusion of the Section 99 of the Constitution.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It should be noted, however, that I am obliged under the section to appoint an existing minister to act.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
There are several ministers of the Coalition Government who were never arrested and who 
could quite plausibly be appointed as acting Prime Minister but it must be made very clear to the acting appointee that the period in which I wanted him to act will be very temporary solely to enable me to take three steps. }{
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 That he should advise me under Section 99(1) of the Constitution to dismiss all existing ministers in the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 present Cabinet,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  thus leaving the President with a clear slate to appoint a caretaker Prime Minister or other advisors.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Advise me to prorogue the House of Representatives by proclama
tion under Section 59(2) subsection 2 of the Constitution for six months thus buying time for me to try to set things in order and then to tender his resignation as acting Prime Minister thus to enable me to retain unfettered executive authority to govern
 the country in the absence of a Prime Minister, cabinet or a sitting Parliament.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
That is what has already been done and I have made this prorogation of Parliament. [Aside ... Has it been published?] And that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s where we are today. \'85}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (my underlining for emphasis)
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par In the light of H.E}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s address making specific reference to Sections 106 & 99(1) of the Constitution and the two (2) notices published in the Extraordinary Issue of the Fiji Islands Government Gazette dated 27th May 2000, and the sworn evidence of the former President}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s official secretary that the former President, and I quote, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ... }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 on his }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (Ratu Tevita}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s) advice dismissed the Chaudhry Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 , counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s forceful and persistent suggestion that the former President had acted on the advice contained in Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  is, on the applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s own evidence, plainly wrong and may be finally laid to rest.
\par 
\par Needless to say Ratu lsireli Vuibau in his affidavit filed in the present application does not accept that he was dismissed by the former President; and three (3) Queens Counsels who appeared before the Fiji Court of Appeal at the hearing of the }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Chandrika Prasad}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
appeal agreed that the (former) President did not dismiss the Prime Minister or his Government}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
. Still in the face of such formidable odds Sir Vijay persists in the delusion that a government in power (albeit held hostage) may be dismissed merely on the President}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s verbal say so. I reject the submission that the former President in any, way, shape or form acted on the advice contained in Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .
\par 
\par I turn next to consider the applicants}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  evidence that purports to link Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 (and by implication, me) to the actions and decisions of the current President the subject matter of the applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s challenge in the substantive Originating Summons.
\par 
\par The evidence which is nowhere to be found in my colleagues}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 affidavits, may be summarised as follows: it is claimed in inadmissible hearsay which is categorically denied, that the Chief Justice had advised the current President on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 the way forward}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (whatev
er that may mean) after the decision of the Court of Appeal upholding the 1997 Constitution and counsel argues (see para.12 of his written submissions) that it may be reasonably assumed that the Chief Justice}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s actual advice to the current President (upon which there is not an }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 iota}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 of evidence), was either exactly the same or similar to that contained in Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  and, since I was involved in formulating the advice contained in Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  therefore, despite my recorded denials in the present proceedings and the sworn statement by the current President}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s permanent secretary that: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
... he is not aware of any advice or record of any legal or other assistance given to the office of the President by Judge Daniel Fatiaki at any time during the current polit
ical crisis especially in relation to the decisions and actions of the President being challenged by the applicants in this action.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 (para.23), I, nevertheless, can be said to have prejudged the actions and decisions of the current President even though they occurred some ten (10) months after Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  was created.
\par 
\par The applicants}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  desperate attempts to cast Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  in a sinister mould and to elevate it into the basis for alleging a }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 common cause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 on my part with the current (not former) President, of events that had not yet occurred and did not occur till ten (10) months later and after the judgment of the Fiji Court of Appeal in the }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Chandrika Prasad}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  case and where the current President denies having ever seen or received any advice from the Chief 
Justice (let alone Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ), is a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 flight of fantasy}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .
\par 
\par This unsupported allegation and that is all it is, is a classic case of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 guilt by association}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '
}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  irrespective of any actual involvement on my part in the tendering of advice to the current President.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 In the face of such an irresponsible allegation no answer is possible or necessary and I reject it now as I did during the course of the hearing.
\par 
\par When counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s sometimes barbed interrogation of me in Court proved futile and it appeared the applicant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s evidence fell well short of linking Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 to the decisions of the current President being challenged, a matter which was plainly necessary to be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 firmly established}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  by the applicants, Sir Vijay as a last resort invoked the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 legal fiction,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  that the advice in Document }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 was given to the Office of the President and not to the Office-holder.
\par 
\par With respect, that is a pedantic distinction without a difference.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The President of this State is not }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 an office}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
, he is a human being appointed under the supreme law of the land by the Bose Levu Vakaturaga ({\*\bkmkstart s90_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}Section 90{\*\bkmkend s90_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}) for a term of five (5) years ({\*\bkmkstart Const_s91_CCF_v_AG_1}Section 91
{\*\bkmkend Const_s91_CCF_v_AG_1}).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 He or she is vested with }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 the executive authority of the State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (Section 
{\*\bkmkstart s85_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}85{\*\bkmkend s85_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}) and required under the Constitution to perform a multitude of duties mostly on the advice of Cabinet or a Minister (Section 96), but also occasionally }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ... in his or her own judgment}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (Section {\*\bkmkstart s98_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}98{\*\bkmkend s98_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}).
\par 
\par The above-mentioned provisions of the Constitution makes it abundantly clear that the President is not an Office but a living, breat
hing, thinking human being capable of receiving and acting on advice and equally capable of rejecting advice that he or she finds unacceptable. Accordingly, in agreement with the undoubted }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 commonsense}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  of Mr Matawalu}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s submissions in this regard, I reject the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 legal fiction}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  that implies that the incumbent of the highest Office in this nation is irrelevant for our present purposes.
\par 
\par Needless to say the submission is premised on the false assumption that the current President either had access to Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  or the Chief justice had advised him in similar terms to that contained in the document.
\par 
\par I say }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 false}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 because not only have the applicants not provided any evidence to support the assumption, on the contrary, the permanent secretary of the current President has deposed that }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 \'85 there is no record of such advice in the official records of the (President}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s) files}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  and further he denied }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 \'85 that the President had sought the legal or other advice of any judge or the Chief Justice to enable him to make the de
cisions or take the actions which are being challenged by the Applicants in the main Action \'85.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par 
\par The assumption is groundless and is rejected out of hand.
\par 
\par Then there was the argument that the current President as one of the Respondents named in the applicants Originating Summons, had a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 cause}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  to seek to sustain the legality and correctness of his challenged decisions and actions.
\par 
\par The fallacy of that argument is self-evident. In the first place, the current President is only before this Court because the applicants named and served him with the Originating Summons; secondly, a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 cause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  is defined in the High Court Rules as }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 any action, suit or other original proceeding between a Plaintiff and a defendant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 . Plainly it is the person who institutes or commences a proceeding by way of an original or originating process that can properly be said to have a }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 cause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 before the Court not someone who merely responds to it; and finally, as Mr Matawalu correctly submits, it is the applicants who carry the legal and evid
ential onus and burden of establishing their respective claims for relief, not for the Respondents to disprove the applicants claim or justify the current President}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s actions which are in any event, assumed to be valid and effective until overturned (}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Omnia praesumuntur rite esse acta}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .
\par 
\par On that basis alone this present case is, in my view, plainly distinguishable from the Pinochet case where Lord Browne-Wilkinson identified the following }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 critical elements}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  to his decisions (ibid at p.69):
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1) \tab that AI (A
mnesty International) was a party to the appeal;
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (2)\tab that AI was joined in order to argue for a particular result;
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (3)\tab the judge was a Director of a charity closely allied to AI and sharing, in this respect, Al}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s objects.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par There simply is no evidence or basis to support counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s contention that I have a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 common cause}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 with the current President sufficient to automatically disqualify me without more.
\par 
\par Furthermore, I have no hesitation also, in saying that no reasonable informed observer, knowing the above circumstances, could objectively entertain the view that there is a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 real danger or real possibility of bias}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 on my part in hearing the applicants Originating Summons.
\par 
\par Grounds (1) & (2) are accordingly dismissed as unfounded and not }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 firmly established}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 . 
That finally disposes of all the applicants grounds for making this application but this ruling cannot end here without correcting some misconceptions so evident during the course of the hearing of this application.
\par 
\par For instance, something needs to be said about the tendering of advice by the Chief Justice as head of the judiciary to the President as }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Head of State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 (Section 86), This has been painted as something bordering on the abhorrent, so fundamentally flawed as to undermine the very doctrine of the separation of powers and the independence of the judiciary.
\par 
\par Such polemics does not withstand close examination.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
In the constitutional history of this country since 1970 there have been at least two (2) albeit not widely publicised occasions, when the Chief Justice of this country gave advice to the Head of State}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s representative on what constitutional options were available for him to take.
\par 
\par The first, occurred when the former Chief Justice Sir Clifford Grant advised the first Governor-General,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Ratu Sir Ge
orge Cakobau on his constitutional powers under the 1970 Constitution concerning the appointment of the Prime Minister after the 1977 elections.
\par 
\par This is a matter that needs to be emphasised.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The appointment of the Prime Minister of this country is not (an
d I repeat not) decided in an election or at a political party caucus (as some may like to think).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
It is a decision that our supreme law vests personally in the President acting on his or her deliberate judgment (Section 98).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
There is no constitutional }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 right}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  to be appointed Prime Minister or an unlimited }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 right}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  of the Prime Minister to choose his cabinet [Section {\*\bkmkstart s99_3_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}99(3){\*\bkmkend s99_3_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}, 
{\*\bkmkstart s99_4_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}(4) {\*\bkmkend s99_4_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}& {\*\bkmkstart s99_5_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}(5){\*\bkmkend s99_5_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}].}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Neither of these features exists in our constitutional democracy (however desireable).}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The late S.M. Koya would be the first to agree with the truth of this proposition.
\par 
\par Having said that, the categorisation that the opinions expressed in Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  is }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 political}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  is naive in the extreme.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
The Constitution of this country is a legal as well as a political document and, whilst numerous sections in it, especially those concerning Cabinet Government involve the taking of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 political decisions}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 (giving the term its natural and ordinary meaning) by the person in whom the decision making power is vested, that does not and cannot detract from the fact that such empowering sections exist in the Constitution which }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 is the supreme law of the state}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 , in the interpretation of which this court has an original jurisdiction to exercise.
\par 
\par The second occasion occurred when the Chief Justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s advice was given, occurred in the immediate aftermath of the 1987 military }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 coup d}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 etat}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 during the month when the then Governor-General, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau received and acted upon advice from the present Chief justice assisted by all the Judges of the S
upreme Court (as it was then called), on the constitutional steps that were available to him in resisting the perpetrators of the coup.
\par 
\par I accept that both instances occurred during times of constitutional crisis but on neither occasion was the Chief Justice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s actions greeted with the slightest }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 hue and cry}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  by any of the members of the Law Society or the news media.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Indeed it received wide acclaim.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The present occasion is I suggest, equally exceptional and one is tempted to ask what has changed? Is it the 
advice or is it the fact that it was given that is causing such a stir?
\par 
\par The shallowness of the applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s argument is self-evident when one considers that under the 1970 Constitution, the Chief Justice acted as Governor-General in his absence (see {\*\bkmkstart s28_1970_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}Section 28{\*\bkmkend s28_1970_Const_CCF_v_AG_1}).}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Whatsmore, Section 123 of the 1997 Constitution expressly permits the President (on the advice of Cabinet) to seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 any questions as to the effect of a constitutional provision and the Supreme Court must pronounce in open court its opinion}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .
\par 
\par This very provision was invoked soon after the 1999 elections (see}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  The}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart President_v_Kubuabola_CCF_v_AG_1}President v lnoke Kubuabola and Others }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
{\*\bkmkend President_v_Kubuabola_CCF_v_AG_1}Miscellaneous Case No. 1 of 1999) and, although contained in the Constitution, no one has ever challenged or suggest
ed that such a provision might be inconsistent with the doctrine of the separation of powers inherent in the Constitution or undermines the independence of the Courts.
\par 
\par Certainly the Chief Justice of Australia Sir Garfield Barwick was not deterred from advising the Governor-General Sir John Kerr in his dismissal of the Witlam Government and even Shakespeare appears to find nothing wrong in it: }{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Henry V. }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Part II v.ii 119-21}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (King to Chief justice):
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 My voice shall sound as you do prompt my ear and I will stoop and humble my intent to your well practised wise direction.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par And how? one might ask is the independence of the judges of the High Court and the Chief Justice secured and reinforced by the involvement of the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, 
the Minister of justice and the Sector Standing Committee of the House of Representatives, in their respective appointments [see {\*\bkmkstart Const_118_CCF_v_AG_1}Sections 118 {\*\bkmkend Const_118_CCF_v_AG_1}and {\*\bkmkstart Const_132_1_CCF_v_AG_1}
132(1){\*\bkmkend Const_132_1_CCF_v_AG_1} & {\*\bkmkstart Const_132_2_CCF_v_AG_1}(2) {\*\bkmkend Const_132_2_CCF_v_AG_1}of the Constitution].
\par 
\par Did the Council of the Law Society as the self-appointed champion of judic
ial independence launch a public media campaign against the dangers implicit in these Sections of the Constitution? Did it criticise or call for the rejection of the Constitutional Review Commission}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s report on these Sections? Did it address international 
fora and organisations in an effort to solicit support for the removal of this objectionable political interference in the appointment of the judges in this country? Did it canvass members of Parliament in an effort to amend or remove these Sections from 
t
he Constitution? Did it publicly or privately support the Chief Justice in his criticism of the potential for interference in the independence of the judiciary posed by these Sections? and finally, and more relevantly for this case, Did the Council of the
 Law Society offer its services and collective wisdom and advice to the former President during his and this nation}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 hour of need}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ?}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The answer to all these and many other like questions is a resounding silence.
\par 
\par It must not be lost sight of that this court has an exclusive original power and jurisdiction to interpret and determine constitutional questions [see Section {\*\bkmkstart Const_120_2_CCF_v_AG_1}120(2){\*\bkmkend Const_120_2_CCF_v_AG_1}
] and the suggestion that judges ought not, in private, to discuss or hold any preconceived opinions as to the meaning of any particular constitutional provision is a counsel of }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Utopian}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  perfection divorced from reality. I think it was Cardozo who said:

\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
The great tides and currents which engulf the rest of men do not turn aside in their course and pass judges by.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Needless to say, the constitutional protection of the independence of the judiciary does not mean that there should be no interaction at all, under any circumstances, between the judiciary and the executive or legislature.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 That would be practically impossible given the absenc
e of a separate budget for the judiciary and the Privy Council clearly recognised that when it said of the constitutionally independent Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions [Section 170(5)],}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in another well known local case }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
{\*\bkmkstart AG_v_DPP_v_CCF_v_AG_1}Attorney General v Director of Public Prosecution}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend AG_v_DPP_v_CCF_v_AG_1}
(1982) 28 FLR 20 at p.27:
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ...(the D.P.P}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s) department will require supply from public funds, and communications with the Cabinet and Parliament to explain and justify estimates for the office, as well as provision of appropriate
 accommodation and facilities might be proper matters to be under the general direction and control of the A.G. without eroding the independence of the D.P.P... matters concerning the economical and efficient deployment of staff might fall under the gener
al direction and control of the A.G.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par The Courts in this country are in no different position yet our supreme law declares judges to be }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
independent of the executive and legislative branches of government.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  (Section 118).
\par 
\par Furthermore in the Canadian Supreme Court decision in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Ref_Remuneration_Judges_CCF_v_AG_1}Reference re}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  {\*\bkmkend Ref_Remuneration_Judges_CCF_v_AG_1}
delivered September 18, 1997, Chief Justice Lamer in delivering the judgment of the majority (La Foret J. dissenting) in declining to answer a particular question posed to the Court }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 because it is too vague}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  said at p.123/124:
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
However I do wish to note that the separation of powers which S.11(d) (of the Canadian Charter of Rights) protects, does not prevent the different branches of government from communicating with each other.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par In fact I venture to go further and say that the judges of the High Court as sworn upholders and protectors of the Constitution are dutibound, individually and collectively, to secure by any lawful means available, the continue
d existence of the Constitution, even, to the extent of giving unsolicited confidential advice to the President whenever the Constitution is imperiled.
\par 
\par So much then for the Chief Justice advising the President. I wish now to return to Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
'}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 .
\par 
\par During the course of the hearing and in response to a request from applicants counsel I extended the embargo imposed on Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  B}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  preventing it from being published in the media.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 This prompted a leading headline }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Judge gags media}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  followed by a cartoon in a subsequent issue of the same newspaper. I said during the hearing that I would deal with counsel}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s request in my ruling which I now do.
\par 
\par In doing so I iterate what 1 said during the course of the hearing that we are not here dealing with a scrap of paper found in a gutter in the main street of Suva but with a document clearly marked}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 IN CONFIDENCE}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 and, if the applicants assertions are to be believed in that regard, the document contains advice intended for and in fact delivered to the former Head of State
 within days of the civilian coup that plunged this nation into a human and constitutional crisis of major proportions, the after effects of which continues to haunt us all today.
\par 
\par Given the nature of the document there was little doubt in my mind that it ought not to be allowed to be published in the news media for public consumption.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The applicable principle of law is conveniently set out in Vol.13 of Halsbury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s Laws of England}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (4th edn.) at para.86}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 where it says:
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 It is a general rule of law founded on p
ublic policy and recognised by Parliament [see the proviso to Section 23 of the Crown Proceedings Act cap.24] that any document may be withheld or an answer to any question may be refused on the ground that the disclosure of the document or the answering 
of the question would be injurious to the public interest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
The rule is a rule of substantive law and may be described as a principle of constitutional law; It is not a mere matter of practice or procedure.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Of particular relevance to the present circumstances are the observations of the House of Lords in the leading case of }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Conway_v_Rimmer_CCF_v_AG_1}Conway v Rimmer}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  {\*\bkmkend Conway_v_Rimmer_CCF_v_AG_1}(1968) AC 910 where Lord Reid said at p.952:
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
I do not doubt that there are certain classes of documents which ought not to be disclosed whatever their contents may be. .
.. To my mind the most important reason (for preventing disclosure) is that such disclosure would create or fan ill-informed or captious (fault-finding) public or political criticism. The business of government is difficult enough as it is, and no governm
ent would contemplate with equanimity the inner workings of the government machine being exposed to the gaze of those ready to criticise without adequate knowledge of the back ground and perhaps with an axe to grind.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par and Lord Upjohn at p.993:
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The reason 
for this privilege is that it would be quite wrong and entirely inimical to the proper functioning of the public service if the public were to learn of these high level communications, however innocent of prejudice to the State the actual contents of any 
particular document might be; that is obvious.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par This rule of law which is commonly although inaccurately referred to as State or Crown privilege belongs to the State and can only be waived by the authority of the State and no one else may waive it whateve
r the motivation, not even a judge of this High Court}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 whose primary duty should be to protect and uphold the privilege.

\par 
\par Then at para.87 (ibid) the circumstances in which the privilege can arise are described as follows:
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 \'85 (in) }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 proceedings in which the Crown is a party (as in the present case where the Head of State and the Attorney-General are Respondents), (between) }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 private individuals in which the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Crown is not a party; }{
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 it may arise at any stage before the trial}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  ...}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 ;}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  or }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (in) }{\i\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 setting aside a subpoena or witness summons }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 or }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 otherwise, or at the trial; it may arise in relation to ora1 as well}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 as to documentary evidence; it may arise because}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 of the}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
contents of a particular document or because the document}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 belongs to a class which on the grounds of public interest must}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 as a class be withheld from production.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The privilege may thus}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
apply to documents in the possession of a private individual as}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 well as to documents in the possession of the Crown.}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Privilege}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 can attach irrespective of where a document originates or in}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 whose custody it reposes }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (this would cover the several illicit copies that Sir Vijay claims exists of Document }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ) }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 provided that }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 it has properly either emanated from or come into the}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 possession of some servant or agent of the Crown.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (my underlining and insertions)
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par In the present application my erstwhile colleagues in their respective affidavits profess to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 considerable hesitation,}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  and }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 reluctance}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  in succumbing to the mere threat of a subpoena.
\par 
\par In doing so, they appear to have overlooked the above-mentioned general }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 rule of law,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  and the judgment of Glyn-Jones J.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in }{
\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Auten_v_Rayner_CCF_v_AG_1}Auten v}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Rayner and Others}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Auten_v_Rayner_CCF_v_AG_1}
(1960) 1 All ER 692 where the learned judge in upholding the objection of the Attorney-General in that case to the production of privileged internal correspondence of the Director of Public Prosecutions Office (DPP), set aside a }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 subpoena duces tecum}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  directed to an officer of the DPP}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s Office.
\par 
\par In similar vein in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Iwi_v_Montesole_CCF_v_AG_1}Iwi v Montesole}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkend Iwi_v_Montesole_CCF_v_AG_1}(1955) Crim. L. R. 313}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in which the Plaintiff sought to put in evidence communications between the Lord Chancellor}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s department and his advisory committee and the Lord Chancellor claimed privilege. Donovan J. said in upholding the objection:
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
If highly confidential communications between magistrates and the Lord Chancellor regarding the appointment and behaviour of magistrates could be canvassed in private litigation great damage might be done to the public interest.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Finally in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Wyatt_v_Gore_CCF_v_AG_1}Wyatt v Gore}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  {\*\bkmkend Wyatt_v_Gore_CCF_v_AG_1}(1816) Holt N.P.299}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 which concerned a libel action where the defendant was the Lieutenant Governor o
f Upper Canada and at the trial of the action the Attorney General of the province was called as a witness and was asked as to the nature of some communications made to him by the defendant relative to the Plaintiff}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s conduct.
\par 
\par The trial Judge Gibbs C.J.}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in ruling that the Attorney-General}{
\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 was not bound to answer the questions whether the conversations with him concerned public or private business, said:
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
The Governor consults with a high level legal officer on the State of his colony; what passes between t
hem is confidential: no office of this kind could be executed with safety if conversations between the governor of a distant province and his Attorney General who is the only person whom such governor can lean for advice, were suffered to be disclosed.

\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Needless to say the constitutionally-protected }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 freedom of the press and other media}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  to which attention was drawn during counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s submissions, is not absolute as some may think.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 It may be limited in the interests of: }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 national security}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ; (in) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 preventing the disclosure of confidential information}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ; (in) }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Preventing attacks on the dignity of individuals or respected offices or institutions in a manner likely to promote ill will between races or communities}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 ; and (in) }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 maintaining the authority and independence of the courts.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par 
\par Over the past fortnight this Court and I, in particular, have been the focus of much of the media}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s attention. I do not wish to dwell on the quality or accuracy of the reporting of these proceedings thus far, except to say, that the news media wields an awesome power in the formation and in informing public opinion.
\par 
\par Commensurate with that power is the onerous duty to exercise it responsibly, in a balanced manner and with a view to imparting accurate information, to the public.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 There can be no power without the duty.
\par 
\par When someone with the legal acumen of a Richard Naidu can sit in court, read my colleagues affidavits and still get the document which I embargoed wrong, there is an even greater need for accuracy in reporting proceedings to
 an uninformed public with less access to court documents.
\par 
\par I accept that the claim to State Privilege and the objection to production is normally taken by a Minister of State but that is not necessarily always possible (as occurred in the present application) and }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
'}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in the last resort,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
the judge himself can and should take the objection, for the rule that}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
the public interest must not be put in jeopardy by the production of}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
documents which would injure it is one upon which the court should,}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 if necessary, insi
st, even though no objection has been taken by any}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 government department.}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 
'}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (ibid para.88).
\par 
\par This has been settled law since before }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 {\*\bkmkstart Hennessy_v_Wright_CCF_v_AG_1}Hennessy v Wright}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  
{\*\bkmkend Hennessy_v_Wright_CCF_v_AG_1}(1888) 21 QBD 509 where the former Governor of a colony sued the defendant for an alleged libel contained i
n a newspaper and the defendant sought discovery of documents that were transmitted from the Governor to the Secretary of State for the Colonies with a view to justifying the libel.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Objection was taken to the production of the documents for discovery purpo
ses and the question was referred directly by the trial judge to the Court of Appeal, without the Secretary of State deposing an affidavit claiming privilege.
\par 
\par Field J. in upholding the objection said (ibid at p.512):
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 First, the publication of a state doc
ument may involve danger to the nation.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
If the confidential communications made by servants of the Crown to each other, by superiors to inferiors, or by inferiors to superiors, in the discharge of their duty to the Crown were liable to be made public in a 
court of justice at the instance of any suitor who thought proper to say }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 fiat justitia ruat caelum}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 (Let justice be done though the heavens should fal1), an order for discovery might involve the country in a war. Secondly, the publication of a state document may be injurious to servants of the Crown as individuals.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
There would be an end of all freedom in their official communications, if they knew that any suitor, ...could legally insist that any official communication, of no matter how secret a character, should be produced openly in a court of justice.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Wills J. for his part in answering the question whether in the absence of objection by a responsible Minister of the Crown, it is the duty of the judge nevertheless to prevent the disclosure, said }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (ibid }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 at p.518/519):
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
... dispatches on matters connected with the public service passing between the governor of a colony and the Secretary of State.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
A document of this character is undoubtedly in the nature of a state paper.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Prima facie and if it is what it pro
fesses to be, it is called into existence simply for the service of the state, and it may be expected to relate not to mere matters of business and routine, but to matters of government and policy, and to be in its nature private and confidential. There a
re, undoubtedly, many matters in respect of which it is the duty of the judge, quite apart from objection taken, to prevent disclosures of a class (of documents) which it would be undesirable in the public interest to permit.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Then after referring to several precedents his lordship concluded }{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (ibid }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 at p.521):
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
I think the cases abundantly shew that no sound distinction can be, drawn between the duty of a judge when objection is taken by the responsible officer of the Crown, or by the party, }{\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 or}
{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  when, no objection being taken by anyone, it becomes apparent to him that a rule of public policy prevents the disclosure of the document or the information sought.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par I am satisfied that highly confidential advice to the Head of State of this country, from whatever source, belongs to a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 class of documents}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  that must be absolutely privileged from publication or public disclosure.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The courts however, retain a discretion in all cases, to order the production of the document for its own private examination.
\par 
\par As was said by Lord Simon of Glaisdale}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
{\*\bkmkstart D_v_National_Society_CCF_v_AG_1}D. v National Society for the}{\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Prevention 
{\*\bkmkend D_v_National_Society_CCF_v_AG_1}of Cruelty to Children}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (1977) 2 WLR 201 at p.221:
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
If a society is disrupted or overturned by internal...enemies, the administration of justice will itself be among the casualties.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Silent }{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 enim leges inter arma}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 (silence is the armour of the law). So the law says that, important as it is to the administration of justice that all relevant evidence should be adduced to the court, such evidence must be withheld if, on the balance of public intere
st, the peril of its adduction to national security outways its benefit to the forensic process....}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Accordingly and in the public interest the order prohibiting the publication of Document }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 B}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  in any way, shape, or form is continued indefinitely and all three (3) court copies of the document are ordered to be removed from the relevant court file.
\par 
\par Finally, it has been stated or suggested on more than one occasion by counsel for the applicants that I have been }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 dragging my feet}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  in this case as evidenced by counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s public disclosure of my impending brief absence from the country and in his written submission that notwithstanding the clear urgency of deciding the substantive application in this matter with utmost of despatch ... (I) adopted a casual approa
ch to its progress when (I) set the first call date some three weeks after the necessary papers had been filed. I reject the submission as completely unfounded.
\par 
\par In the first place the decisions of the present President being challenged by the applicants in the substantive action were taken on or about the 16th of March 2001.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 It took the applicants a week to file the Originating Summons which, contrary to counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s submissions, did not follow the expedited procedure under the High Court Rules 1988.
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 In form, the applicants}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  summons did not comply with {\*\bkmkstart HCR_F4_CCF_v_AG_1}Form 4{\*\bkmkend HCR_F4_CCF_v_AG_1} of the Rules nor did it correctly identify the parties as required under 
{\*\bkmkstart O7_r2_2_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}Or.7 r.2(2){\*\bkmkend O7_r2_2_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}. Had it done so, it would have required the defendants (not Respondents) to return an accompanying Acknowlegment of Service {\*\bkmkstart O12_r8_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}
(Or.12 r.8) {\*\bkmkend O12_r8_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}within 14 days after service of the summons {\*\bkmkstart O12_r4_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}(Or.12 r.4){\*\bkmkend O12_r4_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}.
\par 
\par Thereafter the Plaintiffs (not applicants) have 14 days within which to serve their affidavit evidence [{\*\bkmkstart O28_r2_3_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}Or.28 r.2(3){\*\bkmkend O28_r2_3_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}] and after receipt of copies of the Plaintiff}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s affidavits, the defendants have 28 days within which to serve their own affidavits (Or.28 r.4), and upon receipt of the defendant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s affidavits the Plaintiffs have a further 14 days to file further affidavits in reply {\*\bkmkstart O28_r5_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}(Or.28 r.5) 
{\*\bkmkend O28_r5_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}and that then closes the filing of affidavit evidence.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
Clearly, this process of filing and serving affidavit evidence can take anything up to two (2) months to complete before the Plaintiff may apply to the Court for a hearing date to be fixed ({\*\bkmkstart O28_r3_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}Or.28 r.3
{\*\bkmkend O28_r3_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}).
\par 
\par The above are the normal minimum time frames for a general (Form 3) originating summons and must be complied with unless the Plaintiff applies for and obtains a hearing date before or at the same time as the issuance of the originating summons.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 This latter process is the only feature that differentiates an expedited (Form 4) originating summons from a general originating summons.

\par 
\par In this case the applicants}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 former solicitors did not apply for a hearing date before or upon issuing the Originating Summons as they should have, instead, the Summons was entitled: NOTICE OF ORIGINATING SUMMONS with a pre-assigned return date }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 three days from service upon you of this notice}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  typed on the face of the NOTICE.
\par 
\par No authorising Order or Rule of the High Court was referred to in the NOTICE as is the usual and normal practice which is perhaps not surprising since there is no such FORM as a }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 NOTICE OF ORIGINATING SUMMONS}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 either provided for in the High Court Rules or referred to in the relevant {\*\bkmkstart O7_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}Orders (7{\*\bkmkend O7_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}, {\*\bkmkstart O12_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}12{\*\bkmkend O12_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1} & {\*\bkmkstart O28_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}28
{\*\bkmkend O28_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}) that govern the Originating Summons procedure.
\par 
\par Indeed the only relevant notification provided for in the Rules in relation to the Originating Summons procedure is {\*\bkmkstart HCR_F15_CCF_v_AG_1}FORM 15 {\*\bkmkend HCR_F15_CCF_v_AG_1}entitled }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Notice of Appointment to hear Originating Summons}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
 (Or 28 r.3). To this very day no such Notice has been filed or issued by the applicants or their solicitors seeking the appointment of a hearing date for the applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s substantive Summons.
\par 
\par Finally and in order to dispel any misapprehension on the part of Counsel that the expedited (Form 4) originating summons may be adopted as they please, Order 7 r.2 of High Court Rules 1988 clearly provides in sub-rule (1) that:
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2583839 
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Every originating summons (other than an ex parte summons) shall be in Form No.3 or, }{
\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 if so authorised or required, }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 in Form No.4 in Appendix A, and every ex part
e Originating Summons shall be in Form No.5 in Appendix A.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 ' }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 (my underlining for emphasis)
\par }\pard \s37\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\nooverflow\faroman\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par Plainly, unless }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 authorised or required}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  under the Rules, no party to civi1 proceedings in the High Court may use the expedited originating summons and in this, regard counsel}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s attention is drawn to }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 footnote 3}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  to para.131 of Halsbury}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s Laws of England (4th end.) Vol.37 and by way of examples {\*\bkmkstart O17_r3_3_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}Order 17 r.3(3) {\*\bkmkend O17_r3_3_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}& Order {\*\bkmkstart O80_r9_3_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}80 r.9(3) {\*\bkmkend O80_r9_3_HCR_CCF_v_AG_1}
of the High Court Rules 1988 which clearly require the use of the expedited FORM.
\par 
\par In this case, in the absence of the usual reference to the authorising Rule on the face of the applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s NOTICE OF ORIGINATING SUMMONS one can only assume that the applicants former solicitors have irregularly and unilaterally adapted the expedited procedure to 
the prejudice of the defendants and that ought not to be countenanced or sanctioned by this Court;
\par 
\par Secondly, my court calendar and fixtures are fixed well in advance and any counsel who attends the Deputy Registrar}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s chambers on any Wednesday of the week 
will be aware that the earliest available dates that cases can be assigned before me is September/October. In fact during this past fortnight in my concern to accommodate this interlocutory application I have had to vacate my court calendar for the past t
en (10) days by referring ten (10) previously assigned matters comprised of trials and chamber applications fixed as long ago as February this year, back to the Deputy Registrar}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 s Chamber list for reassignment of fresh hearing dates later in the year;
\par 
\par Thirdly, the former solicitors of the applicants were advised by letter dated 9.4.01 by the Acting Chief Registrar to make the present application before me }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 by motion or summons}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
. They had three (3) weeks in which to make the application but chose not to, until I ordered the applicant}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
s present counsel to do so on 30.4.01. Needless to say given the time it has taken to finally dispose of this application, if it had been lodged when counsel were advised then it is very likely that it would have been disposed of
 before 30.4.01. Instead we have lost three (3) valuable weeks on an interlocutory matter which could have been avoided if the applicants former solicitors had themselves acted with the }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 utmost of despatch}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  which the applicants now ask of me; and
\par 
\par Finally, this court only last week offered the applicants the option of withdrawing the present application and proceeding immediately to the substantive summons but that too was cynically declined by counsel.
\par 
\par In light of the foregoing I reject the suggestion that I }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 adopted a casual approach}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049 '}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049  to the applicant substantive summons.
\par 
\par I have said enough and all that remains is for me to make my final orders.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid675049  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 The formal order of the Court is that the application is dismissed.

\par 
\par In so far as the applicants Originating Summons is concerned, lest it be thought otherwise, I have no particular or pressing desire to try the applicants substantive Originating Summons interesting as the legal issues may turn out to be.
\par 
\par Accordingly, and consonant with what might be considered a
n excess of caution on my part, and mindful of the applicants deposed belief (however misguided) that I might unconsciously succumb to the human temptation to exact revenge for their calls for an enquiry with a view to my removal, I have decided to take t
he exceptional step of referring the file back to the Chief Justice for reassignment to another judge for the hearing of the substantive Originating Summons as he sees fit.
\par 
\par I thank all counsels for the assistance provided to me during the course of the hea
ring of this application and, in particular, Sir Vijay, for the advocacy skills he so ably demonstrated throughout the hearing of an application that undoubtedly called for some delicacy on his part.
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Application dismissed but file to be reassigned to another Judge.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard\plain \s17\qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2583839 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 Marie Chan}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15105586\charrsid675049 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid675049 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid675049 
\par }}