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ed a document for the purpose of comparing handwriting and as a result of the examination made a finding of fact. On appeal the High Court HELD: (i) that although the evidence of an expert is not essential when hadwriting is to be compared, the issue betw
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1440\li2160\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Bater v. Bater}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1950%5d%201%20All%20ER%20458" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 [1950] 1 All ER 458}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Briginshaw v. Briginshaw\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1913%5d%20HCA%2032" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 [1913] HCA 32}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 ;\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=16%20CLR%20336" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 16 CLR 336}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Cavanett v. Chambers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 HYPER
LINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1968%5d%20SASR%2097" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 [1968] SASR 97}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Chiman Lal v. Pan Bai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~C.A. 48/81- FCA Reps 81/144
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 C. Valentine v. Donnan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~
C.A. 38/81- FCA Reps 81/157}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Gronow v. Gronow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1979%5d%20HCA%2063" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 [1979] HCA 63}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 ;\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=144%20CLR%20513" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 144 CLR 513}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 House v. R\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.v
u/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=55%20CLR%20505" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 55 CLR 505}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Jai Prakash v Savita Chandra\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 ( C.A. 37/85- FCA Reps 85/156)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Miller v. Ministry of Pension}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~[1947] 2 All ER 372}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 R v. O\rquote Sullivan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~[1969] 2 All ER 237}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 R v. Rickard
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~(1919) 13 Cr. App. R. 140}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 R v. Smith}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~(1909) 3 Cr. App. 87}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 R v. Tilley\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1961%5d%201%20All%20ER%20406" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 [1961] 1 All ER 406}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Shameem Mohammed v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~29FLR 155}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Appeal to the High Court from the Magistrates\rquote  Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
S. Ram and V.P. Mishra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~for the Appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li360\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
A. Singh and G.P. Shankar\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 for the Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Lyons J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
This is an appeal from the Learned Magistrate\rquote s decision of the Ba Magistrates\rquote  Court of the 15th April 1997.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 The Appellant 
(Baljeet) and the Respondent (Subindra) were married on the 10th January 1990. Shortly after marriage Baljeet left for the United States to take up residence. The initial plan was that Subindra would follow him after sorting out certain immigration matter
s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 For one reason or another these plans did not eventuate. The parties became estranged and on the 11th\~
December 1995 Baljeet was granted a Dissolution of the Marriage in the Supreme Court of California County Stanislaus, USA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 On the 3rd February 1997, Subindra brought application for maintenance on her behalf under the provision of the}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/maaa216/"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Maintenance And Affiliation Act}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~(Cap 52).\~
One assumes that because of her marriage to Baljeet such application was made pursuant to Section 6 of the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
The record is not exactly clear on how it came about, but it appears that Baljeet had returned to Fiji in late 1996 or early 1997 and married one Sharan Jeet Kaur.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 On the 3rd February, as well as filing 
for maintenance, Subindra filed a Notice of Motion seeking to prevent Baljeet leaving the country pending resolution of Maintenance Application. I pause to note that in paragraph 6 of Subindra\rquote 
s Affidavit in support of the Notice of Motion, she alleges that the Police \'93got hold of him (Baljeet) for a possible bigamy charge.\'94
 Even if it be conjecture, I doubt one would be too hard pressed to guess who gave information to the Police, in respect of an allegation of bigamy, if indeed the Police had any interest
 in Baljeet. If they did, a simple check of the details of the marriage to Miss Kaur would have satisfied matters. I must say that, at first glance, the said Affidavit raises some questions as to the true motives of Subindra in bringing the Notice of Moti
on.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Baljeet responded to the allegations as raised in the Affidavit filed on the 6th February. I shall return to this later.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
On the 4th February the Learned Magistrate granted an ex-parte order preventing Baljeet from leaving Fiji. It seems that his Passport was also ordered to be retained by the Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
On the 17th February the matter came back before the Court inter partes. The Learned Magistrate dissolved his previous ex-parte order, returned the Passport and allowed Baljeet to go to the United St
ates. No doubt, the Learned Magistrate was aware of the Court of the Appeal\rquote s ruling in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Chiman Lal v. Pan Bai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~(C.A. 48/81- FCA Reps 81/144) and\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 C. Valentine v. Donnan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~(C.A. 33/81- FCA Reps 81/157) where the Court expressed that the greatest caution should be used when restricting a person\rquote 
s leaving of Fiji under the provisions of the Maintenance Act and, in the later case, where it ruled that it was beyond the jurisdiction of the Courts of Fiji to retain a foreign Passport. I understand that Baljeet in all 
likelihood possessed a United States passport.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Be that as it may, the Learned Magistrate released Baljeet on the giving of two sureties, one of which was signed by one Gurdev Singh.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 On the 27th February 1997, Baljeet filed a Notice of Motion seeking a 
ruling that the application for Maintenance be struck out as the Court had no jurisdiction to entertain the matter by virtue of the California Divorce. The reasoning behind this application was that Section 6 only allows a married woman to claim maintenan
ce. As Subindra was by now divorced, she, no longer being married, had no right to maintenance. (Although I do not have to rule on that point, I do refer to\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Halsbury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~
4th Ed Vol. 13 para 991 which, at first glance, appears to give some support to that reasoning).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Baljeet further submitted that the divorce in California should be recognised pursuant to Section 92 of the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Subindra\rquote s argument was that she had no knowledge of the divorce, having never been served with the divorce papers or the Decree Nisi
 . Hence, she argued, she was denied natural justice (i.e. - a right to be heard on the Divorce application) and thus the Court should invoke Section 92 (6) and refuse to recognise the foreign Decree from California.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
For his part, Baljeet, denied Subindra\rquote 
s lack of knowledge. In his Affidavit of the 6th February he annexed what purport to be Affidavit of Service of Documents on Subindra signed by Gurdev Singh (court Record - page 17 and 18). He also says that the California court was given an address in F
iji to which it could post documents to Subindra -such documents being the Decree Nisi (see paragraph 7 on p.15 of the Record). Subindra responded to this by neither admitting nor denying that the address given was hers or that the Decree was in fact sent
 - (Para 5 page 28).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
On the 3rd April 1997 the Learned Magistrate heard the application on the papers. He called for and received written submissions. The Learned Magistrate called the parties before him again on the 14th April where he asked whether the 
Gurdev Singh who signed the Bail Bond surety was one in the same as the person who signed the service documents. Counsel for Mr. Baljeet said that he was.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
On the 15th April the Learned Magistrate handed down his decision dismissing the Appellant\rquote s Notice
 of Motion of the 27th February. His Worship made no further ruling, save on costs, and ordered that the trial of the matter proper be adjourned to a later date.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 It is from this decision that Baljeet appeals.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 The Decision of the Learned Magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Th
e Learned Magistrate\rquote s ruling centres on Section 92(6) of the Act. His Worship ruled that the Registrar of Marriages acceptance of the California Decree pursuant to Section 38 of the Act was not binding on the Court. This is the correct view.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 The Learned Magistrate then discusses Subindra\rquote 
s assertion that she was not served with the Divorce process and comes to the conclusion that she was not. To achieve this, the Learned Magistrate referred to the signatures on the service document (pages 17 and 18 of th
e Records) purported to be of one Gurdev Singh and compares these with the signatures of one Gurdev Singh on the Bail Bond Surety (p.36 of the Record). As I have said on the 14th April the Learned Magistrate sought and obtained confirmation from Baljeet
\rquote s Counsel, that it was in fact the same Gurdev Singh.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
On his comparison of the signatures, the Learned Magistrate found the following differences:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri566\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin566\lin720\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \'93
I have very carefully perused the signatures in the documents mentioned above and I am of the view that t
he signatures in documents mentioned to (a) and (b) above are similar and appear to have been made by the same person. When I compare the signature on the document in (c) above (i.e. Bail Bond surety), I find that the signature on document (c) is very dif
ferent to the signature on (a) and (b) despite the fact that I only have photocopies of (a) and (b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
I find the following difference:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-698\li1418\ri566\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin566\lin1418\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 i)\~
\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~ The letter g, s and h in document (a) and (b) are different to document (c);}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 ii)\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~ The dot on lette
r (i) is placed in different place in document (a) and (b) to document (c) and the length of the signature also appears to be different.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Having observed the differences in the signature in the documents mentioned above, I am convinced that the signature 
in document (a) and (b) are not of Gurdev Singh.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
The Learned Magistrate gained support for his contention from the fact that Baljeet put no material before the Court from Gurdev Singh in response to Subindra\rquote s allegation that she had not been served. On
 p.75 of the Record the Learned Magistrate says:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri566\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin566\lin720\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \'93
Now coming back to the denial by the Complainant that she was not served, I would have thought that in the face of such a categorical denial at least that should have provoked some response from the Resp
ondent - at least there should have been an affidavit filed in reply by Gurdev Singh refuting such a serious allegation, but all the Respondent says is that he had the papers served through Gurdev Singh - see para.7 of his affidavit sworn on 11/02/97 - se
e\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Jai Prakash vs Savita Chandra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
, F.C.A. Civil Appeal No. 37/85, at page 3 of the cyclo-styled judgement where Fiji Court of Appeal states: \'93of course he did have to respond. In our view, the course events have taken and the consequences, if he did not respo
nd, rendered it a matter of prudence that he should reply if indeed, he had a reply. And in the circumstances of the case in the absence of a reply, we hold the inference inescapable that what the Respondent has said to be true.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Quite obviously the 
Learned Magistrate, having found that the signatures on the service forms being\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~the signatures of Gurdev Singh, refused to accept the truth of the contents of those service documents. He thus held that Subindra had not been served and that she therefor
e been denied natural justice. He was therefore able to apply the provisions of Section 92 (6).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 The Arguments on Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 The Appellant\rquote s argument can be summarised as follows:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1418\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 1.\~
\~\~\~\~\~\~\~ The finding, being based on the difference in signatures, fail to meet the required burden of proof bearing in mind the seriousness of the allegation (the case cited was\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Briginshaw -v- Briginshaw}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1913%5d%20HCA%2032" \\
o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 [1913] HCA 32}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 ;\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=16%20CLR%20336" \\
o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 16 CLR 336.)}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 2.\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~ The finding was an improper exercise of judicial discretion in that the evidence of the Bail Bond Surety document was not properly befo
re the Court and further, no opportunity was given to the Appellant as Applicant in the original application, to make submissions on the signatures.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 The Respondent\rquote s argument can be summarised as follows:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1134\li1134\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1134\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1418\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 1.\~
\~\~\~\~\~\~\~ The Learned Magistrate\rquote s finding was correct in that a proper exercise of his jurisdiction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-1134\li1134\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1134\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1418\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 2.\~
\~\~\~\~\~\~\~ There was evidence of and notice of the Appellant\rquote s fraudulent conduct in respect of the service documents. The Court should take notice that it is not certain the documents annexed to 
Baljeet Affidavit of the 6th February are in fact the document. They appear to come from a typing service called \'93Central State Typing Service.\'94
 It is also submitted that the absence of an attestation clause or a method of swearing the Affidavit as is foun
d in most English based common law jurisdictions must raise suspicions about the authenticity of the service documents and hence the authenticity of claim that service had been effected.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Ruling}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 I can deal with the 2nd limb of the Respondent\rquote s argument 
first, but before doing so, I must note that the decision appealed from was on an interlocutory application.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
No point was put to me that ordinarily interlocutory rulings are non-appealable, unless of course the ruling gives finality to the proceedings. Neither party pursued this point.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 As it stands, the Notice of Motion sought to put point to Subindra\rquote 
s maintenance application. The Learned Magistrate ruled against the motion thus preserving Subindra\rquote s application to another day. Arguably this did not put paid to the Appellant\rquote 
s (Baljeet) case because he could come and argue the applicability of the other subsections and factors raised therein in Section 6. In reality though, it must be considered that, having lost the motion, Baljeet who was put in an e
xtremely difficult position concerning the question of liability to pay maintenance. In effect, the later trial of Subindra\rquote 
s application would most likely be. in the form of an assessment rather than an argument on liability. In that respect the dismissal of the Motion put an end to Baljeet\rquote 
s case and implicitly meant that Subindra would succeed in all likelihood on the question of liability for maintenance - it being on a question of quantum that was left to be decided. In that sense, I consider the appeal to be properly before me.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Anyhow, neither party raised the point and in the absence of any objection, I propose to proceed on the matters raised by this Appeal as if there were no bar to me so doing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Returning to the second point of the Respondent\rquote s 
argument, I fail to see it as valid. This Court has no way of knowing if the documents of service are in proper form for the case in California. But, despite the difference in form from those in Fiji, it must be assumed to be correct. The Divorce was gran
t
ed so it must be reasonably implied that all matters, including service, were acceptable to the Court in California. Merely because the form of the document is different from here, it is no ground for assuming that it is not what the Appellant says it is.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Had the Respondent wished to raise that argument previously, then information of evidence in that respect should have been put before the Court by Subindra. The rule is simple:- the party which alleges the irregularity or impropriety of the document must
 put the evidence up to support it. There being no evidence that the documents are not the proper documents as to proof of service, it is reasonable to assume that in fact they are.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 The Learned Magistrate implicitly worked on that assumption - but what h
is Worship has found was that the documents were most likely not a true account of service, albeit that prima facie, the documents were in correct form.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 I now turn to consider the Learned Magistrate\rquote s findings of fact regarding the service - which of cou
rse impacted on Section 92(6). In so doing, all the remaining arguments of both parties will be considered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 The Learned Magistrate has made a finding of fact. His Worship as exercised his discretion when undertaking this task. When an Appellate Court app
roaches such a finding, it is not for the Appellate Court to merely supplant the Lower Court view with its view of the facts. That can only be done if the Appellate Court finds that the Lower Court\rquote 
s assessment of the facts was plainly wrong or that it (the Lower Court) acted on a wrong principle (See\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 House v. R\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=55%20CLR%20505" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
55 CLR 505}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~and\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Gronow v. Gronow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~144 CLR p 519 per Stephen J. as he then was).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 As to the Learned Magistrate\rquote 
s actual finding of the signature differences (and hence his application of Section 92 (6)), I am unable to come to any conclusion either way. All that was before the Learned Magistrate were the documents referred to and nothing else. I am far f
rom a handwriting expert, particularly in the areas of signature which, I suspect, is a rather narrow and specialist field.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Without in any way deciding the issue, I might say that the Learned Magistrate\rquote s approach, in my view, was one fraught with pitfal
ls. I consider it reasonable to say that my experience in trials where handwriting evidence was in issue, the general rule emerges that the lesser the amount of writing to be assessed, the greater the difficulty in coming to an accurate assessment. Also, 
in my experience, assessment of signatures is a special and difficult area when I would think one should proceed into with the greatest of caution. It would seem to me, that the authorities take a similar view.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 The Learned Magistrate held that he was enti
tled to look at the signatures and come to an assessment notwithstanding the absence of expert witness. In effect he felt he could exercise his discretion and take a stab without such expert assistance. His Worship cited\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 R v. Smith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~(1909) 3 Cr. App. p87 and\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 R v. Rickhard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~(1919) 13 Cr App. R. 140 as authority for this.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Indeed\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Smith & Rickards}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \rquote  cases are authority that a Court can come to its own assessment on handwriting. But, with respect, the Learned Magistrate failed to take cognizance of the limitation
s of those cases put on the exercise of the discretion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Both cases, whilst accepting the exercise of the discretion existed, must be understood to have placed a cautionary restriction particularly when the findings to be arrived at by such review of the handwriting, had serious consequences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 In both\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Rickard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~and\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Smith\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~
cases, the Courts considered it unsafe to allow the exercise of the discretion to assess the handwriting in the absence of the expert or supporting evidence, where the finding was the sole reason for supporting an allegation of criminal offences.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 I might also point out that later authorities such\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
R v. Tilley}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 
HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1961%5d%201%20All%20ER%20406" \\o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 [1961] 1 All ER 406}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~and\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 R v. O\rquote Sullivan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~
[1969] 2 All ER 237 decided it was wrong for juries to be asked to compare handwriting without the assistance of an expert. (See also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Shameem Mohammed v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~29FLR 155). I venture to comment that in civil cases where the judicial person
 is the arbitrator of the facts, if not incorrect, then it would likely be held that such judicial person should exercise\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 extreme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 caution, in coming to comparative findings on handwriting in the absence of such expertise - particularly more so when the findings support a serious allegation.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
This is the very point raised by the Appellant. By finding that Gurdev Singh did not sign the service documents, the Learned Magistrate is, in effect, making a finding that whoever did was perjuring themselves and, by a
nalogy, that Baljeet was probably involved in some deception of the California court. That is - either contemptuous or fraudulent activity. This is a serious allegation. The Learned Magistrate himself recognises this at p.75 of the record.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Bearing in min
d the seriousness of the allegation and any finding in respect thereof, I am directed to authority such as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Briginshaw v. Briginshaw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~(Supra),\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Miller v. Ministry of Pensions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~[1947] 2 All ER 372}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 and\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Bater v. Bater}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1950%5d%201%20All%20ER%20458" \\
o "View LawCiteRecord"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 [1950] 1 All ER 458.}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~
In those cases it was held that in a civil case such as this the standard of proof is on the balance of probability. The above cases further establish the principle that, whilst\~
the standard of proof is on the balance of probability if a finding is to be made which is of a serious nature, then there is a greater preponderance of evidence needed to support it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
On reading of the record and the authorities on this point
, I hold the view that the serious allegations raised and the finding made, required a greater preponderance of evidence than was before the Learned Magistrate. This case required expert evidence or strong supportive evidence to enable a finding positive 
to Subindra\rquote 
s allegations. Such evidence was not before the Learned Magistrate and he was operating on a wrong principle to proceed to make the findings he made in the evidence of such evidence, whether it had been expert evidence or ancillary supporting evidence.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Even if I am incorrect on that issue, Counsel for the Appellant, Baljeet makes a far stronger point.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Firstly, he submits was the bail bond surety properly before the Learned Magistrate in evidence? I doubt that it was.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
This was a civil case. Our system is an adversarial system. As such it is for the court to be the receiver of evidence, not the gatherer of it. In instant case, the Learned Magistrate went beyond the evidence properly before him and gathered up the bail b
ond surety himself and then used it as evidence. Neither party put that into evidence at the hearing nor mentioned it in their written submission. It should not have thus been considered by the Learned Magistrate. Courts can only act on evidence\~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 properly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~before them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 I stress \'93properly
\'94 in the preceding paragraph for good reasons. I do not think that the use of the bail bond surety was, of itself fatal. The document was part of the overall court record although not strictly in evidence on the motion 
proper. As such the Learned Magistrate could take what is in effect judicial notice of it. What is of concern is the manner in which the document was used.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
As the Learned Magistrate himself said \'93There is no evidence before me or submissions made whether I should compare the signatures\'94
 (p.74). This is of vital concern. The Appellant was given no opportunity to submit or to present any evidence to meet the eventual findings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 In\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Cavanett v. Chambers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1968%5d%20SASR%2097" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
[1968] SASR 97}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
, a Magistrate informed himself as to the effect of a certain blood alcohol reading upon the Defendant\rquote s ability to drive, but then gave the Defendant no opportunity to comment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Bray C.J., when dismissing the appeal said:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \'93
It is one thing to use the section [S.64 of the Evidence Act 1929] for the purpose of discovering or verifying objective facts or figures about which there can be no real dispute, such as historical or geographical dat
a of an uncontroversial nature or mathematical tables of life expectancy or interest calculations. Cf\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Arnold v Norris\~}{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2838868 HYPERLINK "http://www.paclii.org.vu/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b1936%5d%20SASR%20287" \\o "View LawCite Record"}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\cf2\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 [1936] SASR 287}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6371585\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 , though even there I think \'85 the parties should be given notice of the Court\rquote 
s intention and an opportunity to be heard on the result of its researches. It is quite another thing for the tribunal of its own motion to seek to inform itself out of court on a question of f
act or opinion vital to the issue and by no means free from controversy. This is, of course, doubly objectionable if done without the parties having any opportunity to state their views on the specific authorities consulted. But in my view, even if they a
re offered this opportunity, the court should not embark on such investigations except by consent. It would he preposterous to suppose, for example, that in a claim for damages or worker\rquote 
 s compensation where divergent medical opinions have been expressed b
y expert witnesses on each side, the court should be at liberty without consent to pursue independent inquiries of its own on the point through medical journals or text books not referred to by the witnesses.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 (See also Cross on Evidence 3rd Australian Ed. p101 and 102.).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
The above situation commented on by Bray C.J. is fairly much what has happened here. The Learned Magistrate merely went into Court and satisfied himself that the Gurdev Singh who signed the Bail Bond Surety was one in the same as the p
erson who signed the service documents. His Worship gave no indication as to why he wanted this information and gave the appellant no opportunity to comment on it. In so doing the Learned Magistrate has clearly failed to properly exercise his discretion. 
He has in effect denied the Appellant a right of properly putting his case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
In respect of the last mentioned matter, in making his comments on the top of p.75, of the Record, I find that the Magistrate may have become confused himself as to the difference
 between the allegation of non-service made by Subindra and the matter pertaining to the signatures.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
As to the former, it was always Subindra\rquote s obligation to prove the allegations she made. It was never Baljeet\rquote s obligations to disapprove it. He had put forward his evidence that service had been affected. It was Subindra\rquote 
s obligation to put forward evidence to disprove it. The reference to\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 Jay Prakash v. Chandra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~(C.A. 37/85 - FCA Reps 85/156) is not applicable. In that case Mr. Prakash had, on the reverse
 side of the cheque, simply made an admission at odds with his defence. Thus it was clear obligation to explain the misunderstanding. His failure to do so was properly weighed against him. In instant case, Baljeet says that Gurdev Singh had served Subindr
a. There was no inconsistency in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~
evidence to be explained and any further Affidavit by Gurdev Singh would have, as the Appellant\rquote s Counsel put it, merely repeated what Baljeet had said.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Of course, had the Learned Magistrate invited submissions regarding signatures and not got any explanation from Gurdev Singh, then Prakash\rquote s case would well have been of some significance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
For all the above reasons, I consider the Learned Magistrate has erred in the exercise of his discretion and the appeal must be upheld.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
Accordingly the Learned Magistrate\rquote s finding and orders of 15th April are vacated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb15\sa15\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16057778 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 I order the Respondent to pay the Appellant\rquote s costs which I summarily assess at $175.00.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 (Appeal allowed; ruling of the Magistrates\rquote  Court set aside).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs27 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs27\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid16057778\charrsid16057778 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1972231 
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