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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 THE STATE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
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Appeal- jurisdiction of High Court to hear appeals from interlocutory orders of the Magistrates\rquote  Court-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 The High Court stayed committal proceedings in the Magistrates\rquote 
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Izuora v. The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1953] A.C. 329}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Koya v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 - Crim. App. CAV 002/97}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Leece v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13067170 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1996%5d%2086%20ACrimR%20493" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1996] 86 A.Crim. R. 493}
}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2036056\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Parashuram Detaram Shamdasani v King Emperor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1945] A.C. 264}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Pinson v Pinson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13067170 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1991%5d%205%20PRNZ%20177" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1991] 5 PRNZ 177}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2036056\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Ramesh Patel v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 - Cr.App. AAU0017/96 & AAU0001/97}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Southwick v State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 - Cr. Appeal AAU020/96}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Tuiqaqa v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 - CA 2/86}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Vakauta v Kelly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13067170 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1989%5d%20HCA%2044" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1989] HCA 44}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2036056\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13067170 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1989%5d%20167%20CLR%20568" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1989] 167 C.L.R. 568}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2036056\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2160\li2160\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Dr. M. S. Sahu Khan}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 for the Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 J. Naigulevu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 for the Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-2160\li2160\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Judgment of the Court
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Background}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 These consolidated appeals were heard by a Court of two Judges under the provisions of s.6 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13067170 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/coaa157/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Court of Appeal Act}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2036056\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (Cap 12) (the Act). Although there are, in form, two appeals, both relate to the same decisions made in the High Court: by consent, the appeals were consolidated.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 The Respondent faced 32 Counts of official corruption and 32 alternative counts 
of fraudulent conversion of property. These charges were, by consent, removed from the Magistrates\rquote 
 Court into the High Court for trial. The necessary preliminary inquiry commenced before the Chief Magistrate on 16 November 1998. After some adjournments, t
he hearing continued until 25 November 1998. After the bulk of prosecution evidence had been given, the preliminary inquiry proceeded no further in circumstances outlined below.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 On that day of the hearing, there was an exchange between the Chief Magistra
te and the Deputy Director of Public Prosecutions, Mr. K.Wilkinson who was appearing as counsel for the prosecution. The Chief Magistrate refused to hear Mr. Wilkinson\rquote 
s application to have the witness, giving evidence at the time, excluded whilst legal ar
gument took place. The Chief Magistrate considered Mr. Wilkinson had committed contempt of Court and ordered him removed from the Court and taken down to the cells for 5 minutes to \lquote cool off\rquote .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 After 5 minutes, the Magistrate ordered the return of Mr. Wil
kinson and asked him to resume his seat in Court. Mr. Wilkinson replied that he proposed to withdraw to seek instructions. The Chief Magistrate then delivered a statement purporting to justify his actions. Shortly afterwards, the then Director of Public P
rosecutions, Ms. Shameem, (\lquote the DPP\rquote 
) saw the Chief Magistrate in Chambers along with counsel for the defence. She obtained an adjournment of the preliminary inquiry until 30 November 1998. On that date, she sought an order from the Chief Magistrate that th
e conduct of the preliminary inquiry be given to another Magistrate to conduct the hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 The grounds for this application were the perceived bias against the prosecution by the Chief Magistrate (particularly his detention of Mr. Wilkinson) as 
well as his general conduct of the case. An affidavit in support of the application was filed by an investigator who had been present through out the preliminary inquiry and an affidavit in opposition was filed by the respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 The Chief Magistrate, on
 the same day, delivered a ruling in which he refused to disqualify himself. In his decision, the Chief Magistrate sought to justify his detention of Mr. Wilkinson: He stated that \'93The Court\rquote s mind is not closed\'94
. He did not refer at all to the well-known test for presumed bias by the Supreme Court in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Koya v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
(Criminal Appeal CAV 002/97). He ordered the preliminary inquiry to resume before him on 1 December 1998.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 On that date, the DPP filed (a) an appeal to the High Court against the Chief Magistrate\rquote 
s decision not to recuse himself and (b) an application to the High Court for stay of the preliminary inquiry pending resolution of the appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 With commendable promptitude, the appeal and the stay application came before Byrne J in the High Court o
n 1 December 1998. The learned Judge heard extensive argument from the Director and from counsel for the present appellant. In a reserved decision issued on 13 January 1999, Byrne J. granted the stay application. On 20th January 1999, he ordered that the 
Chief Magistrate disqualify himself from the further hearing of the preliminary inquiry and the inquiry be sent to another Magistrate for a prompt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
hearing. The respondent now appeals against Byrne J\rquote s orders, principally the one requiring the preliminary inquiry to be conducted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 de novo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
before another Magistrate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Right of Appeal to this Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Counsel for the appellant acknowledged that his right of further appeal to this Court from the High Court was governed by s.22(1) of the Act, as amended in 
1998. The relevant subsection provides}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \'93
(1) Any party to an appeal from a magistrate\rquote s Court to the [High] Court may appeal, under this Part, against the decision of the [High] Court in such appellate jurisdiction to the Court of Appeal on any ground of 
appeal which involves a question of law only ...\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 The questions of law proposed by counsel for the appellant are in summary:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li1134\ri566\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin566\lin1134\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1]\~\~\~\~
 What is the jurisdiction to the High Court to entertain an appeal from the Chief Magistrate\rquote s refusal to recuse himself from the preliminary inquiry and to issue a consequential stay order?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [2]\~\~\~\~ On a proper consideration of the record of the proceedings before the Chief Magistrate, was Byrne J right to presume bias against the Chief Magistrate?}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 The first question posed is clearly one of the law. It involves consideration of:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1134\li1134\ri566\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin566\lin1134\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-567\li1134\ri566\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin566\lin1134\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (a)\~\~\~\~
 the extent of the right of appeal from a Magistrate to the High Court under s.308 of the Criminal Procedure Code-Cap 21 (\lquote The CPC\rquote )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (b)\~\~\~\~ the extent of the High Court\rquote s inherent jurisdiction to control preliminary inquiries and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (c)\~\~\~\~ the jurisdiction of the High Court over inferior Courts under the 1998 Constitution s.120 (6).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
The second question is, at best for the appellant, a mixed question of fact and law. Byrne J clearly adopted the correct test for presumed bias set out in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Koya\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 case, a Supreme Court decision binding on all Courts in this country. The only question is whether he applied it correctly to the facts of this case. It is doubtful whether this second question c
onstitutes \'93a question of law only\'94 in the words of s.22(1) quoted above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Jurisdiction of High Court to hear Interlocutory Criminal Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 We deal first with whether s.308 of the CPC gave the respondent a right of appeal from the decision of the Chief 
Magistrate not to abort the preliminary inquiry and to order a fresh inquiry before another Magistrate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Before the 1998 amendment (to which reference will be made), the question whether interlocutory appeals in criminal cases were possible was open to some confusion. In}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Ramesh Patel v The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
(Cr.App. AAU 0017 of 1996 and AAU0001 of 1997 - 18 July 1997) this Court expressly refused to follow an earlier decision of this Court in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Tuiqaqa v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
(CA 2/86, 21 March 1986) where the word \lquote order\rquote  s.308 (1) had been interpreted as any order made by a Magistrate in a criminal case. In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Patel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 , the Court relied on the view of Mills-Owen, CJ in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Asgar Ali v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1964] 10 F LR 235 that \lquote order\rquote  in s.308 (1) had to read}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 ejusdem generis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 with \lquote judgment\rquote  and \lquote sentence\rquote  (i.e. final order in the nature of a determination of a case).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Patel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 followed an earlier decision of this Court to similar effect in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Southwick v State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
(Cr. Appeal AAU020 of 1996 14 February 1997). All three cases were decisions of Benches of 3 Judges. There had be
en no pronouncement on the point either by a Bench of more than 3 Judges in this Court or by the Supreme Court. Some Judges in the High Court had followed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Tuiqaqa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
. We mention these varying interpretations which must be presumed to have been known to the Legislature when it enacted the 1998 amending Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
Whichever view of s.308 (1) before the amendment be correct, in our view, the Legislature has put the matter beyond doubt with the 1998 amendment. We are inclined to the view, contrary to that of Byrne J, 
that the orders of the Chief Magistrate under review were \lquote interlocutory\rquote  and not final in that the Chief Magistrate\rquote s judgment did not finally dispose of the rights of the parties. See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Leece v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13067170 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1996%5d%2086%20ACrimR%20493" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1996] 86 A.Crim. R. 493.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2036056\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 S.308, as amended in 1998, draws no distinction between interlocutory and final orders in the Magistrate\rquote 
s Court. The relevant part of s.308 of the CPC as amended reads:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \'93(1)
 Save as hereinafter provided, any person who is dissatisfied with any judgment, sentence or order of a magistrates\rquote  court in any criminal cause or matter to which he is a party may appeal to the High Court against such judgment, sentence or order.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Provided that no appeal shall lie against an order of acquittal except by, or with the sanction in writing of, the Director of Public Prosecutions.............}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (6) An order granting or refusing bail, including any condition or limitation attached to the grant
 of bail, may be the subject of an appeal to the High Court, either by the person granted or refused bail or by the Director of Public Prosecutions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (7) Without limiting the categories or sentence or order which may be appealed against, an appeal may be 
brought under this section in respect of a sentence or order which includes an order for compensation, restitution, forfeiture, disqualification, costs, binding over, absolute or conditional discharge, probation or community service.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li567\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (8)An order by a court in a case may be the subject of an appeal to the High Court, whether or not the court has proceeded to a conviction in the case.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
The intention of the Legislature in adding subsections (6) to (8) of s.308 must have included}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-425\li1134\ri566\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin566\lin1134\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (a)\~\~ a
 desire to clarify the law regarding appeal rights in bail applications - a matter discussed by this Court in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Southwick\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 case.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (b)\~\~ a desire for clarification of the categories of orders of Magistrates which could be the subject of appeal, given the ci
rcumstances of conflicting Court of Appeal decisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 In the new subsection 308(8), the Legislature made it clear that an \lquote order\rquote 
 can be appealed against although there has been no conviction. Obviously, this subsection could apply in a situation where a
n accused has been found guilty but discharged without conviction - and not uncommon fate for first offenders on less serious charges, for example. But the words of the amendment are not restricted to those sorts of situation. They enhance s.308(1) which 
speaks of any \lquote order\rquote 
, a word which one interpretation had restricted to final order. The opening words of s.308(7) reflect the notion that the categories of sentence and order embraced by s.308(1) are wide. We see no warrant for reading down the statute an
d hold that this order in question of the Chief Magistrate (i.e. the order refusing to disqualify himself) is susceptible to an appeal under s.308 of the CPC, even though it was made in committal proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 We are not impressed with the \lquote floodgates\rquote  ar
gument that interlocutory appeals in criminal matters will increase because of this interpretation. We have sufficient faith in High Court Judges to deal swiftly and severely with frivolous appeals against Magistrates\rquote 
 interlocutory orders, brought merely 
to buy time or to obstruct the criminal process. Only interlocutory appeals with the degree of seriousness demonstrated by this case should be entertained. Accordingly, we agree with Byrne J that the High Court had jurisdiction to hear the appeal under s.
308 of the CPC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
If it had jurisdiction to hear the appeal, then it follows inexorably that the High Court had power to order and stay the proceedings pending the hearing of the appeal. The High Court has inherent power to control its own process and to en
sure that holding measures are taken pending the hearing of the appeal to enable the exercise of its appellate jurisdiction to be meaningful. See for an example, in the context of a statutory right of appeal,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Pinson v Pinson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1991] 5 PR NZ 177. There, Smellie J. granted a stay of execution pending the hearing of an appeal from the Family Court to the High Court of New Zealand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 S.120(6) of the 1998 Constitution provides}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\ql \li567\ri566\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin566\lin567\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \'93The High Court has jurisdiction to supervise any civil or criminal proceedings 
before a subordinate court and may on an application duly made to it, make such orders, such writs and give such directions as it considers appropriate to ensure that justice is duly administered by the subordinate court.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 A similar provision is to be found in s.114(1) of the 1990 Constitution, but the words \lquote on an application duly made to it\rquote  did not there appear.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Although that subsection of the Constitution gives authority for judicial review by the High Court of Magistrates\rquote  Court proceedings, the fa
ct that it is present in the Constitution gives support to the High Court\rquote s general supervisory role. There is ample authority for construing constitutions liberally and not with rigid legalism.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 We see no difficulty as did counsel for the present appellant, with reconciling s.120(6) with s.120(3) of the Constitution which provides:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri1440\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \'93
The High Court has jurisdiction, subject to the conferral by Parliament of rights of appeal and to such requirements as the Parliament prescribes, to hear and determine appeals from all judgments of subordinate courts.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 That subsection applies to appeals from decisions made in the ordinary course of a subordinate court\rquote 
s business. The s.120(6) jurisdiction is wider and really expresses in clear terms the supervisory jurisdi
ction of that the High Court as an original court of superior jurisdiction has always enjoyed over subordinate courts. The subsection assists the interpretation we have given to s.308. We do not find it necessary to discuss the inherent jurisdiction point
.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Presumed Bias and Question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Byrne J\rquote s judgment sets out in some detail extracts from the record of the course of the preliminary inquiry before the Chief Magistrate. The \lquote record\rquote 
 comprised a written transcript and tape recordings. Some of the exchanges
 were omitted from the transcript and were found only on the tapes. Byrne J was critical of the Chief Magistrate because the written transcript was not complete and did not, for example, include the Chief Magistrate\rquote 
s exact words used when ordering the det
ention of Mr. Wilkinson. We express no view of this and other personal criticisms of the Chief Magistrate which, as we have stated in our reasons for rejecting his application to be joined as a party to this appeal, are matters best considered by the Judi
cial Service Commission.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
Byrne J. listed instances, taken from the record, of alleged rebukes administered by the Chief Magistrate to Mr. Wilkinson. He recorded several instances of alleged unfortunate comments from counsel for the accused (present appell
ant) which provoked no censure from the Chief Magistrate yet which were, in Byrne J\rquote s view, derogatory of Mr. Wilkinson.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi1440\li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
The Judge was critical of the Chief Magistrate allowing the accused to sit at the bar table without having asked Mr. Wilkinson for 
his comment. We do not think that this minor matter could possibly be taken as an indication of bias against the prosecution. In some jurisdictions, it is not unusual for an accused person to sit alongside or near his counsel in lower Court proceedings. I
n
 New Zealand, for example, accused persons, even in High Court trials, are required to enter the dock only for arraignment and verdict, unless there is a security risk. They are usually seated with escorts in the body of the Court not at the Bar table, re
latively close to defence counsel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 The various exchanges mentioned in Byrne J\rquote 
s judgment were unfortunate and avoidable. Possibly, taken on their own, they may not have inclined the reasonable observer to conclude that the Chief Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 was biased against the prosecution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 The test stated by the Supreme Court in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Koya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (supra) is \'93
there is little difference between asking whether a reasonable and informed observer would consider there was a real danger of bias and asking whether a reasonable and informed observer would reasonably apprehend or suspect bias.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
The Supreme Court had there considered various formulations of the test of apparent bias made in other jurisdictions. On the facts in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Koya\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
case, the Supreme Court held that a fair-minded observer, knowing the facts, would not apprehend or suspect that the trial was affected by bias on the part of the presiding Judge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
There may have been scope for greater objection by Mr. Wilkinson to the Chief Magistrate\rquote s comments, along the lines discussed by the High Court of Australia in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Vakauta v Kelly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13067170 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1989%5d%20HCA%2044" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1989] HCA 44}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2036056\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13067170 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1989%5d%20167%20CLR%20568" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1989] 167 C.L.R. 568.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid2036056\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
We think however that that authority should be applied with caution in the context of a lengthy preliminary inquiry where there were alleged to have been numerous remarks to which objection might have been taken. In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Vakauta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
, the trial Judge made remarks critical of the defendant\rquote s medical witnesses and of the defendant\rquote s indemnifier. There was not a string of ongoing remarks.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 However, the decision of the Chief Magistrate to detain Mr. Wilkinson and the language u
sed by him on that occasion were, in our opinion, enough on their own to justify a reasonable informed observer suspecting bias by the Chief Magistrate against the prosecution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 From the transcript, it appears that Mr. Wilkinson was attempting to have a w
itness excluded whilst counsel argued about the appropriateness of a question to that witness. Mr. Wilkinson tried to make this point to the Chief Magistrate but was told to sit down. The Chief Magistrate stated that he wanted to listen first to counsel f
or the defence. Mr. Wilkinson had no quarrel with that position, so far as the legal objection was concerned, but tried to ask the Magistrate to have the witness excluded, since Mr. Wilkinson did not want the witness to hear the question articulated.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Eventually, after Mr. Wilkinson said \lquote I understand that, Sir, but I am asking that the witness not listen to the question\rquote 
 the Chief Magistrate as recorded in the transcript is saying \lquote Could you please take him downstairs for contempt of court. Take him downstairs for contempt of court for 5 minutes. Let him go and cool downstairs.\rquote 
 Mr. Wilkinson then tried to explain the point once more. The written transcript then shows the Magistrate as saying \lquote Take him downstairs. I\rquote ll take 5 minutes break, you go downstair
s now for disobeying my orders. Take him downstairs, 5 minutes downstairs. Cool down downstairs and after 5 minutes bring him up here. I\rquote ll take a 5 minutes break.\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 What did not appear in the written transcript, but is on the tape recording are the following further remarks of the Magistrate: \'93
You go downstairs right now. Take him downstairs. Drag him downstairs. Come on, take him downstairs. 5 minutes.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 We think that the perception of the reasonable and informed observer would have been influenced by 
the following legal matters. First, if only the Magistrate had heard out Mr. Wilkinson, he would have discovered that he was not disputing the Magistrate\rquote 
s ruling that he wished to hear first the defence argument over the validity of the question. All Mr. 
Wilkinson was seeking was that the witness be excluded during the argument. We express no view as to whether the Magistrate should or should not have acceded to Mr. Wilkinson\rquote 
s request to exclude the witness for the duration of the argument. That is beside the point. The Chief Magistrate should have given Mr. Wilkinson the chance to say that he was requesting and order excluding the witness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Secondly, the summary power of punishing for contempt should be used sparingly and only in serious cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Izuora v. The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
[1953] A.C. 329 The usefulness of the power depends on the wisdom and restraint with which it is exercised: to use it to suppress methods of advocacy which are merely offensive is to use it for a purpose for which it was never intended.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Parashuram Detaram Shamdasani v King Emperor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 [1945] A.C. 264, 270.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
Thirdly, before any person can be committed for contempt, the Court must tell the alleged contemnor distinctly what the contempt is said to have been and then hear submissions from him or her. See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Archbold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (1998 ed) 28 - 117, quoted by Byrne J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 In our view, the circumstances of Mr. Wilkinson\rquote s detention, including the intemperate and non-judicial expression of the Magistrate \'93Drag him down\'94,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 would inevitably give rise in the reasonable and inform
ed observer to an impression that the Magistrate was biased against the prosecution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
We do not consider other matters referred to by Byrne J such as alleged racial references. The detention scenario is enough: the other matters can be dealt with by the Judicial Service Commission if that body thinks it appropriate so to do.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
We have referred to the facts because of the importance and unusual nature of this case. As indicated at the start of this judgment, we doubt whether there is a question of law only involved in the second ground of the appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 We uphold the decision of Byrne J allowing the appeal from the Chief Magistrate\rquote 
s refusal to recuse himself off the preliminary inquiry and to recommence the inquiry before another Magistrate. In the light of our judgment, a decision on the stay order is now academic.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 
It is unfortunate that prosecution witnesses will have again to be troubled and there will be extra cost involved for both prosecution and defence. However, this is a necessary consequence of th
e conduct of the Chief Magistrate described above and in the interests of the proper administration of justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 Decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri566\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin566\lin567\itap0\pararsid5377008 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (a)\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~ Appeals dismissed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5377008 (b)\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~ Orders of Byrne J in the High Court affirmed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\insrsid5377008 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1972231 
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