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{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
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{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f336\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
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{\f342\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f343\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f344\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f676\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f677\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f679\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f680\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f683\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f684\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
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{\author senikuraciri_r}{\operator baleimatuku_l}{\creatim\yr2015\mo12\dy3\hr17\min1}{\revtim\yr2015\mo12\dy3\hr17\min1}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages6}{\nofwords2811}{\nofchars14631}{\nofcharsws17408}{\vern32859}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 http://schemas.mic
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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120  HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/fj/cases/FJHC/1999/113.html" \\
o "View Case" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 [1999] 45 FLR 246}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9784120\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9784120 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120\charrsid9784120 Civil Jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid9784120\charrsid9784120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 SHAMSHUL NISHA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 ABDUL MUNIF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Shameem J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120 
\par 
\par 13 October 1999}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
Equity- constructive trust- whether contributions in cash and in kind entitle the contributor to a share in the ownership of the family home.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 A mother and son shared the family home of which the son was the registered owner. The mother claimed that she had contributed to the
 home by donating building materials and furnishings and by helping with the mortgage. She claimed a half share in the property. The High Court HELD: that in the circumstances of the case it was clear that the parties had intended to share the property eq
ually. Accordingly a constructive trust to that effect was imposed on the son.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Cases cited:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
Banister v. Banister}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 [1948] 2 All ER 133}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Baumgartner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8865263\charrsid9784120 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281988%29%2062%20AWR%2029" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 (1988) 62 AWR 29}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9784120\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Doohan v. Nelson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 (1973) 2 NSWLR 320}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Gissing v. Gissing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8865263\charrsid9784120 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1971%5d%20AC%20886" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 [1971] AC 886}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9784120\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Grant v. Edward}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 [1986] 2 All ER 426}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Hussey v. Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8865263\charrsid9784120 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1972%5d%201%20WLR%201286" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 [1972] 1 WLR 1286}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9784120\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Morris v. Morris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8865263\charrsid9784120 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281982%29%201%20NSWLR%2062" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 (1982) 1 NSWLR 62}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9784120\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Sheila Maharaj v. Jai Chand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8865263\charrsid9784120 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1986%5d%201%20AC%20898" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 [1986] 1 AC 898}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9784120\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Action for declaratory judgment in the High Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 V. Maharaj}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 for Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Defendant In Person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Shameem J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 On 27th November 1998 Shamshul Nisha f/n Abdul Karim
 (the Plaintiff) filed originating summons in the High Court seeking an order that one half share in Housing Lease N0.328414 (Lot 18 on DP 6921) be transferred to her by Abdul Munif f/n Abdul Rasheed (the Defendant). The order was sought on the ground tha
t the Plaintiff contributed substantially to the purchase of the said property conferring constructive and/or resulting trust of one half share in favour of the Plaintiff.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 The application was supported by the affidavit of Shamshul Nisha.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 On 6th April 1999, after several attempts at reconciliation between the parties, the Defendant filed an affidavit in reply.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 The matter was set for hearing on 15th July 1999. It continued on 4th October 1999 and 6th October 1999. The Plaintiff called Asesela Ravudi, Leg
al Officer, Housing Authority, (PW1) Shamshul Nisha (PW2) and Abdul Jalil (PW3). The Defendant gave evidence himself and called Selina Tuiloma from the Housing Authority (DW2) Asesela Ravuni (DW3) and Shareen Nisha (DW4).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 On hearing the evidence, it was apparent that the areas of dispute were limited. The Defendant is the Plaintiff\rquote 
s eldest son. She lived formerly in the Muslim League Estate as a squatter but later moved with her family of four children to Lot 18 Moci Place
, Nadawa, the Housing Authority lease which is the subject of the dispute. In 1992 , an application for loan assistance was made to the Housing Authority in the name of Abdul Munif. The Housing Authority offered assistance and lease over the property to t
h
e Defendant. He accepted on 12th March 1997. The Housing Authority file referred to in the evidence of Asesela Ravudi, shows that on 8th June 1992, the Plaintiff had made an application for housing assistance. However, by that time the contract with Abdul
 Munif had been concluded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 The proprietor of the lease thereafter was the Defendant. In 1992, the Defendant was 24 years old. The Lease was issued to him on 11th March 1992.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 In September 1992, the Defendant agreed to transfer the whole of the property t
o his mother. Whilst his reason for so agreeing is in dispute, it is clear that some attempt was made to effect the transfer. On 25th September 1992, (Annexure D of the Plaintiff\rquote 
s affidavit) the Housing Authority wrote to the Defendant in the following terms:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 \'93
RE : TRANSFER OF LOT 18 ON DP 5921 NADAWA.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
We refer to your application dated 8/6/92 and the Housing Authority are pleased to inform you of our consent to the transfer of the above property to Mr. Shamshul Nisha f/n Abdul Karim subject to the following conditions\rquote :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1080\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1080\itap0\pararsid9784120 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
 That a sum of full balance owing on the account concerned to the end of three calendar month period hereof that is to 8/12/92 be paid to us in full not later than the expiry of such 3 calendar month period as stipulated above \'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-698\li1418\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li1080\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1080\itap0\pararsid9784120 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
 That this transaction is registered with the Registrar of Titles or Registrar of Deeds within a period of 3 calendar months, failing which the consent as hereby given shall be deemed null, void and of no effect...\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 A further letter was
 sent to the Plaintiff on 30th October 1992 informing her that if she wished to seek financial assistance from the Housing Authority she would need to provide information and fill in the appropriate forms (Annexure D-1 to Shamshul Nisha\rquote 
s affidavit).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Tho
se conditions were not complied with, and the property was not transferred to the Plaintiff. It remains in the name of the Defendant. In 1998 , the Plaintiff left the house and went to live with her married daughter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 In her evidence before the court, the
 Plaintiff said that she had contributed to the repayments on the housing loan on the lease, to the Housing Authority. Although at paragraph 13 of her affidavit, she had said that only she had made regular payments to the Housing Authority between 1992 an
d
 1996, in her evidence she agreed that the Defendant also contributed to the repayment. She was unable to say with any certainty how much she had contributed but said in re-examination that she had made all payments in respect of the receipts for $50 and 
$100. She always paid cash. The total amount of she said she paid was approximately $4000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 The balance remaining on the loan is $8,342. The original loan amount was $6473.50 with interest at 11.5% per annum.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
The Plaintiff said in evidence that she did not know that she had no registered share in the property until 1996. She then asked the Defendant about it , and the Defendant agreed to transfer a half-share of the property to her. She said that he filled a f
orm (Annexure D) agreeing to the transfer, and that she showed the form to her solicitors. When the Defendant discovered that she had consulted solicitors he tore the form up. However, the Plaintiff had kept a photocopy which is annexed to her affidavit.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
The Defendant said in evidence that the Plaintiff had contributed nothing to the property except for $200 worth of concrete blocks and the cost of laying a carpet in the house. He also agreed that the Plaintiff had bought furniture for the house and had g
e
nerally helped to run and maintain the house. He said that he had made all repayments from his earnings as a signwriter and that he had earned his own living since he left school. He denied agreeing to transfer half-share of the property to his mother in 
1997 and said that his earlier attempts to transfer were to escape the consequences of legal action brought against him by the Plaintiff\rquote s brother.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 He denied forcing his mother to leave the house by assaulting her in 1998, and said that he was willing to 
contribute to her expenses if she agreed that she had told lies in court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Shareen Nisha, the Defendant\rquote 
s wife gave evidence of the bad relationship between her husband and her mother-in-law and said that the Defendant had never assaulted his mother .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 I
t is clear having heard all the evidence that the Plaintiff did make contributions to the property, not only directly in the buying of building blocks, cement and timber, and in the paying of some instalments, but also indirectly in contributing towards t
he upkeep of the house and the family. Between 1992 and 1998 the Plaintiff, the Defendant and one other sibling lived in the house, and were supported by the earnings of the Plaintiff and the Defendant. \'93The Application for Housing Assistance\'94
 form (Annexure C) shows the Defendant\rquote s weekly wage to be $100, the Plaintiff\rquote s weekly wage to be $28.96 and the younger son Abdul Farook\rquote s, to be $25.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 I accept the evidence of Shamshul Nisha that she made some contributions to the house and repayments, and I note th
at Abdul Jalil confirms her purchase of blocks for $1000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 The question is whether the effect of her contributions creates a constructive trust in the Plaintiff\rquote s favour.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 The leading local case on the creation of equitable trusts in property is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Sheila Maharaj v. Jai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Chand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 [1986] 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 AC 898 a decision of the Privy Council reversing the judgment of the Fiji Court of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 In that case the parties had lived together for twelve years in a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 de facto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 relationship. They had one child of their own. The Plaintiff
 had obtained land from the Housing Authority and had made all contributions for the financing of the home. The Defendant used her earnings to support the family.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 The Plaintiff sought vacant possession of the property. The Defendant claimed an equitable 
trust and estoppel. At page 125 of the Judgment, the Privy Council said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin567\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 \'93The authority now classic is the speech of Lord Diplock in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120 n }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Gissing v. Gissing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8865263\charrsid9784120 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1971%5d%20AC%20886" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 [1971] AC 886}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9784120\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 , 902 - 911, and later reviewed in the judgments of the Court of Appeal in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Grant v. Edward}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 [1986] 2 All ER 426, which concerned an unmarried couple. In such cases a contract or an express trust as at the time of the acquisition may not be 
established , because of lack of certainty or consideration or non-compliance with statutory requirements of writing; but a constructive trust may be established by an inferred common intention subsequently acted upon by the making of contributions or oth
e
r action to the detriment of the claimant party. And it has been held that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary , the right inference is that the claimant acted in the belief that she (or he)would have an interest in the house and not merely out of
 love and affection.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
The court held that as a result of the trust the Defendant had the right to continue to live in the house permanently with her children. However her right was \'93a personal right not 
amounting to a property interest diminishing the rights of the plaintiff\rquote s lessor and mortgagee.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 This application goes beyond an application to acknowledge a right not to be evicted, and a right to possession. This is an application for an order to tran
sfer half share in the property to the Plaintiff.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
The purpose of the equitable doctrine of constructive trusts is to prevent the person with the legal interest in that property from behaving unconscionably . A presumption of advancement exists where the 
legal owner is related to the purported equitable owner, although of course this presumption may be rebutted, as it often is in family property disputes. In the early case of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Bannister v. Bannister}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 [1948] 2 All ER 133, the plaintiff had sold a house at a l
ow price to the defendant on terms that she be permitted to live there rent free so long as she liked. The property was then transferred to the defendant. It was held that the defendant held the property on trust during the life of the plaintiff to allow 
her to live in it as long as she liked. The Court of Appeal held that in equity a constructive trust existed to prevent a legal owner from defeating a beneficial interest belonging to another.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Hussey v. Palmer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8865263\charrsid9784120 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1972%5d%201%20WLR%201286" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 [1972] 1 WLR 1286}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9784120\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 the plaintiff had paid for an extension to the defendant\rquote 
s home on a promise by the defendant that she could live there as long as she liked. She left and claimed to reimbursement to the value of her contributions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
Lord Denning M.R. and Phillimore LJ held that the defendant held the property upon a constructive trust for the plaintiff of a beneficial interest proportional to the amount of her payment. Lord Denning said
 of the doctrine of constructive trusts at p.1290.\rquote :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri538\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin538\lin567\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 \'93
It is a liberal process, founded upon large principles of equity, to be applied in cases where the legal owner cannot conscientiously keep the property for himself alone, but ought to allow another to
 have the property or the benefit of it or a share in it. The trust may arise at the outset when the property is acquired , or later on as the circumstances may require. It is an equitable remedy by which the court can enable an aggrieved party to obtain 
restitution.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Gissing v. Gissing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8865263\charrsid9784120 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1971%5d%20AC%20886" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
[1971] AC 886}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9784120\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Lord Diplock said at p.905:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li567\ri538\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin538\lin567\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 \'93
A resulting, implied or constructive trust - and it is unnecessary for present purposes to distinguish between these three classes of trust - is created by a transaction between the trustee and the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 cestui que trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
with the acquisition by the trustee of a legal estate in land whenever the trustee has so conducted himself that it would be unequitable to allow him to deny to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 cestui que trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 a beneficial interest in the land acquired. And he will be held so to have conducted himself if by his words or conduct he has induced the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 cestui que trust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 to act to his own detriment 
in the reasonable belief that by so acting he was acquiring a beneficial interest in the land.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12331116 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
The principle is not confined to interests in the matrimonial home. The court should look for evidence of the common intention of the parties when the propert
y was acquired. A common intention can be construed where both persons contributed to the property in money work and labour (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Doohan v Nelson}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 (1973) 2 NSWLR 320).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 No such intention was found in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Morris v Morris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8865263\charrsid9784120 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281982%29%201%20NSWLR%2062" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 (1982) 1 NSWLR 62}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9784120\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
where a plaintiff, living with his son and daughter-in-law, spent $28,000 building an extension to the defendant\rquote s house. It was held that there was no intention to create 
a trust but that wider equitable principles created an equitable charge over the property in the sum of $28,000 with interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Nor was such common intention found by High Court of Australia in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 Baumgartner v Baumgartner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9784120  }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8865263\charrsid9784120 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%281988%29%2062%20AWR%2029" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs15\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 (1988) 62 AWR 29}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9784120\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784120  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 where a woman in a de facto relationship gave her partner her earnings to meet household expenses including mortgage payments, thus allowing the loan amount to be mo
re rapidly reduced than would otherwise be the case. However a constructive trust was nevertheless imposed to prevent one partner from unconscionably retaining the benefit of the other\rquote s contributions (Mason C.J, Wilson and Deane JJ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 There is ample evidence in the present case to construe the common intention of the parties. Although the defendant is the plaintiff\rquote 
s son, and is the legal owner, I accept the plaintiff\rquote s evidence that she thought she was so co-owner, and on that basis contributed in labour
 and money to the construction and upkeep of the house, and to periodic payments to the Housing Authority in respect of the loan. Furthermore, I accept that the defendant knew why the plaintiff was making such contributions and agreed that half of the pro
perty should be transferred to her in 1997.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
It is clear that it was the common intention of the parties that the plaintiff was not making contributions as an unconditional gift, but was investing in the future of her family, including her younger son. The
 presumption of advancement has therefore been rebutted by the evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
Consequently, the principles of constructive trusts apply here to protect her interests. The question is to what effect? The plaintiff is unable to put an exact monetary value to her contributions direct and indirect. She no longer lives in the house, and
 
the defendant continues to repay instalments to the Housing Authority. She simply asks for a half share. It is not clear how much of her weekly wage the plaintiff spent on the home and on family expenses between 1992 and 1996. However I accept that it was
 
the intention of the parties in 1997, to share the properties in equal half shares. I accept that the defendant signed a consent to transfer form intending to give effect to this intention but later resiled from the agreement when he found that the plaint
iff had consulted her solicitors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
I therefore infer from these circumstances that the parties had intended to share the property equally, that the plaintiff believed that she was a co-owner, that she made contributions on that basis, and that she is entit
led to a beneficial interest in half-share of the property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 The defendant cannot now, in all conscience, insist that the plaintiff live elsewhere, nor can he deny, her beneficial interest in the property.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 I therefore find order that the defendant holds
 a half share in the property at 18 Moci Place Nadawa on trust for the plaintiff, that he must either allow her to live in the house for as long she wishes or with her consent, must pay her a half-share on the market value of the house.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 The defendant must pay the plaintiff the costs of this action to be taxed if not agreed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 

\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 (Judgment for the Plaintiff.)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\insrsid12331116\charrsid9784120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1972231\charrsid9784120 
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