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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14752603 High Court Criminal Jurisdiction
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Shameem J
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14752603 26 October 2000
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\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid14752603 Whether plea of guilty unequivocal where accused not informed of right to counsel - Effect of breach of}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14752603\charrsid14752603 
 duty to inform accused}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid14752603 's of right to co}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14752603\charrsid14752603 unsel}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9534230  }{
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\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid14752603 or Magistrates before taking a plea - Sentencing prin}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14752603\charrsid14752603 ciples Constitution section 27(1}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid14752603 )(c)}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14752603\charrsid14752603 .}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid14752603 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
\par The appellants appealed against severity of their sentence on the grounds that one of them was coerced by the police to plead guilty and that the Magistrate had failed to inform the rest of them of their Constitutional right to counsel prior to taking t
heir guilty pleas.
\par 
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14752603\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 (2) The 1997 Constitution continued to apply until judicia}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14752603 l determination to the contrary;}{
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14752603\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 (3) As a general rule, leniency is shown to first offenders, young offenders and offenders who plead guilty and express remorse.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14752603\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Pleas entered were unequivocal and convictions are safe. 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14752603 \'bd }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 years imprisonment substituted for 2 year suspended sentence for all appellants.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
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\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9534230 Brennan}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid4467141 (1941) 28 Cr. App. R. 41

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\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid4467141 H}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9534230\charrsid4467141 AA0062}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6640000 /}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid4467141 96
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\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7368376\charrsid4467141 (2000) 46}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966\charrsid4467141  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6640000 F}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7368376\charrsid4467141 LR 66
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\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9534230 R v Mallinson}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966\charrsid9534230  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966\charrsid4467141 (1992) 8 CR}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6640000  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid4467141 NZ 483}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966 
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\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9534230 R v Taylor}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid4467141 (1993) 1 NZLR 647}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9534230\charrsid15821543 di}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15821543 st}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9534230 State v Mool Chand Lal}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9534230  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9534230\charrsid4467141 [1999] HAC}{
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966\charrsid4467141  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7368376\charrsid4467141 L}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6640000 bsa}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7368376\charrsid4467141  22 November, 1999
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15821543 cons}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9534230 R v Brydges}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid4467141 (1990) 1 SCR 190}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15821543 ref}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9534230 Hunter v Southern Inc}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid4467141 (1984) 2 SCR 145
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15821543 dist }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9534230 Joseva Lui, Inoke }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4669871 M}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9534230 ata & Ilisoni Volitikoro v State}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9534230  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9534230\charrsid4467141 AAU0005}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4669871 /}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7368376\charrsid4467141 97S
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15821543 appl }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9534230 Mitchell v Queen}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid4467141 (1999) 1 WLR 1679
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15821543 cons }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9534230 Johnson v Zerbst}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966\charrsid4467141 (1983) 304 U}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7368376\charrsid4467141 S 458
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15821543 cons }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9534230 Von Moltke v Gillies}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7368376\charrsid9113966  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7368376\charrsid4467141 (1948) 332 U}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4669871 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7368376\charrsid4467141 S 708
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15821543 cons}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9534230 
Korponay v Attorney-General of Canada }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid4467141 (1982) 1 SCR 41
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9113966 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191439\charrsid1191439 1}{\i\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1191439\charrsid1191439 st}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1191439\charrsid1191439  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid1191439 Appellant}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15821543  in person}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid4467141 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4669871 Tamara Jay}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid10768865 a}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4669871 t}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid10768865 i}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4669871 ll}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid10768865 eke}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid15821543  for 2}{\i\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid15821543 nd}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15821543 , }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid15821543 3}{\i\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid15821543 rd}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid15821543  and 5}{
\i\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid15821543 th}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid15821543  appellants}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid4467141 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid10768865 4}{\i\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid10768865 th}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid10768865  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid10768865 Appellant in person
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid10768865 J}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15821543 osaia Waqaivo}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid10768865 lavola}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid15821543  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15821543 for}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10768865\charrsid15821543  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15821543 respondent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid4467141 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417 26 October, 2000.
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11362417 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid11362417 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417 Shameem J.}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417\charrsid11362417 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 The Appellants were on the 31}{\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4669871\charrsid3802910 st}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4669871  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 of January 2000, convicted of the following offence:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15821543 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid11362417 Statement of Offence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417\charrsid12146983 

\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9113966 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid11362417 Robbery with violence:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417 
 Contrary to Section 293(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15821543 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1127756\charrsid12146983 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
b) of the Penal Code, Cap. 17.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3802910 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15821543 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid11362417 Particulars of Offence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417\charrsid12146983 

\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9113966 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417 SUREND SINGH f/n MUNNA LAL, LU}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
A TOMA, TASI TOMA, LAVIN YOGESH LAL f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417 /n SUREND SI}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 NGH and VILISONI SENIKA}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1127756 U}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 , on the 30}{\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid11362417\charrsid11362417 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417\charrsid11362417  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 day of January, 2000 at Wainibuku in the Central}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417  Division, robbed ASHOK CHAND f/n SHIRI}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  CHAND of one Taxi meter $700
.00, a wrist watch $60.00, cash $35.00, one spare tyre $50.00 and one car key $2.50 to the total value of $847.50 and at such time of such robbery did use personal vio}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417 
lence to the said ASHOK CHAND f/n SHIRI}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  CHAND.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
\par On their pleas of guilty they were convicted and sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment each.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 They now appeal against severity}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1127756  of sentence. The 2nd, 3rd and 5th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Appellants also appeal on the ground that the Learned Trial Magistrate failed to advise them of their constitutional right to a lawyer prior to taking their pleas. All Appellants}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 expr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966 ess remorse. The 2nd, 3rd and 5}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 th Appellants were released on bail pending appeal 2.2 months }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12680534 after sentence was passed. The 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 st and 5th Appellants have served 9 months of their sentence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid14959423 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
\par The facts of the case as outlined by the prosecution in the Magi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417 strates }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467141 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417 
ourt, are that the victi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 m, a 21 year old taxi driver was well-known to the Appella}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417 nts. On 30th January 2000, the 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 st and 2nd Appellants hired his taxi from Suva to Wainibuku road. They asked him 
to stop at the Wainibuku Junction. The 2nd Appellant called the 3rd, 4th and 5th Appellants to the taxi. The 3rd Appellant then covered the face}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417  of the victim with cloth. The 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 st Appellant held his neck and pulled out the taxi meter. The 3rd Appellant grabbed the victim's wrist w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483943 
atch while the 4th Appellant sto}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
le cash of $20.00 from his pocket. The 2nd Appellant stole the key of the taxi and a spare tyre. "The 5th Appellant acted as the watchman. The Appellants then fled the scene. The victim walked to the Wainibuku Police Post for assistance and report}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417 ed the matter, identifying the 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 st Appellant, who}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11483943 m}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  he knew. The Appellants were arrested in the earl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11362417 y hours of the same day and all}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  property}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562  was recovered except for $5.00.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
\par 
\par All Appellants were brought to the Nausori Ma}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562 gistrates Court on 31}{\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid7618562 st}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 January 2000. The court record then reads as follows:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7618562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562 "Prosecution: PC Subhan Ali}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7618562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Accused 1-5 Present (in custody of police)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7618562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Charge read explained and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562 
 understood: Yes (all accuseds)
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7618562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562 Election: 1-5 Mag. Ct. trial.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7618562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Pleas: 1-5 Guilty."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
\par The Magistrate did not ask the Appellants if they wanted to be represented by counsel. Nor did the Appellants request such representation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9981883 The Plea
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid9981883 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9981883 All Appellants pleaded guilty, Section 309(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code provides:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid9981883 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7618562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid9981883 
"No appeal shall be allowed in the case of an accused person who has pleaded guilty and has been convicted on such plea by a magistrates court, except as to the extent or legality of sentence."}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Of course, the issue is not as simple as section 309 profe
sses to make it. The appellate court, may consider the plea to consider whether it was an unequivocal plea of guilty. If for instance, there is evidence of improper pressure on the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 accused to plead guilty, that plea, the conviction and sentence can be set aside on appeal, and/or sent back to the Magistrates court for re-trial on a plea of not guilty (}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid7618562 Brennan}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid15037805  }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15037805\charrsid15037805 OR}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15037805  (1941) 28 Cr. App. R.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  41).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
When an accused person is unrepresented, the court must be sure that the plea has been entered with a full and understanding mind. If the record does not reflect such an understanding, this will lead to the entire proceedings being declared}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 a nullity. In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid7618562 Vilikesa Balecala -v- State}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  Crim. Ap}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid483172 p. No. HAA0062}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid226865 /}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966 
96, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Townsley J found that three accused persons were brought into court on a Sunday, for a special court sitting. The summary of facts failed to dis}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562 close all ingredients of the of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 fence of Attempted Rape. Th
e Magistrate did not ask if the accused were pleading guilty voluntarily. As a guideline to Magistrates, Townsley J said that all unrepresented accused persons offering to plead guilty should be asked if anyone had induced them to plead guilty. Townsley J
 found that no real unequivocal plea of guilty was entered, and he quashed both conviction and sentence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562 The 1st Appell}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
ant in this case, says that he was influenced by police pressure to plead guilty. The other Appellants say that they were not told by the Magistrate that they had a constitutional right to counsel.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
Counsel for the 2nd, 3rd and 5th Appellants submits that it was the Learned Magistrate's duty to firstly check whether there had been any improper pressure to plead guilty, and secondly to inform the Appellants of the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16655009 right to counsel.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  She}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 says that the effect of breach of that duty, was to nullify the pleas, and therefore the entire proceedings.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562 The Constitution which,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  as I held in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid7618562 
B.R. Kwon -v- Suva City Council }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16655009 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966 2000}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16655009 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  46 FLR 66 continues to apply to all criminal proceedings in the absence of any judicial pronouncement to the contrary, undoubtedly gives to an accused}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 person the right to seek legal advice whilst in police custody, and when a charge has been laid.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562 Section 27(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 ) of the Constitution provides:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7618562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 "Every person who is arres}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562 
ted or detained has the right \'85\'85.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9113966 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
(c) to consult with a legal practitioner of his or her choice in private in the place where he or she is detained, to be informed of that right promptly and, if he or she is detaine
d, to be informed of that right promptly and, if he or she does not have sufficient means to engage a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
legal practitioner and the interests of justice require legal representation to be available, to be given the services of a legal practitioner under a scheme of legal aid."}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7618562\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 There is ample authority, overseas and in Fiji as to th
e nature of this right. Section 27(1)(c) places a mandatory duty on the police to inform the suspect in a language he/she understands of the right to counsel, at a time when it is meaningful to that suspect (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid4467141 see}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid7618562  R v. Mallinson}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
 (1992) 8 CR NZ 483) and this right includes the right to apply for legal aid. The police must also inform the suspect of the availability of counsel (see }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2429863 R v. Taylor}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  (1993) 1 NZLR 647).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2429863 State v. Mool Chand Lal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
 (Crim. Case 3/99 Labasa) the police failed to tell the accused of his r
ights under section 27(1)(c). The Chief Justice ruled the resulting confession admissible on the ground that the accused had been eager to confess and had not been unfairly treated. However he held that there is now no doubt that the failure by the police
 
to inform the suspect of all features of this right, could result in a judicial decision to exclude otherwise admissible evidence. All the authorities state that the only way to give effect to a right to counsel, is to place a duty on the police to inform
 the suspect of the existence, scope and effect of the right to counsel. It is not enough that the right exists.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863 In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863\charrsid2429863 R v. B}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2429863 rydges}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  (1990) 1 SCR 190, the Canadian Supreme Court said of a comparable provision in the Canadian Constitution as follows (at page 202):}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2429863 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
This court has on numerous occasions stated that the proper approach to interpreting the meaning of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Charter is to adopt a purposive analysis: }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966 Hunter }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2429863 v. Southern Inc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  (1984) 2 SCR 145 ...... this court has made
 clear that the right to counsel is .... aimed at "fostering the principles of adjudicative fairness" one of which is "the concern for fair treatment of an accused person"."}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Of course the right under section 27(}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7804285 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5834424\charrsid12146983 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 c) differs somewhat from the right under section 28(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7804285 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5834424\charrsid12146983 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 d) of the Constitution. The section 27 ri}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid483172 
ght includes a right, inter ali}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 a, to be informed of the right to counsel.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863  Section 28(1) is less specific.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  Section 28(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7804285 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5834424\charrsid12146983 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 d) provides:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2429863 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 "Every person charged with an offence has the right ...}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863 ... }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
to defend himself or herself in person or to be represented, at his or her own expense by a legal practitioner of his or her choice or, if the interests of justice so require, to be given the services of a legal practitioner under a scheme for legal aid."
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
State Counsel submits that there is no duty on the court or on anyone else to inform the person charged of this right. He submits that there are other rights in section 28 which are never communicated formally to the suspe
ct such as the right not to have unlawfully obtained evidence used against him/her. He says that it is up to the accused to tell the court that he wants counsel. There is some force in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966 
 his submission. Section 28(1)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5834424 (1) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 of the Constitution gives a person convicted the right "to appeal to a higher court." In }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2429863 Josev}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863 a Lui, Inoke Mata & Ilisoni Voli}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2429863 
tikoro -v- The State}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid483172  Crim. App. AAU0005}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5834424 /}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
97S the Court of Appeal held that a Judge of the High Court was under no obligation to inform an accused person of a right of appeal against sentence. However, the court did not refer to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 the right to be told of a right of appeal against conviction, nor was there any discussion on the significance of a constitutional right of appeal under section 28.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Indeed }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2429863 Joseva Lui}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  was decided b
efore the 1997 Constitution came into effect (although a similar provision existed in the 1990 Constitution).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Taking a purposive approach, therefore, to the right to
 counsel under the Constitution, the suspect must be told of that right by the police on arrest. In many cases, arrest and charge occur simultaneously under the Judges Rules, so that the purpose of the provision would be satisfied if the ri}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5267547 ght were explained once.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
 However, there are some suspects who may be charged by the issuing of a summons in the Magistrates Court, and who therefore will not have been previously}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 told, under section 27, of the right to consult with a lawyer. Furthermore the right to consu
lt with a lawyer on arrest or detention, is different from the right to be represented by counsel after charge. The purpose of section 27(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5267547\charrsid12146983 ) (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 c) is to "dispel the pressure inherent in custodial interrogation" (The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 and the Righ}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5267547 
t to Counsel Marc Corlett AULR).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11289621  The purpose of section 28}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 (1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11289621 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5267547\charrsid12146983 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 d) is to ensure a fair trial. A fair trial includes the right of the accused to choose to be legally represented.

\par 
\par The }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid483172 Privy Council in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2429863 Mitchell v. The Queen}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  (1999) 1 WLR 1679 said that when counsel withdrew in the middle of a murder trial in Jamaica, the judge should have adjourned to allow the accused to seek different counsel, and that}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 failure to do so constituted a breach of the accused's constitutional right to be represented. The conv
iction was quashed. Section 20(6}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5267547\charrsid12146983 )(}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 c) of the Jamaican Constitution is identical to section 28(1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11289621 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5267547\charrsid12146983 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 d) of the Fiji Constitution. The qu}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863 es}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 tion asked by the Privy Council was whether the justice of the case required the judge to ensure that the defendant was rep
resented.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
The courts in the United States have expressed the view that the right to representation "imposes the serious and weighty responsibility upon the trial judge of determining whether there was an intelligent}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863  and competent waive }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 by the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 accused" (}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2429863 Johnson v. Zerbst}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966  (1983) 304 U}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11289621 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 S 458) }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2429863 Von Moltke v. Gillies}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966  (1948) 332 U}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11289621 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 S 708, 723).}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2429863\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100 If therefore, the purpose of the right to choose to be represented is to ensure a fair }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 trial, the custodian of the enfor}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100 cement of that right must be th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 e court. Furthermore, in cases where persons are charged in court by summons rather}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100  than pol}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 ice arrest, the only occasion wher}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100 e such a right to representation}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  might be communicated to them, would be when they appear in court. If they are not informed of this right by the Magistrate, they cannot be assumed to have waived it.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Although most authorities on the waiver of the right to counsel are in respe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100 ct of rights comparable to the F}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 iji section 27(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490806\charrsid12146983 )(}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
c) which specifically includes a right to be informed, the principle of waiver has some significance to the concept of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
the right to be represented during trial. In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2514100 Korponay v. Attorney-General of Canada}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
 (1982) 1 SCR 41 the Supreme Court of Canada said that any waiver of such a right "... is dependent upon it }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2514100 being }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2514100 clear and unequivocal that the person is waiving the }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid2514100 procedural safegu}{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2514100 a}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid2514100 r}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2514100 d and is doin}{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid2514100 g so with full knowledg}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2514100 e of the rights the procedure was enacted to protect an}{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid2514100 d of the effect the waiver will have on those rig}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2514100 hts}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 " (o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid483172 riginal emphasis) per Lamer CJ }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490806 p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 .202.
\par 
\par Section 29(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11289621 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13570563\charrsid12146983 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
d) contains a number of options for charged persons. Firstly they may defend themselves. Secondly they may instruct counsel of their own choice. Thirdly they may }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13570563 m}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 ake an application for legal aid which will be considered in the interests of justice.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 For the accused to make an informed choice, he/she must be told of these rights. And, because the failure to communicate these rights, and the absence of proper represe
ntation may lead to a finding that a hearing was not fairly conducted, the person responsible for communicating these rights is the Magistrate before whom the accused first appears. Finally, for the right to be communicated at the most meaningful time, it
 must be explained before the plea is taken.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 For these reasons, I find that the Learned Magistrate should have explained to the appellants the three-pronged right under section 28(1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10752813 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13570563\charrsid12146983 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 d) of the Constitution before the plea was put to them.}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 What is the effe
ct of non-compliance? In each case, regard must be had to the nature of the proceedings. In a serious case such as this one, the record must be examined for evidence of an unequivocal plea, and a summary of facts which outlines all ingredients of the offe
n
ce in a manner which lay persons who may not be well-educated and who have not received legal advice, will understand. I find that on this record, each Appellant was asked if he understood the charge. The facts are clear to understand, and establish all i
ngredients of the offence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
Mitigation was offered by each Appellant and evidently discount was given for the relatively small amount stolen and for the guilty pleas. The record is a model of clarity and fairness despite the failure to ask the Appellants wh
ether they had been forced to plead guilty and to inform them of their right to counsel. I find therefore on the facts of this case, and on the record of the proceedings that the hearing was conducted fa}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100 irly despite a breach of section 28(1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10752813 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15881006\charrsid12146983 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 d), and of Townsley J's guideline in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2514100 Vilikesa Balecala}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  (supra).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Furthermore, I find that the pleas entered were unequivocal and that the convictions are therefore safe. The appeal against conviction for all Appellants, is therefore dismissed.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 For the guidance of Magistrates in the future however I suggest the following format before the plea is taken:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2514100 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
Before you plead to the charge, I must inform you that you have the right to defend yourself, to instruct a lawyer of your own choice, or if you wish, to apply for a lawyer on legal aid.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2514100 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Do you wish to instruct your own lawyer?}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2514100 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Do you wish to apply for legal aid to the Legal Aid Commission?}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2514100 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
If the answer is no to (2) and (3) then the Magistrate should hear the plea. If the plea is one of "Guilty" the Magistrate should ask:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2514100 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Are you pleading guilty voluntarily or have you been pressured or induced to do so?}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12146983 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 An adherence to the above format may reduce substanti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666097 ally the numbers of appeal}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100 s fi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 led on the grounds of unfair procedure.
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2514100 Sentence
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
All Appellants appeal against severity of sentence. Counsel for the 2nd, 3rd and 5th Appellants submitted that given the lack of physical injury inflicted on the victim, the small value involved in the robbery and the extreme youth of the Appellants, non-
custodial sentences would have been sufficient custodial sentence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 State Counsel pointed }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100 out}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
 the seriousness of the offence, the fact that the Appellants knew the victim, and the normal tariff of 4 to 9 years for robbery with violence offences. However, he
 agreed that the Appellants had expressed remorse and that a reduction of their sentences might now be justified.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Robbery with violence is indeed a serious and prevalent offence. Increasingly, offences are committed with the use of weapons such as firearms. Increasingly banks and large shops are 
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 targeted}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983  for the theft of large sums of money. In many}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 such cases, the offences are committed by a gang of masked men who have planned the robberies in advance. In such cases, the courts should not hesitate to impo
se heavy custodial sentences to mark the disapproval of society towards such crimes.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 However as a general rule, leniency is shown to first offenders, young offenders, and offenders who plead guilty and express remorse. I believe that in this case, every e
ffort should have been made to keep four of the Appellants out of prison. They were first offenders, they were only 18 years old, and they pleaded guilty on being brought to court. Although the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666097 1}{
\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid11666097\charrsid15558708 st}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid11666097  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 Appellant was not }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666097 18 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 years old, he was a first offender and this offence was clearly an aberration during what appears to }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666097 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 e an otherwise blameless life.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100 In all the circumstances I con}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 sider}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 that a suspended senten}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100 ce was justified for all appell}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 
ants. The sentence of 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100 \'bd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9113966  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid12146983 years imprisonment is quashed for all Appell
ants. A sentence of 2 years imprisonment is substituted, suspended for two years.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid12146983 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2514100 Conviction confirmed, Sentence of 2 and a half}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid2514100  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2514100 years quashed and substitu}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2514100\charrsid2514100 t}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid2514100 
ed with suspended two year sentence.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11666097\charrsid2514100 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3802910 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12146983\charrsid3802910 Mereseini R Vuniwaqa
\par }}