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{\*\bkmkstart Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}EPELI LIGAIRI v STATE
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\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10885102 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379\charrsid16458379 20, 27 April, 1 May, 2001\cell }\pard 
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\ql \fi-360\li360\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Damaging property 
\endash  appeal against conviction \endash  whether Appellant acted recklessly in knocking off a video camera
\par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16458379 \f29\fs24\lang1033\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp3081 {\i\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 During a march in Suva on 19 May, 2000, the Appellant
 knocked off a video camera from a police constable taking pictures from th
e back of a police van. He was charged, convicted, and fined $500, in default 2 months imprisonment, of which $400 was to be paid to the Police for repair of the camera. He appealed on the grounds that the Magistrate erred in finding that the prosecution 
proved the offence of }{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Damaging Property}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  and erred in interpreting the word }{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilful}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  as including the word }{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 reckless.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
 The appellate Court discussed the common law definition of }{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilful}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  in absence of a statutory definition. The Court found the Appellant reckless as to the consequences of his actions.
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Held \endash }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 the Appellant acted deliberately in slapping the camera away from a police officer. Even if the Appellant
 did not intend to damage it, he must have known that damage to the camera was a likely consequence of his act. The Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
s built, his background as champion weight-lifter, his aggression towards the police officer, and his expressed anger at being the subject of a video shoot all suggest recklessness on the Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 s part, as to the consequences of his action.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid16458379 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 R v Sheppard}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  (1981) AC 394 appl.
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Appeal dismissed. Conviction upheld. There being no appeal against Sentence, it remains. 
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Other cases referred to in Judgment}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379\charrsid16458379 
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 R v Giffins}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  (1982) RTR 363
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 R v Lockwood ex parte A-G}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  (1981) Qd R 209
\par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Walker v Crawshaw}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  (1924) NZLR 93
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
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Appellant
\par Koila Siqila for the Respondents
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\cellx8748\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid14047486 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379\charrsid16458379 1 May, 2001
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\cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Shameem, J}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379\charrsid16458379 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 This is an appeal against the conviction and sentence of the Appellant, on 26th October 2000 of the following offence:
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Statement of Offence
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 : Contrary to {\*\bkmkstart s324_1_PC_Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}Section 324(1) {\*\bkmkend s324_1_PC_Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}of the Penal Code, Cap.17.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Particulars of Offence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 EPELI LIGAIRI, on the 19th
 day of May 2000 at Suva in the Central Division, wilfully and unlawfully damaged a Panasonic video recorder valued at $2,300.00, the property of the Fiji Police Force.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par The evidence led in the Magistrates}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  Court, from both prosecution and defence, disclos
ed that the Appellant was marching in front of a march which proceeded through Suva, on the 19th of May 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
As the Appellant marched through Victoria Parade, a police officer, Police Constable 25 Margaret Marshall, of the Central Police Station was taking video shots of the march from the back of a police vehicle.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 The Appellant, who objected to the video shooting, assaulted her and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 tapped the camera}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  off her.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 As a result of the incident the video camera was damaged and could not be used again. At the 
time the Appellant tapped/pushed/slapped the camera, he said }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 why are you taking my pictures?}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par 
\par The incident was witnessed by Romanu Tikotikoca, Acting Senior Superintendent of Police, who decided not to arrest the Appellant because of the volatile situation.
\par 
\par The Appellant was arrested and charged on 31st July 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
In court, as in his interview, the Appellant denied damaging the camera deliberately.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
The learned Magistrate found him guilty on the basis that he had acted recklessly.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 He was fined $500, in
 default 2 months imprisonment, with $400 of the fine to be paid to the Police Force for repair of the camera.
\par 
\par The Appellant filed seventeen grounds of appeal.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 However at the hearing of appeal, counsel confined himself to two grounds.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 They were:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9664212 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9664212\charrsid16458379 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s16\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9664212 
\f29\fs24\lang1033\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp3081 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 That the learned Magistrate erred in law and fact in finding that the offence of }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Damaging Property}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  was proved by the prosecution;}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }\pard \s16\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9664212 {\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid9664212\charrsid16458379 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s16 \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\langfenp3081\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s16\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9664212 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 That the learned Magistrate erred in interpreting the word }{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilful
}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  as including the word }{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 reckless.}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\f0\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par There is no dispute that the Appellant said he never intended to damage the camera.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
The prosecution at the trial, and at the hearing of this appeal, submitted that the Appellant had however acted recklessly, and that given his size, his training as a champion weight-lifter, an
d the force he used to push the camera, he knew there was a risk of damage to the camera but continued to use such force.
\par 
\par The Counsel for the Appellant says that the word wilful only means intentional, and that the learned Magistrate had misdirected herself in considering recklessness as part of the mens rea for Criminal Damage.
\par 
\par Section 324(1) of the Penal Code provides:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9664212\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
Any person who wilfully and unlawfully destroys or damages any property is guilty of an offence, which unless otherwise stated, is a misdemeanour, and he is liable, if no other punishment is provided, to imprisonment for two years.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par The word wilful is not defined in the Penal Code.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 However {\*\bkmkstart s3_PC_Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}section 3 
{\*\bkmkend s3_PC_Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}of the Code states:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9664212\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
This Code shall be interpreted in accordance with the principles of legal interpretation obtaining in England and expressions used in it shall be presumed, as far as is consistent with their context, and, except as may be otherwise expressly provided, to 
be used with the meaning attaching to them in English common law and shall be construed in accordance therewith.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par The word }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilfully}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  is used in respect of a number of criminal statutes, both here and in England.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 In England, it is famously used in the offence of the wilful neglect of children under the age of 16 years under the UK Children and Young Persons Act 1933.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 The House of Lords held by majority in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
{\*\bkmkstart R_v_Sheppard_Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}R v Sheppard}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  {\*\bkmkend R_v_Sheppard_Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}(1981) AC 394 that a man }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilfully}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  fails to provide adequate medical attention for a child if he either (a) deliberately does so, knowing that there is some risk that the child}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 s health may suffer unless he receives such attention or (b) does so because he does not care whet
her the child may be in need of medical treatment or not.
\par 
\par Lord Keith said at p.418:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9664212\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 The primary meaning of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilful}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 deliberate}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
So a parent who knows that his child needs medical care and deliberately, that is by conscious decision, refrains from calling a doctor, is guilty under the subsection.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 As a matter of general principle, recklessness is to be equiperated with deliberation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 A parent who fails to provide medical care which his child needs because he does not care whether it is needed or not is reckless of his child}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 s welfare.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 He too is guilty of an offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
But a parent who has genuinely failed to appreciate that his child needs medical care, through personal inadequacy or stupidity or both, is not guilty.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Sheppard}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  has subsequently been applied with approval in cases in England which require proof of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilful}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  or }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilfully}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  (see }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Giffins_Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}
R v Giffins}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  {\*\bkmkend R_v_Giffins_Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}(1982) RTR 363).
\par 
\par Archbold (Criminal Pleading Evidence & Practice Ed. 2000) states at 17-47:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9664212\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
In the absence of a specific decision on a specific statutory provision to the contrary, it is submitted that any provision containing the word }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilfully}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
 in the definition of a crime should be construed in accordance with the approach in }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Sheppard}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par Counsel for the Appellant correctly submitted that the {\*\bkmkstart s1_1_UK_Crm_Damages_E_Ligairi_v_State}UK Criminal Damage Act {\*\bkmkend s1_1_UK_Crm_Damages_E_Ligairi_v_State}1971 specifically imports the word }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 reckless}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  and therefore cannot be compared with section 324 of the Fiji Penal Code.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Section 1(1) of the 1971 UK Act provides:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9664212\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
A person who without lawful excuse destroys or damages any property belonging to another }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 intending to destroy or damage any such}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  property or being reckless as to whether any such }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 property would be destroyed or damaged}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  shall be guilty of an offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 (My underlining.)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par A comparison between that statutory definition and our section 324, would therefore be unhelpful in respect of the requisite mens rea.
\par 
\par However the common law definition of the word }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilful}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  developed in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Sheppard}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
 (supra) is not confined to cases of wilful neglect.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 It applies as Archbold submits, to all cases where the word }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilful}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  is a component of the offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
It applies where the relevant statute provides no definition of the word.
\par 
\par The law in Australia and New Zealand, on the meaning of the word }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilful}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  has developed along similar lines to the English common law.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 {\*\bkmkstart Walker_v_Crawshaw_Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}Walker v Crawshaw}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  {\*\bkmkend Walker_v_Crawshaw_Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}(1924) NZLR 93, on a charge of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilfully}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
 doing an indecent act in public, where the accused was alleged to have committed intercourse in his taxi at night in a back street, Sim J decided that it was enough that the accused had appreciated a reasonable probability of det
ection and had deliberately and intentionally accepted that risk.
\par 
\par In Queensland in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Lockwood_Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}R v Lockwood ex parte A-G}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  
{\*\bkmkend R_v_Lockwood_Epeli_Ligairi_v_State}(1981) Qd R 209, the court held that the word }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilfully}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  requires proof that t
he accused person either (1) had an actual intention to do the particular kind of harm that in fact was done or (2) deliberately did an act (which was voluntary) knowing at the time he did it that the result charged in the indictment was a likely conseque
nce of his act and that he recklessly did the act regardless of the risk.
\par 
\par The learned Magistrate in her judgment, said at page 5:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9664212\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "'}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Wilful}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  as defined by Blackstone}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 s Criminal Practice 1996, states that wilful is not limited to deliberate or voluntary acts but includes also recklessness.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 On the evidence, the accused had admitted that prior to the act, he had been offended by what he termed the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 manner}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  of PW1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 s video-shooting.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 It was not made quite clear to the court as to what he actually found offensive but it appeared to me that he had thought that PW1 was focussing the camera too much on him.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9664212\charrsid16458379 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Further the accused did not deny that he had uttered the words }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 why are you taking my pictures}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  to PW1 prior to slapp
ing the camera.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 These words uttered prior to his actions displayed his intention and though he may have never intended to }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 destroy}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379  the camera, indeed his words and actions resulted in the damage to the camera.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9664212\charrsid16458379 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 I also find that in admitting that he is a strong and powerful man, the accused was reckless and therefore wilful in acting the way he did.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
On an objective standard it was relatively foreseeable that given his strength, the act of slapping the camera, would cause the damage as it did.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16458379 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par Given the common law definition of the word }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 wilful}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 , it is difficult to find fault in the learned Magistrate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
s findings.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
She found that the Appellant acted deliberately in slapping the camera, and that even if he did not intend to damage it, he must have known that damage to the camera was a likely consequence of his act.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 There was clearly enough evidence, on the Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 s own evidence, to warrant such a finding.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
The evidence of the Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 s build, his background as champion weight-lifter, his aggression towa
rds PW1, a policewoman, and his expressed anger at being the subject of a video shoot, all suggest recklessness on the Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
s part, as to the consequences of his action.
\par 
\par For these reasons, the grounds of appeal are unsuccessful.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 There is no appeal against sentence.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16458379  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 This appeal is dismissed.
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par Appeal fails.
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 
\par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9664212 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\insrsid6891034\charrsid16458379 Marie Chan}{
\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid9664212 
\par }}