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The appellate Court found that the magistrate had failed to assess the admissibility of the confessional statements in a two step process. The Court dismissed the ground of failure to elect a High Court trial as s303(b) is not an electable offence.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The Court found that the prosecution had failed to lead evidence of possession of implements in the vehicle, from which a defence of lawful excuse could be made. Where the fourth }{\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 ccused alleged that he was forced to sign his statement, and that the police officers were liars, the prosecution wer e allowed to lead evidence of his bad character and previous convictions. Although the fourth Appellant did not appeal, his conviction and sentence was also quashed. \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Held\endash }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (1) A denial or imputation of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 lying}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 not }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 enough}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 invoke}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 cross-examination}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 on bad character,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 the}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 accused}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 must}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 allege}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 malpractice}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 police impropriety.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 To that extent, cross-examination on previous convictions was properly allowed, although i n the interests of fairness the learned Magistrate ought to have warned the accused. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15467545 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15467545 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (2) Although failure to give unrepresented accuseds a warning that they were exposing themselves to the risk of such cross-examination on bad character is not fatal to a c onviction a warning is important where the }{\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 ccused is unrepresented for the overall fair conduct of the case. But a failure to consider and apply the principles of the admissibility of the confessions of all the Appellants, is fatal to the outcome of the case.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15467545 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid15467545 \par }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (3) A failure by the Magistrate to consider the evidence against }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 s}{ \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 econd and }{\caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 f}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 ourth }{ \caps\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 a}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 ccused who at the trial denied knowledge of implements in the vehicle led to a finding which cannot be justified in law where the Prosecution led no admissible evidence from which possession could be imputed, against the Second and Fourth Accused.}{ \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The issue of }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 lawful excuse}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 , which is a matter for the accused to prove, only arises after the prosecution has proved }{ \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 possession}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 '}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 .}{ \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par Appeal succeeds. Convictions and sentences quashed. No retrial. \par \par }{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Cases referred to in Judgment \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Callis v Gunn}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (1964) 1 QB 495 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 R v Benson}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 3 Cr.App.R. 70}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par R v Desmond}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (1999) Crim LR 313}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par R v Grout}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 3 Cr App R 64}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par R v Gunewardene}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (1951) 35 Cr App R 80 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 R v Jones }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (W) 17 Cr App R 117}{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par R v Lewis }{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (G) 87 Cr App R 270 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 R v Owen}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 83 Cr App R}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 R v Tanner}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 66 Cr App R 56 \par }{\b\i\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Selvev v DPP}{\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (1970) AC 304}{\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Appellants in person \par Anselm Herman}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 for the Respondent \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\b\lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts21\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15467545\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt \clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1728\clshdrawnil \cellx1620\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7128\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid3362766 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15467545\charrsid15467545 7 March, 2001 \cell }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\pararsid15467545 {\b\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15467545\charrsid15467545 judgment}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15467545\charrsid15467545 \cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15467545\charrsid15467545 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ts21\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid15467545\tbllkhdrrows\tbllklastrow\tbllkhdrcols\tbllklastcol \clvertalt \clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1728\clshdrawnil \cellx1620\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7128\clshdrawnil \cellx8748\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Shameem, J}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15467545\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 On the 24th of October 2000, the three Appellants were found guilty in the Suva Magistrate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 s Court of the offence of Being Found by Night in Possession of Housebreaking Implements, contrary to section 303(b) of the Penal Code.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The charge read as follows:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15467545\charrsid3678782 \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Statement of Offence}{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15467545\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 BEING FOUND BY NIGHT IN POSSESSION OF HOUSE BREAKING IMPLEMENTS:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 contrary to {\*\bkmkstart s303_b_PC_David_Safiq_v_State}section 303 (b) {\*\bkmkend s303_b_PC_David_Safiq_v_State}of the Penal Code, Act 17. \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par Particulars of Offence}{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15467545\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 DAVID SHAFIQ s/o DAVID SHAFIQ, KELEPI LEDUA, JOSATEKI and SIKELI TAMANI on the 18th day of March 1999 at Navua in the Central Division by night having in possession, without lawful excuse, house breaking implements namely bolt cutter, one pinch bar, two screw drivers, two balaclavas and a pair hand gloves. \par }\pard \ql \li4520\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4520\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 On 8th November 2000, the Appellants were sentenced to three years imprisonment.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The fourth accused, Sikeli Tamani, who is not an Appellant , was sentenced to four years imprisonment, on the ground that he had two previous convictions under section 303(b) of the Penal Code.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 This heavier sentence is in accordance with section {\*\bkmkstart s303_b_i_PC_David_Safiq_v_State}303(b)(i) {\*\bkmkend s303_b_i_PC_David_Safiq_v_State} of the Penal Code, which provides for heavier sentencing powers where the accused has previous convictions for the same offence. \par }\pard \ql \fi748\li5840\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5840\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li40\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin40\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The grounds of appeal in the case of the three Appellant s were substantially the same, and can be summarised as follows:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 1.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \tab The confessional statements should not have been admitted in evidence because they were obtained by force and threats;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 2.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \tab The Learned Magistrate failed to allow the Appellants to elect High Court trial;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 3.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \tab The Learned Magistrate failed to properly consider the evidence of the Appellants and the Defence witness;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 4.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \tab The Learned Magistrate erred in allowing the prosecution to lead evidence of the bad character of the accused;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 5.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \tab The sentences were harsh and excessive. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par The facts of the case, as presented by the prosecution at the trial, were that on the 18th of March 1999, Special Constable 802 Aporosa, and Corporal 289 Naidu on patrol in the Navua area, found a blue mini-bus parked beside Naitonitoni beach.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The driver was asleep, and one person, identified as the 3rd Appellant , was standing outside the vehicle, hiding his face from the police.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 A person identified as the 1st Appellant was sitting in the second last seat.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The police officers questioned the 3rd Appellant, and not iced that he was trying to conceal something underneath the mini-bus.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 They discovered that it was a bolt cutter.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The vehicle was then seized and the 1st and 3rd Appellants were taken to the Navua Police Station.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The 3rd Appellant escaped as the mini-bus was being reveled.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 On search, the mini-bus was found to obtain all the implements referred to in the charge. \par \par The 1st Appellant was questioned at the Station.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The 2nd, 3rd Appellants and the 4th Accused were found in the bush at Lobau.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 PW4 Corporal Ili esa Bolabiu, said that when he found them, they were so weak, they had to be helped back to the village and to Navua Police Station. \par \par In his interview, the 1st Appellant said that he knew that the implements would be used to break open a container in Navua.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The 2 nd Appellant denied any knowledge of the implements in the van, and said that he thought that they were going to look for marijuana. The 3rd Appellant said he had boarded the van at Nabua when he was told by the 1st Appellant that he had "a job" to do for him.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 He said he knew nothing of the implements in the car. \par \par The 4th accused at the trial said in his interview that he had boarded the mini-bus to look for marijuana, and that he knew nothing of the implements found in the van. \par \par All accused were arrested and charged with the section 303(b) offence. \par \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Ground 1}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 All the Appellants alleged police brutality, either in their cross-examination of the police witnesses, or in their sworn evidence. \par }\pard \ql \fi680\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 \fs16\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The Learned Ma gistrate after summarising the prosecution case, said:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li748\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin748\itap0\pararsid3678782 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 In their sworn evidence all 4 Defendants denied knowing anything.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Accused 1 said he was forced by the police to say what he did in his interview. Having}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 listened}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 very}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 carefully}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 all Prosecution}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 witnesses}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 sworn evidence of all four Defendant s, and, after observing the demeanour of all witnesses very closely in court both from prosecution and from the Defendants, I have to say, I found the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Prosecution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 witnesses}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 evidence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 more believable then the story given by all four Defendants.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par There is no reference in the judgment to the test of the admissibility of caution statements to the police, or of the burden of proof on the prosecution to show voluntariness.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Did the Learned Magistrate direct her mind to these principles of law and evidence? \par }\pard \ql \fi748\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The evidence, on the prosecution version of events, was that the 1st Appellant was arrested on 18th March 1999 in the early hours of the morning.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 He was held in custody until 11.15am on the 19th of March, more than thirty hours later.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 PC 541 Umesh Raj did not explain the delay, nor did he give any details of the circumstances of the detention. \par }\pard \ql \fi748\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The 2nd Appellant did not cross-examine PC 2168 Nacani Bolabiu, the officer who interviewed him.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 However the prosecution witnesses themselves, said that the 2nd, 3rd and 4th accused were tired and weak after their sojourn in the bush.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 PC Nacani was unable to say whether they had been fed before their interviews.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The 4th accused asked him in cross-examination:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 "Q:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Since we were tired and wanted to eat why weren}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 t we given time to rest and eat since we were tired?}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par A:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 I was only instructed to conduct interview." \par }\pard \ql \li2200\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2200\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 What was the effect of police conduct on the interview?}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Did the learned Magistrate consider this, even on the prosecution version of the case?}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 We do not know because she made no reference to the test for the admissibility of caution statements. \par }\pard \ql \fi700\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 As Lord Lane CJ said in}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkstart Rennie_v_R_David_Safiq_v_State}Rennie v R}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkend Rennie_v_R_David_Safiq_v_State}(1982) 1 WLR 64 at pp 69-70:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 "The}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 law is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 as stated by Lord Sumner in }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkstart Ibrahim_v_The_King_David_Safiq_v_State}Ibrahim v The King}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkend Ibrahim_v_The_King_David_Safiq_v_State}(19T4)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 AC 599), the statement by an accused is}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 admissible}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 in evidence against him unless it is shown by the prosecution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 have}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 been}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 a}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 voluntary statement, in the sense that it has not been obtained f rom him either by fear of prejudice or hope of advantage exercised or held out by a person in authority}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 or,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (as must now be added) by oppression." \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Lord Parker CJ in}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkstart Callis_v_Gunn_David_Safiq_v_State}Callis \endash v- Gunn}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkend Callis_v_Gunn_David_Safiq_v_State}(1964) 1 QB 495, at p.501 said:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (It is) a fundamental principle of law that no answer to a question and no statement is admissible}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 unless}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 it}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 shown}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 by}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 the prosecution not to have been obtained in an oppressive manner and to have been voluntary in the sense that it has not been obtained by threats or inducements." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par The burden was on the prosecution to disprove oppression.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The evidence led by the prosecution, showed, prima facie, circumstances which might lead a court to decide that the interview was inadmissible on the ground of oppression. \par }\pard \ql \fi748\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 However, the Learned Magistrate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 ' }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 s failure to refer to the legal test of admissibility, raises a real doubt as to whether oppression, fear and voluntariness were considered at all. \par \par The test for admissibility of confessions is applied in the High Court after a trial within a trial.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The Magistrate who has to consider both admissibility and weight together must adopt a two-step process on confessions.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 He or she must first ask: Is this confession admissible?}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 In considering this question, the Magistrate must direct himself/herself on the burden and standard of proof on the}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 admissibility of confessions. \par }\pard \ql \fi740\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The second step is whether, if the Magistrate is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt, that the confession was a voluntary one, and not obtained by oppression, the contents of the interview are true and can be relied on for the purpose of the trial. \par }\pard \ql \fi680\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 a failure to consider the principles of admissibility, is fatal to the outcome of the case.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 I find, that the Learned Magistrate failed to consider voluntariness and oppression, and failed to apply the principles of the admissibility of the confessions of all the Appellants.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Ground 1 is therefore upheld. \par }\pard \ql \fi680\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Ground 2}{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 This ground can be dismissed quickly.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Section 303(b) is not an electable offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The accused had no right to withdraw consent to trial by Magistrate.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 This ground is dismissed. \par \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Ground 3}{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 This ground alleges failure to consider the Defence case. On a reading of the judgment, it is not clear what the Defence case was in the case of each Appellant.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Nor is it apparent that the Learned Magistrate considered the case against each accused separately.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \fi748\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The evidence of PW2 Corporal Naidu, is that he saw the 1st and 2nd Appellant s in the vehicle which contained the implements.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 He did not see the 3rd and 4th accused.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 PW1 on the other hand saw only the 1st and 3rd accused.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The 1st accused was taken to the station and the 3rd accused ran away.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Under cross-examination by the 2nd accused, PW1 said that the 2nd accused was not in the van, but that the 1st accused had later implicated him on being interviewed by the police. \par }\pard \ql \fi700\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 PW}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 s evidence was confirmed by PW3, PC Rajend Nair who said that apart from the driver, only the 1st and 3rd accused were in the van. \par }\pard \ql \fi700\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Under caution, the 1st accused admitted that the implements were his, and admitted that they were to be used to unlawfully open a container. \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The 2nd Appellant in his statement, admitted to being in the van but said that he thought they were looking for marijuana.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 He said he knew nothing of the tools. \par The 3rd Appellant admitted to going to do a "job" but said he did not know that there were tools inside the van. \par \par The 4th accused said he met the 2nd and 3rd Appellants in Navua on the night of the 17th of March, and said he was in the van but got dropped off at Navua Bridge.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 He said he later found the 2nd and 3rd Appellants hiding in the bush. \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The direct evidence of involvement implicated the 1st}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 accused and the 3rd accused only.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Assuming that PW2 was mistaken when he said he saw the 2nd accused in the van at Naitonitoni, the only other evidence implicating the 2nd and 4th accused,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 came (by implication from the interviews of the accused.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Those parts of the interviews were clearly not admissible against anyone other than the maker (see }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Gunnewarde_David_Safiq_v_State}R v Gunewardene}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Gunnewarde_David_Safiq_v_State}(1951) 35 Cr. App. R. 80). \par }\pard \ql \fi748\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The 2nd and 4th accused only admitted to being in the van.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 They did not admit to knowledge of the implements. Is knowledge necessary for }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 possession" under section 303(b) of the Penal Code? \par }\pard \ql \fi748\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The words }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 "}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 in possession" has been defined in cases in other jurisdictions as meaning knowledge and some control over the article.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Lewis_David_Safiq_v_State}R v Lewis }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Lewis_David_Safiq_v_State}(G) 87 Cr. App. R. 270, the English Court of Appeal said that a person is in possession of something when he has kn owledge of its presence and some control over it; but he would not have possession unless he either knew, or the circumstances were such that he had the opportunity, whether he availed himself of it or not, to discover in a general way what the items were . \par }\pard \ql \fi748\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The 2nd and 4th accused at the trial denied even knowledge of the implements in the vehicle.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The learned Magistrate failed to consider the evidence against them in this respect.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 This failure led to a finding which cannot be justified in law.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The prose cution led no admissible evidence from which possession could be imputed, against the 2nd and 4th accused.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The issue of "lawful excuse", which is a matter for the accused to prove, only arises }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 after}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 the prosecution has proved }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 possession".}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 This ground of appeal succeeds. \par \par }\pard \ql \li40\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin40\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Ground 4}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }\pard \ql \li40\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin40\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The Learned Magistrate allowed the prosecution to cross-examine the 1st, 3rd and 4th accused on their previous convictions. \par \par State Counsel submits that they put their character in issue when they suggested that the police witnesses were "liars". \par \par {\*\bkmkstart s145_f_CPC_David_Safiq_v_State}Section 145(f) {\*\bkmkend s145_f_CPC_David_Safiq_v_State}of the Criminal Procedure Code provides:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 a person charged and called as a witness in pursuance of this section shall not be asked, and, if asked shall not be required to answer, any question tending to show that he has committed or been convicted of or been charged with any offence other than that wherewith he i s then charged,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 or is of bad character, unless }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847 \endash }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11471847 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (i)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \tab the proof}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 that he has}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 committed or been convicted of such other offence is admissible evidence to show that he is guilty of the offence wherewith he is then charged; or}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (ii)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \tab he has personal ly or by his barrister and solicitor asked questions of the witness for the prosecution with a view to establishing his own good character, or has given evidence of his own good character, or the nature or conduct of the defence is such as to involve impu tations}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 on}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 character}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 the complainant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 the witnesses}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 for the prosecution; or}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11471847\charrsid3678782 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab}}\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11471847 { \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 he has given evidence against any other person charged with the same offence." \par }\pard \ql \li935\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin935\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Did the accused cast imputations on the character or the prosecution witnesses? \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Section 145(f) is identical to the English Section l(f)(ii) of the Criminal Evidence Act 1898.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 In respect of that section the House of Lords in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkstart Selvev_v_DPP_David_Safiq_v_State}Selvev v DPP}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkend Selvev_v_DPP_David_Safiq_v_State}(1970) AC 304 said that the statute allows cross-examination on the accuser}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 s bad character when imputations on the character of a prosecution witness is cast to show his unreliability as a witness independently of the evidence given by him and when the ca sting of the imputation is necessary to allow the accused to establish his defence. \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Allegations of the fabrication of a police interview were held to be sufficient to allow cross-examination on bad character in}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Tanner_David_Safiq_v_State}R v Tanner}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Tanner_David_Safiq_v_State} 66 Cr. App. R.56, but an allegation that a police witness was a liar was not sufficient in}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Grout_David_Safiq_v_State}R v Grout}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Grout_David_Safiq_v_State}3 Cr. App. R. 64 and }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Desmond_David_Safiq_v_State}R v Desmond}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Desmond_David_Safiq_v_State} (1999) Crim. L. R. 313. \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 These decisions may appear to contradict each other, and may be difficult to apply to the facts of particular cases.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 However in }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Jones_David_Safiq_v_State}R v Jones }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Jones_David_Safiq_v_State}(W) 17 Cr. App. R. 117, Lord Hewart CJ said at p.120:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9399419\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 It was one thing to deny that he had made the confession, but it was another thing to say that the whole thing was a deliberate and elaborate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 concoction}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 on}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 part}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 the inspector; that seems to be an attack on the character of the witness." \par }\pard \ql \li680\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin680\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The authorities on the subject were reviewed in}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Owen_David_Safiq_v_State}R v Owen}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Owen_David_Safiq_v_State}83 Cr. App. R.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 It was held in that case that a denial or imputation of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 lying}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 not}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 enough}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 to}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 invoke}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 cross-examination}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 on bad character,}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 accused}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 must}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 allege}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 malpractice}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 police impropriety. \par }\pard \ql \fi748\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Furthermore, it was held in}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Selvev v DPP}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (1970) AC, that where the accused is unrepresented, it is desirable that the judge or magistrate w arn the accused that his cross-examination of the witnesses, may expose him to the risk of cross-examination as to character. Although failure to give such a warning is not fatal to a conviction }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 (}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkstart R_v_Benson_David_Safiq_v_State}R v Benson}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 {\*\bkmkend R_v_Benson_David_Safiq_v_State}3 Cr. App. R. 70) a warning is important where the accused is unrepresented for the overall fair conduct of the case. \par }\pard \ql \li1480\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1480\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The record in this case shows that the accused alleged that they were forced to sign their statements, and that they were assaulted in the course of interview.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The 4th accused said that the statement "is a lie" and that the police officers were liars. \par }\pard \ql \fi700\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 These questions went further than "an emphatic denial of guilt."}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 They alleged impropriety, malpractice and dishonesty on the part of the police officers questioned.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 To that extent, cross-examination on previous convictions was properly allowed, although in the interests of fairness the learned Magistrate ought to have warned the accused that they were exposing themselves to the risk of such cross-examination. \par }\pard \ql \fi700\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li40\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin40\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 This ground of appeal is unsuccessful and is therefore dismissed. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Summary}{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9399419\charrsid3678782 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 For the reasons given in this judgment, the appeal by the three Appellants is successful.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Their convictions and sentences are set aside.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Although the 4 th accused did not appeal, his conviction must also be set aside.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 I do so under the revisionary jurisdiction of the High Court. \par }\pard \ql \fi748\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 I have given consideration to the question of the re-trial, and have in particular taken into account, the nature of the offence, the evidence led in the Magistrates}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Court, and the delay of two years since the alleged commission of the offence. \par \par In all the circumstances I do not consider that a re-trial would be justified. \par \par This appeal is successful.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3678782 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 The convictions and sentences of all Appellants, and the prisoner Isikeli Tamani, are quashed. \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \fi748\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\pvpara\phmrg\posx7960\posy180\absh140\absw780\abslock1\dxfrtext10080\dfrmtxtx10080\dfrmtxty60\nowrap\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 \b\f1\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \f0\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3678782 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Appeal allowed. \par \par }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9399419 \fs24\lang3081\langfe3081\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp3081 {\insrsid10426040\charrsid3678782 Marie Chan}{ \lang2057\langfe3081\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid9399419 \par }}