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\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889 GENERAL & MINISTER OF JUSTICE,
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Fatiaki, J
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889 30 August, 2000
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\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889\charrsid9702889 c), Legal Notice 143}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343 /}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889\charrsid9702889 99, Constitut}{
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 The plaintiff obtained an injunction on oral application against the defendants to restrain them from entering or removing anything from shops belonging to members of the association.}{
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}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid155343  E.R. 692}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889\charrsid155343 
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\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid7607283 ackman}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  (1982) 3 WLR }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid155343 1096
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 Suva Civil Action No. 331 of 1988
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\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid7607283 he v Secretar}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889\charrsid7607283 y of State}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9906848  (1974) 2 }{
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\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid7607283 le McCahi}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid7607283 ll}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid7607283  v R.}{
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid155343 No.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid155343 96 of 1982
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\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid93230 Ke}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889\charrsid93230 lemedi Bulewa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889  for the plaintiff
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid93230 Savenaca}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889\charrsid93230  Banuve}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889  for the first defendant
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889\charrsid93230 Kini}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid93230  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889\charrsid93230 Keteca}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889  for the second defendant
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9702889\charrsid93230 Hamendra Nagi}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid93230 n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  for the third defendant
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 30 August 2000
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12410907 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid12410907 JUDGMENT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid12410907 Fatiaki, J}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid12410907 .
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9906848 On the l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 0th of August this Court granted on the oral application of plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9906848 
'}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
s counsel an interim injunction against the defendants restraining each of them, their servants and agents, from entering or removing anything from shops belonging to members of the Plai
ntiff Association. The injunction was granted until 15th August 10. 00 a.m. and formal papers were ordered to be filed and served by fax and personally on the defendants by 4.00 p.m. on 12th August with liberty reserved to the defendants to apply on 24 ho
urs notice.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 On 14th August, as ordered, the plaintiff filed papers seeking }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 an extension of the injunction '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 for}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907  3 months to 15th November 2000'. The third defendant company ('}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 SPR') on the same day filed papers seeking the dissolution of the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 injunction. Both applications were listed for chamb}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9906848 er argument and heard together}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  on the 15}{\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  August. I remind myself that the plaint}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 iff Association at the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid12410907 inter part}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid12410907 es}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  hearing for extension bears the burden of satisfying the Court that the injunction should be extended.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 It is convenient that I should refer briefly to the background to this application which has its genesis in the bringing into force by Legal Notice No: 143 dated 24}{
\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  November 19}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 99, of the Copyright Act 1999 ('}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4326405 e Act') and, in particular, of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  Section 30(2)
(c) of the Act (which relates to copying of audio-visual works) which came into force on }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7607283 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid7607283\charrsid7607283 st}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7607283  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 July 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Section 30(2)(c) of the Act in clear terms prohibits the unlicensed copying or reproduction of audio visual works which, despite its rather technical
 definition, would include such popular items as cinematographic films and video tapes.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4326405 By its Originating Summons f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 iled on 7}{\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  August, the Plai}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 ntiff Association seeks the foll}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
owing declarations:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12410907 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
'(a) That the Copyright Act 1999 was in contravention of sections 26, 29, 38 and 40 of the Constitution (Amendment) Act 1997, now superseded by sections}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 7, 10, 19 and 21 of the Fundamental Rights and Freedom Decree 2000.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12410907 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 (b) That the Copyright Act 1999 is
 fundamentally bad law being in contravention of section 44 of the Constitution (Amendment) Act 1997, and does not promote peace, order and good government of the nation as a whole.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12410907 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 (c) That the Copyright Act 1999 is fundamentally bad law because it creat
es situations of unlawful monopolistic practices in contravention of an existing law, the Fair Trading Decree 1992.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12410907 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 (d) The }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
Minister's power to bring into force the Copyright Act 1999 is subject to judicial review. Further that the rules of natural justic}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8410065 e were not following}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  by the Minister in the exercise of this power under the said Act.'
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
\par and the plaintiff Association seeks an interim injunction pending the ruling or judgment of the Court.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 There are before the Court the following affidavits:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12410907 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 (1) Three (3) a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 
ffidavits deposed by Solomoni L}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4326405 eweniq}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 ila who claims to be the Vice President of the Plaintif}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 f Association}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12410907 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12410907 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 (2) An affidavit fr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 om}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030  Ravindra Patel a director of '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 SPR'.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
\par It appears from the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12989052 's}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  affidavits and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 
 annexures that since about mid-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 March 1999 and as recent as 12}{\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid12410907 th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
 July 2000 the Plaintiff Association has vigorously campaigned on behalf of its membership for the non-implementation of the Act and for an extended grace period to allow its members time to re-organise their businesses in o
rder to fully comply with the Act with a minimum of disruption. Suffice it to say that the authorities were unsympathetic and the Act duly came into force as gazetted.
\par 
\par Matters were finally brought to a head (so to speak) with the execution by the police of a search warrant on the Nadi premises of Kanti's Video Club, a member of the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Association on the morning of 10}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid5533967\charrsid5533967 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5533967  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 August.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 The relevant search warrant under Section 103 of the Criminal Procedure Code was issued by the Nadi Magistrate Court on the basis of information l}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5533967 aid by a named police corporal '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
that there is reasonable ground for suspecting that certain property namely pirate video tapes and recording apparatus in respect of which
 an offence has been committed (or which is necessary to the conduct of an investigation into an offence) is in a certain shop, dwelling house and premises at M}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343 ain Street, Nadi Town of Arun K}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 umar ...'
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030 The warrant also authorised '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 the presence of the owners, agent and servant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 of the company SPR}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13719540 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  during its execution.
\par 
\par At the hearing of the chamber application plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11758147 \rquote }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
s counsel by way of a preliminary argument urged the Court not to hear the defendants who were alleged to have cont
emptuously ignored the Court's ex-parte injunction which it is claimed was communicated by fax to the defendants and also orally to the police officers who were executing the search wa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12932412 
rrant. On hearing counsel for}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  the 2nd and 3rd defendants I was satisfied however that all counsel ought to be heard}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030 
 on the substantive application.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Mr. Bulewa then proceeded to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12932412 argue the extension application. H}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 e began by replying to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030  an assertion in Ravindra Patel}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
's affidavit that the plaintiff Association was not a registere}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5533967 d body and was therefore '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 not entitled to bring this action'.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8410065 The general rule in this}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  regard is conveniently summar}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030 ised in para.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12932412 279 of Vol.6}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030  of Hal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 sb}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030 ury's }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid1377030 Laws of England}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030  (4}{
\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid1377030 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  edn) which reads:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1377030 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 An unincorporated memb
ers club, not being a partnership or legal entity, cannot sue or be sued in the club name, nor can the secretary or other officer of such club sue or be sued on behalf of the club, even if the rules purport to give him power to sue and provide for his bei
ng sued, unless this is permitted by statute.'
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
\par Mr. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030 Bulewa in seeking to avoid the '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
general rule', argued that this defect in the Summons is a procedural matter that is not fatal to the issuance of the proceedings and could be easily rectified or regularise
d either by the formal registration of the plaintiff Association (under what particular statutory provision is not entirely clear) or reconstituting the action as a representative one under Or. 15 r.14 of the High Court Rules 1998.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 In this latter regard the above paragraph cited from Halsbury's plainly recognises:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1377030 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
Where numerous persons have the same interest in the proceedings, the proceedings can be begun and, unless the Court orders otherwise, continued by or against one or more of the club members as representatives of the other members or some of them.'}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Mr. Bulewa further relied upon the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
judgement of the majority in the Queensland Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1377030 M & M}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1377030  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1377030 Civil Engineering Pty. Ltd. v. SCTC}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  (1987) 2 Qd R.401 wherein it was}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1377030 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030 '}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid1377030 H}{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1377030 eld}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 : ... that the membe
rs of the management committee of the respondent were the only competent applicants but the description of the respondent in its application by its club name was a procedural irregularity capable of amendment and not a fundamental or incurable flaw in the
 application.'}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Having carefully considered the above judgment I am satisfied that it is easily distinguishable on the facts from the present case. In the }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1377030 M &M}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  case there was a pre-existing partly performed contractual relationship between the parties prior
 to the action and three members of the club formally applied for and were appointed representatives of the club during the course of the proceedings }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1377030 albeit}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  sometime after the particular order being challenged was made. Neither of these features is present in this case.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
I also cannot ignore the fact that the plaintiff Association has had an official letterhead which it has used in its various correspondence since March 1999 (i.e. over 12 months) and yet is unable to produce to the Court a certificate of re
gistration or incorporation or any evidence that it is in the process of obtaining the same nor has leave been sought by anyone under Or. 15 r.14(3) to commence these proceedings in a representative capacity.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 The absence of legal personality in this case 
has particular significance having regard to the nature of the declarations sought and, more especially, in the present application, to the ability of the plaintiff Association to furnish an enforceable undertaking in damages as is the almost universal pr
ac}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030 tice where an interlocutory inj}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 unction is granted.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 It is also unclear how the mere bringing into force of the Act specially affects of the plaintiff Association adversely as to render its membership capable of swing.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 In the circumstances I uphold the third defendant's submission that the plaintiff Association has no }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1377030 locus sta}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030 n}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1377030 di}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  to issue the Originating Summons and }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1377030 a}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030\charrsid1377030  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1377030 fortiori}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  to apply for interlocutory relief.
\par 
\par If however I should be wrong in so holding on this preliminary issue, then I turn to consider the application to extend the injunction. In doing so I am guided by the principles enunciated in the leading case of: }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1377030 American Cyanamid Co. v. Ethicon}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  (1975) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1377030 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12520225  A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5533967 ll}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  ER}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
504. In this regard the threshold requirement which the plaintiff Association must demonstrate or establish is that it has an arguable case `that there is a serious question(s) to be tried'.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid11625342 I am also mindful of the refinements to the Cyan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343\charrsid11625342 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid11625342 mid principles that were enunciated in the decision of the House of Lords in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid11625342 Factortame }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038\charrsid11625342 Ltd. v. Secretary of State (No.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343\charrsid11625342  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038\charrsid11625342 2
}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid11625342 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid11625342  (1991) 1 A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5533967 ll}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid11625342  E.R. 70 in which the court was faced with an application for the grant of injunction where legislation was being challenged and the Court }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15019361\charrsid11625342 Held}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid11625342  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid11625342 
(so far as relevant for present purposes):}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4206038 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038\charrsid13173336 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid13173336 
In determining whether an interlocutory injunction should be grante
d in a case where the public authority was seeking to enforce the law against some person and ... that person sought an interim injunction to restrain the action of the authority (on the ground that the relevant law was, for some reason, invalid) the cour
t
 should exercise its discretion according to the balance of convenience since it was doubtful whether an adequate remedy in damages on either side would be available. In doing so the court should take into account, in particular, the importance of upholdi
n
g the law of the land in the public interest, bearing in mind the need for stability in society and the duty placed on certain authorities to enforce the law in the public interest. However, the Court should not restrain an apparently authentic law unless
 it was satisfied, having regard to all the circumstances, that the challenge to its validity was prima facie so firmly based as to justify such an exceptional course being taken.'}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 In seeking to fulfil this '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 threshold requirement' and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038  justify the extension
 of this '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
exceptional course', Mr. Bulewa advanced three (3) arguments as follows: Firstly, he argued that there was irregularity in the Gazette notice bringing the Copyright Act and Section 30(2)(c) into force in so far as the decision nominating the resp
ective commencement dates was taken in breach of the rules of natural justice and presumably, the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
Association's legitimate expectations in that regard.
\par 
\par In particular, counsel drew the Court's attention to numerous letters and submissi
ons sent by the plaintiff Association to various government officials, none of which, it is said, was ever replied to. In this respect there are three (3) relevant letters and one (1) undated submission which collectively seek a deferment of the commencem
ent date }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 of the Act and, in particular, '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
... a three (3) year moratorium be placed on those Sections of the Copyright Act pertaining to only foreign video and audio tapes copies of which are already in the possession of members (of the plaintiff Association)'.
\par 
\par Before dea}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 ling with the nature of the pow}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 er}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038  b}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 eing exercised by the Minister in nominating a commencement date f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13173336 or the Copyright Act it should b}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 e pointed out}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 that, despite the absence}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038  of any acknowledgment of the pl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 in}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 ti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 ff Association'}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038  letters and submission, there can be no doubting that the appointed commencement date for audio-vision works i.e. 1.7.2000 is significantly different from that which applied to other works }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid330934 protected under the Act }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 i.e. 1.1.2000. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 To put it another}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 way the plaintiff Associa
tion's letters and submissions although not acknowledged in writing (the entitlement to which is of considerable doubt), were nevertheless, sufficient to persuade the relevant Minister to agree to defer the commencement date for audio visual works (which 
was of primary concern to the plaintiff Association) for a further six (6) months in addition to the eight (8) months that had elapsed since the Act received the Presidential assent.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 I turn next to consider the nature of the power that was exercised by the
 Minister in gazetting the commencement dates. The power is conferred by Section 1(2) & (3) of the Copyright Act in the following terms:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4206038 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
(2) This Act commences on a date or dates appointed by the Minister by notice in the Gazette;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4206038 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 (3) The Minister may appoint different dates for the commencement of different provisions.'}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Furthermore the power was exercised by way of a Commencement Notice signed by the Minister and published in the Fiji Islands Gazette, the body of which reads:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4206038 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 'In exercise of the powers conferred on me by Section 1(3) of the Copyright Act 1999, I appoint }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 1}{\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 st}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  January 2000 as the date for the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 comme}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 ncement of the Act, except that Section 30(2)(c), (which relates to copying of aud}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 io-visual works) commences on 1}{\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 st}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  July 2000.'}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 In }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 H}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 alsbury's Laws of England (4}{
\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  edn.) the learned editors in Vol. 1 para. 4 conveniently identified the various organs of government as comprising: }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 ... the legislature, the executive or administration and the judiciary' and, after identifying the various functions o
f government as: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 legislative; executive or administrative; judicial and ministerial', the learned editors}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038  state: '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
Broadly, legislative acts entail the formulation, making and promulgation of new rules of law which are of general application'.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
There is not the slightest doubt in my mind that the Minister in gazetting the commencement dates of the Act which is of general application, was performing a `legislative act' albeit one delegated to him in the Act itself. In so doing it is trite}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4206038 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
there is no right to be heard before the making of legislation whether primary or delegated, unless it is provided by statute' [(see: Administrative Law (4}{\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4206038\charrsid4206038 th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  edn.) by Wade at p.482)]. In short, Parliament does not have to act judicially.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 This is clearly illustrated by the case of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4131876 Bat}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid4131876 es v. Lord Hailsham of St. Mary}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4131876 lebone}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  (1972) 1 WLR }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 1373 where the Lord Chancellor by Order under the Solicitors Act 1957 (U. K.) abolished the basis of scale fees for conveyancing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 transactions that had been in use for nearly 90
 years and affected a profession of about 26,000 solicitors spread all over England, and where the plaintiff, a member of an association of solicitors which was not consulted, sought a declaration and an injunction in order to postpone the making of the O
rder and to allow wider consultation. Megarry J}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid330934 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  in refusing the declaration and injunction said at p.1378:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4131876 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 'Le}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 t me accept that in th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 e sphere of the so-called quasi-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 judicial the rules of natural justice run, and that in the administrative or executive fiel
d there is a general duty of fairness. Nevertheless those considerations do not seem to me to affect the process of legislation, whether primary or delegated. Many of those affected by delegated}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 legislation, and affected very substantially, are never consulted in the proce}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 ss of enacting that legislation}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
; and yet they have no remedy ... I do not know of any implied right to be consulted or make objections, or any principle upon which the courts could enjoin the legislative process at the suit of those who co
ntend that insufficient time for consultation and consideration has been given.'}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Nee}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 dless to say '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
the mere fact that the plaintiffs requested a hearing and the right to give evidence, cannot per se impose any legal obligation upon (the Minist}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 er), and cannot convert an otherw}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 ise administrative (or legislative) act into a judicial one' per Gresson J. in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4131876 
Low v. Earthquake & War Damage Commission}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  (1959) NZ}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 L}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343 R }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 1198 at p.1208. A fortiori where the particular act complained of is the ministerial act of bringing into force an Act of Parliament.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
Before leaving this submission however, some mention should be made about the form of proceedings adopted by the plaintiff Association to challenge the Minister's decision, namely, by way of Originating Summons seeking decla
rations and an injunction, which State Counsel says ought to have been brought by way of an application for judicial review.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Although counsel for the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
Association sought to dismiss this objection as a mere procedural technicality, I cannot agree.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 In the leading case of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4131876 O}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4131876 '}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4131876 Reilly v. Mackman}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  (1982) 3 WLR }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
1096 where the appellant sought to challenge decisions of the prison board of visitors made in November & December 1976 by way of an Originating Summons issued in 1980 claiming a declaration, the House of Lords in dismissing the appeal:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4131876 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 '}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4131876 Held}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 : that since all the remedies for the infringement of rights protected b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 y public law could be obtained o}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 n an application for judicial review, as a general rule it would be contrary to public policy and an abuse 
of the process of the Court for a plaintiff complaining of a public authority's infringement of his public law rights to seek redress by ordinary action and that, accordingly, since in each case the only claim made by the plaintiff was for a declaration t
hat the board of visitors' adjudication against the plaintiff was void, it would be an abuse of the process of the court to allow the actions to proceed and thereby avoid the protection afforded to statutory tribunals.'}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 In the present case the Minister's d
ecision was gazetted in November 1999 and no less than eight (8) months have expired since then and a whole month since Section 30(2)(c) of the Act came into force. Clearly this latter decision was not something of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876  which}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Association did not h
ave any prior notice or warning and there can be no question of their being taken by surprise. No explanation has been given for the delay in issuing the present proceedings for remedies that, by their very nature, are discreti}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4553722 onary, or, for the particular fo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 rm of proceedings adopted.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Lord Diplock in the }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4131876 Mackman}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
 case said at p.1105:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4131876 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
'... as compared with an action for a declaration commenced by writ or Originating Summons, the procedure under Order 53 ... provided for the ... decision-making statutory tri
bunal... protection against claims which it was not in the public interest for courts of justice to entertain ...'
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
\par and at p.1106:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4131876 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 'The public interest in good administration requires that public authorities and third partie}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343 s should not be kept in suspense}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
 as to the legal validity of a decision the authority has reached in purported exercise of decision-making powers for any longer than is absolutely necessary in fairness to the person affected by the decision.'}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 In the present case the plaintiff Association not only }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343 knowingly allowed Section 30(2)}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 (c) of the Act to come into force without challenging it for a whole month, in addition, they now seek to have it 'k}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 
ept in suspense' for a further '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876  months \'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  or such ot}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 her period as the Court deems j}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 ust'.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
On this score alone the plaintiff Association's Originating Summons must be considered an abuse of process and ought to be struck out for want of proper form. This ground is ex facie unarguable and is accordingly struck out.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Mr. Bulewa's second argument is that in the absence of a functioning Copyright Tribunal the fundamental rights of the plaintiff Association under the 1997 }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 Constitution to have access to '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343 an independe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 nt and impartial tribunal' are being
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 breached and
 accordingly the authorities ought to be restrained from enforcing the Act so long as the Copyright Tribunal remains unmanned and inoperative.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Counsel for the first defendant whilst accepting that no appointments have as yet been made to the Copyright Tri
bunal, nevertheless submits that the remedy (if any) lies not in the indefinite suspension of the Act in its entirety, but, in a Writ of Mandamus directed to the appropriate authority to appoint the members of the Copyright Tribunal.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 In any event Counsel 
for 'SPR' argues that the Copyright Tribunal is limited in its functions under the Act to receiving, considering and determining proposed licensing schemes and existing licensing arrangements to ensure compliance with}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 the Act and, in this case, no relevant
 licensing scheme proposed or extant is being challenged by the plaintiff Association and accordingly, there is no civil dispute concerning the same that could be referred to the Copyright Tribunal even if it was functioning. Certainly no declaration has 
bee}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 n sought in that regard and no '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 civil dispute' has been properly raised in the plaintiff}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 s affidavits in support.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 I am satisfied that defence counsel's submissions are sound in both respects and are accordingly upheld. Needless to say the rather limited
 and non-exclusive nature of the Copyright Tribunal weighs heavily against any suggested breach of the plaintiff Association's constitutional or fundamental rights in this regard.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 The third limb of Mr. Bulewa's argument complains about the manner in which
 the police are conducting searches and seizures at the business premises of the plaintiff Association's members which counsel characterised as being}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 'indiscriminate fishing expeditions'. This, it is claimed, is evidenced by the undisputed evidence that a 
large number of the video tapes seized from Kanti's Video Club, are supported by genuine retail invoices of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
SPR' (not provided to the Court).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 In }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 this latter regard counsel for '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
SPR', without sighting the particular invoices and in the absence of affidavit evidence, highlighted the obvious, when he said, that the mere existence of a legitimate invoice does not conclusively negate or}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 disprove the commission of an offence of unlawful copying of copyright material since a legitimately purchased copy may itsel
f be illegally duplicated.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
Counsel for the 2nd defendant who was most affected by this submission opposed it on two (2) grounds. Firstly, counsel argued that the injunction was an unwarranted interference with police investigations and enquiries into the 
alleged commission of offences against the Act and had the potential of enabling illegal activities to continue unabated and whatsmore, with the apparent sanction of the Courts, and counsel rhetorically asks, if the members of the plaintiff}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Association wer
e/are in fact operating their businesses entirely within the law, then there would be no reason for them either to fear police investigations or to seek to prevent searches of their premises. Indeed, police enquiries may well establish the legitimacy of t
heir operations.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Furthermore State counsel submits no injunction can be granted against the State [see: }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4131876 
Crystal Clear Video v. A.G}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343 .}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4131876  and Commissioner of Police }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4131876 Suva }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Civil Action No. 331 of 1988 (unreported)] and the provisions of Section 15 of the Crown Proceedings Act (Cap.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 24) which reads (as far as relevant):}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4131876 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
(1) In any civil proceedings by or against the Crown the court shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, have power to make all such or
ders as it has power to make in proceedings between subjects, and otherwise to give such appropriate relief as the case may require:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid155343 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Provided that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4131876 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
where in any proceedings against the Crown any such relief is sought as might in proceedings between subj
ects be granted by way of injunction or specific performance, the court shall not grant an injunction or make an order for specific performance, but may in lieu thereof make an order declaratory of the rights of the parties.'}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4131876 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876 (1) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 The Cour
t shall not in any civil proceedings grant any injunction ... against any officer of the Crown if the effect of granting the injunction ... would be to give any relief against the Crown which could not have been obtained in proceedings against the Crown.'
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4131876\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Faced with the above provisions Mr. Bulewa valiantly sought to rely on the decision of the House of L}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262 ords in }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262\charrsid8353262 Factortame (No.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262\charrsid8353262 2)}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262\charrsid8353262 op.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid93230  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262\charrsid8353262 
cit}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid93230 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  where the Court granted an interlocutory injunction against the Secretary of State after having obtained a ruling of t
he European Court of Justice to the effect that a national court was required to set aside a rule of national law which it considered was the sole obstacle preventing it from granting interim relief in a case before that court concerning community law.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 That decision however, is so plainly distinguishable from the present case that it is only necessary to refer to the judgment of Lord Bridge of Harwick where his lordship }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262 explains the paramountcy of Com}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 munity law over nat}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid396289 ional (U.K.) law (}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid396289\charrsid5533967 ibid}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid396289  at p.107/}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13721506 10}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 8):}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8353262 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
If the supremacy within the European Community of Community law over the national law of member states was not always inherent in the EEC Treaty it was certainly well established in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice long}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 before the United King
dom joined the Community. Thus whatever limitation of its sovereignty Parliament accepted when it enacted the European Community Act 1972 was entirely voluntary. Under the terms of the 1972 Act it has always been clear that it was the duty of a United Kin
gdom court, when delivering final judgment, to over-ride any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of Community law.'
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
\par There is in this case no jurisprudence or enactment }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262 which requires this court to ign}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 ore or over-
ride the clear statutory prohibition expressed in Section 15 of the Crown Proceedings Act either as a final or as an interim measure.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid11342644 In my}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  view the correct position is authoritatively declared in the judgment of the House of Lords in }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8353262 Factortame L}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262 td. v. Secretary of State for Tr}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8353262 ansport
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  (1989) 2 All E}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 R}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 692 where it was:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8353262\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1393505 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 '}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1393505 Held}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  - (1) The court had no power (in English law) to make an order postponing the coming into force of a statute pending a reference to the European Court to determine its validity;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1393505 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 (2) 
Moreover, the court had no power to grant an interim injunction against the Crown in judicial review proceedings because injunctions had ne}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505 ver been}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  available at common law in proceedings on the Crown side and that position has been effectively preserved by }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691723\charrsid8984464 SS.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5533967  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691723\charrsid8984464 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691723 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691723\charrsid8984464 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 2) and 23(2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691723\charrsid8984464 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10295051 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691723 b) }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 of the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 (which are in identi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7607283 
cal terms to our Sections 15(1)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid93230  &}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  (2) of the Crown Proceedings Act Cap.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 24).'
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343 This third limb of Mr. B}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 ulewa's argument is also without merit and is accordingly rejected. 
Having said that I accept that both the 1997 Constitution as well as the Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Decree 2000 might be considered supreme or paramount enactments that require the courts to declare that any other legislation which contravenes or is 
inconsistent with their provisions `is invalid to the extent of the inconsistency' but the burden of establishing such inconsistency is a heavy one not lightly to be inferred in the face of the well established presumption of validity of legislation.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 As was said by Lord Diplock in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid93230 F. Hoffman-}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1393505 
La Roche v. Secretary of}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid1393505  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1393505 State}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  (1974) 2 All E}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11738156 R 1128}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  at p. 1153:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1393505 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 'The jurisdiction to determine that a statutory instrument is }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1393505 ultra vires }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 does not arise until its validity is challenged in proceedings }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid5533967 inter partes}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  ... brought by a party whose interests are affected by th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2438688 e law so declared sufficiently}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  directly to give him }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1393505 
locus standi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  to initiate proceedings to challenge the validity of the instrument. Unless there is such challenge and, if there is, until it has be
en upheld by a judgment of the court, the validity of the statutory instrument and the legality of the acts done pursuant to the law declared by it, are preserved.'}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2438688\charrsid12733372 In}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2438688  the present case not only i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
s there considerable doubt as to the legal status of the plaintiff Association but there is als}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505 o considerable doubt about its }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid1393505 
'locus standi}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1393505 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
 in terms of the Act which was plainly enacted to protect an owner's copyright in his original work. Needless to say the unlicensed or unauthorised}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 copying and hiring out of copyright- protected materials has always been an offence in this country ever since}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505  colonial times [see: }
{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid1393505 Robert Tw}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1393505 eedle McCahill v. R.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  F}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14296324 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14296324 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 A Cr.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14296324  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 App.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 No.
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 96 of 1982 (unreported)] and has merely been continued under the present Copyright Act.
\par 
\par This is not a case of an Act creating new offences }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1393505 or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
 taking away long established common law rights previously enjoyed by the plaintiff Association's members - No! the Act as its long title suggests merely consolidated what has always been the law of this country.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 As was said by Lord Goff in the }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1393505 Factortame Ltd. (No.}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343  }
{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1393505 2)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  case when considering the balance of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4149223 
convenience in a case which challenged the validity of subsidiary legislation (op.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid93230\charrsid4149223  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4149223 cit}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid93230\charrsid4149223 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4149223  at p.119):
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1393505 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid4149223 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid4149223 ... particular 
stress should be placed on the importance of upholding the law of the land, in the public interest, bearing in mind the need for stability in our society, and the duty placed on certain authorities to enforce the law in the public interest. This is of its
e
lf an important factor to be weighed in the balance when assessing the balance of convenience. So if a public authority seeks to enforce what is on its face the law of the land, and the person against whom such action is taken challenges the validity of t
h
at law, matters of considerable weight have to be put into the balance to outweigh the desirability of enforcing, in the public interest what is on its face the law, and so ... to render it just or convenient to restrain the authority for the time being f
rom enforcing the law.'}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8984464 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
\par In this latter regard Mr. Bulewa submitted that the enforcement of the Act, the validity of which is being challenged, threatens the livelihood and the continued viability and existence of the members of the plaintiff}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11082851  Association and their}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464  numerous employees, and that is a su}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505 
fficient countervailing factor '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid155343 to outweigh the desir}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 ability o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505 
f enforcing (the Copyright Act)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 '. I cannot agree.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 It is difficult to understand }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1393505 how?}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
 the enforcement of the Act could possibly threaten the livelihood of the members of the plaintiff Association when such enforcement actions are solely directed at the detection, investigation and prosecution of criminal offences.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 It needs hardly be said 
that no one, not even the members of the plaintiff Association, has a right to break the law in order to earn a living and the Courts will not and cannot be seen to condone such illegal activities however beneficial to some members of the community such a
cts might be.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505 I am satisfied that '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 
the status quo (qua offences) prior to 1.7.2000' which is urged upon the Court by Mr. Bulewa, has not been altered by the Act, and accordingly the balance of convenience in this case clearly favours the enforcement of the Act.
\par 
\par For the foregoing reasons the plaintiff}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 Association's application to extend and continue the ex-parte}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505  injunction granted to it on 10}{\fs18\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid1393505 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid8984464 August 2000 is refused and the injunction is accordingly dissolved forthwith.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1393505\charrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15154092 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid1393505 Application refused.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14317674 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8984464\charrsid5533967 Marie Chan
\par }}