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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6693902 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13970488 IN THE }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693902\charrsid6693902 COURT OF APPEAL OF FIJI
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\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971291\charrsid16129980 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid78727 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid16129980 v}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971291\charrsid16129980 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid78727 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid78727\charrsid13970488 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid78727 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid16129980 JOSEFA MATA}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13970488 U,
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2971291\charrsid16129980 SHIU NARAYAN
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\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid16129980 MANJULESH DEVI
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 Court o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10713784 f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915  Appe}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693902 al}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13970488  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693902 Civil}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10713784  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693902 Appellate Jurisdiction}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6444099 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 Casey, Kapi and Handley, JJ
\par 8 November, 2000
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693902 ABU0047}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13970488 /}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 99S }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid78727 
(on appeal from High Court HBC}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13970488  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 556}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13970488 /}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 97)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14876915 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6444099 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid11278858 Negligence - principles of vicarious liability discussed - whether deficiencies in pleadings - whether appellant correctly described as nominal defendant
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6444099\charrsid78727 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 The appellant was found by the High Court to be vicariously liable for the admitted negligence of 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid806853 st}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 
named respondent employee for causing an accident while driving under the influence of alcohol. The High Court found that while the first respondent had general authority to drive a motor vehicle, he had no authority to use it on site visits he intended v
isiting after a Christmas party. The appellant appealed against a finding of vicarious liability.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6444099 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid11278858 Held}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 
 - (1) An employer is vicariously liable for employees' torts committed in the course of employment, in spite of prohibitions dealing with conduct within its course.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6444099 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 (2) There were no defects in pleadings and the term}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14382554  'nominal defendant' characteris}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 ed the first respondent's status as a representative of the government department by which he was employed, indicating that he was not being sued in}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 a personal
 capacity. In any event, it was cured by all parties' acceptance that the only issue for determination at trial was of vicarious liability.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6444099 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 Findings of the High Court as to vicarious liability upheld.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6444099 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid806853 Cases referred to in judgment
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid7101155 ref }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid6693902 Plumb v Cobden Flour Mills Co Ltd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155  [1914] AC 62}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6444099\charrsid7101155 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid7101155 ref }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid6693902 Bugge v Brown}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155  (1919) 26 CLR}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid7101155  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid806853 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid7101155 10
\par ref }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid6693902 Canadian Pacific Railway v Lockhart}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid7101155  [1942] AC 591
\par ref }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid6693902 London County Council v Cattermol}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6444099\charrsid6693902 es}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278858\charrsid6693902  (Garages) Ltd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278858\charrsid7101155  [1953}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155 ] }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278858\charrsid7101155 2 All }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6444099 ER}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 582
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6444099 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid806853 Sunil Kumar for the appellant
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid806853\charrsid806853 Mah}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid806853 endra B Patel for the First respondent
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid806853\charrsid806853 Vi}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13970488 j}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid806853\charrsid806853 ay }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid806853 Maharaj for the Second and Third respondents
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6444099\charrsid7101155 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6444099 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 8 November, 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13970488 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7101155 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid10887187 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14876915 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278858\charrsid14382554 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid10887187 Casey, Kapi and Handley, JJ
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 On 6 September 1999 Shameem J. delivered a judgment in the High Court at Suva holding the appellant vicariously liable for the admitted negligence of Josefa Matau, the first-named res
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10887187 pondent, with agreed damages of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155 $}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 48,733.00}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10887187  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 payable to the other respondents. This appeal by the Attorney-General is against that}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155  holding of vicarious liability.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10887187 
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 Mr Matau was a Civil Servant employed as a Divisional Planning Officer and was authorised to drive a Government car which was garaged at his home.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 On Saturday 17 Decem
ber 1994 he attended an office Christmas party and consumed alcohol. He decided about 7 pm to visit two projects for which he was responsible to investigate delays, and while driving there he was involved in the accident giving rise to these proceedings.

\par 
\par There was a conflict of evidence about whether he had been forbidden to drive by his superior officer. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155 O}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 
n the evidence the learned trial Judge expressed herself as satisfied that while Mr Matau had general authority to drive the car, on that occasion he had been forbidden to do so, and accordingly had no authority to use it}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3084941  on the site visits he intended.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 
 It was not disputed that these were included among his official responsibilities, and that he was expected to work after official hours. Her Ladyship conc
luded that he was acting within the scope of his employment in visiting the sites, and that it was his mode of conducting this work that was prohibited, and not the work itself.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10887187 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 She cited decisions establishing that an employer is vicariously liable for e
mployees' torts committed in the course of employment, in spite of prohibitions dealing with conduct within its course. Among them were }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14382554 Plumb v Cobden}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10887187\charrsid14382554  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14382554 Flour Mills Co Ltd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7101155  [}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 1914] AC 62; }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14382554 Bugge v Brown}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 
 (1919) 26 CLR 110; }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14382554 Canadian Pacific Railway v Lockhart}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915  [1942] AC 591 and }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14382554 London County Council v Cattermoles (Garages) Ltd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 
 [1953] 2 All ER 582. There is no need for us to refer to passages from them to emphasize this principle of vicarious employer's liability, which is now so firmly established and widely known.
 In the light of Her Ladyship's findings on the evidence, the appeal against her decision on vicarious liability could not p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14382554 ossibly succeed, and we did not }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 feel it necessary to call on the respondents.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10887187 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 The same can be said for Mr Kumar's other ground base
d on deficiencies he saw in the pleading of the claim against the Attorney-General, who was referred to in the Statement of Claim as "the nominal defendant". We think this term not inapt to describe his status as a representative of the Government Departm
e
nt by which Mr Matau was employed, indicating that he was not being sued in a personal capacity. The character of the proceedings as one involving a claim based on vicarious liability was obvious from the pleadings, and it was accepted by all parties that
 this was the only issue for determination in the trial. If there had been any deficiency, they can be taken as having been amended to accord with the unanimous agreement of the parties to proceed with the trial on that single point.
\par 
\par However, we are satisf
ied there was no defect in the pleadings, which clearly spelt out all the ingredients of the action against the Attorney-General based on vicarious liability, and he joined issue specifically with that claim in his statement of defence.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10887187 
\par }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid10887187 Result}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915 
\par }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1328455\charrsid10887187 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 The appeal is dismissed with costs to the second and third named respondents against the appellant of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1328455 $}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid14876915 750, together with disbursements.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7101155 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278858 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10184886 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid11278858 Appeal dismissed with costs.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278858 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13970488 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13970488 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13970488 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14876915\charrsid13970488 Marie Chan
\par }}