{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang2057\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f39\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f42\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f46\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f379\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f380\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f382\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f383\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f386\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
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\fs24\lang1033\langfe2057\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext16 Style 3;}{\s17\qj \li0\ri0\sa72\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe2057\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext17 Style 1;}{\s18\qj \li0\ri0\sa144\sl252\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe2057\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [1996] 42 FLR }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 58
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7742793 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
HIGH COURT OF FIJI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Criminal Jurisdiction
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 THE STATE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7742793 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
VIJAY KAPOOR & KAYLESH CHANDRA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Fatiaki J}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7742793 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 30 April 1996}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Crime}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 - evidence and proof}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 - submission of no case to answer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
- whether evidence of identification albeit unsatisfactory precludes acquittal. Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 21) Section 293}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The accused were standing trial for murder. At the close of the prosecution case the Defenc
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
e submitted that there was no case to answer. The Court reviewed the identification evidence and found it to be unsatisfactory. Allowing the application and acquitting the accused the Court HELD: that the phrase "no evidence" as it occurs in Section 293(1
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 )\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  of the CPC must be taken to mean "no reliable evidence" or "no credible evidence".
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cases cited:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid12403053\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Daley v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2905002 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1994) 98 Cr. App. R. 447
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11355917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Galbraith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1981] 1 All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2905002 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  1060}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11355917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Haw Tau Tau v. Public Prosecutor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1982] AC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  136
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11355917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2905002 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11355917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Jai Chand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2905002 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1972) 18 FLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  101
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11355917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Sisa Kalisoqo v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2905002 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11355917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11355917 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Cr. App. 52/84}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (FCA Reps 84/563)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11355917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Turnbull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1976) 63 Cr. App. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  132}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11355917 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ruling on submission of no case to answer.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11355917 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid2905002 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ms. E. Rice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for State
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11355917\charrsid2905002 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 H. Nagin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11355917 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 st Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11355917 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid2905002 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 M. Raza}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  for 2nd Defendant
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11355917 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11355917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Fatiaki J:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11355917 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This is an application under Section 293(1) of the CPC which provides (so far as relevant)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11355917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11355917\charrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11355917 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"When the evidence of the witnesses for the prosecution has been concluded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 .... the court, if it considers that there is no evidence that the accused or any one of\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  severa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l accused committed the offence,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  shall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  ... record a finding of not gui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 lty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11355917 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11355917 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R. v. Jai Chand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2905002 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1972) 18 FL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R 101 Grant J. (as he then was) in upholding a submission that there was 'n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11355917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o case to answer' said at p. 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 03}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11355917 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11362593 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"It seems clear that the decis\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ion as to whether or not there is a case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
to answer should depend not so much on whether the adjudicating tribunal would at that stage convict or acquit but on whether the evidence is such that a reasonable tribunal properly directing its mind to the law an\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
d the evidence could or might convict on the evidence so far laid before it. In other words, at the close of the prosecution's case the Court should adopt an objective test as distinct from the ultimate subjective test to be adopted at the close of the tr
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
al. But the question does not depend solely on whether there is some evidence irrespective of its credibility or weight sufficient to put the accused on his defence. A mere scintilla of evidence can never be enough nor can any amount of worthless discredi
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ed evidence."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11362593 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593\charrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Prosecuting counsel submits however that this court is bound by the decision of the Fiji Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Sisa Kalisoq}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o v. R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r. App. 52 of 1984 (FCA Reps 84/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 563) where, after setting out an oft-cited passage in the judgment of the Court \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of Appeal (U.K.) in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Galbraith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 [1981}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  All ER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 1060 at 1062 which sets out how a judge should approach a submission of no case, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  Fiji Court of Appeal said at p. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 :}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593\charrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11362593 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"In our view, the simple and narrow prescription of Section 293 precludes the adoption in\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  this coun}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
try of para. 2(a). It is of appli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
cation where there is some evidence ... and where there is some evidence a Judge cannot say there is no evidence."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11362593 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593\charrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Paragraph 2(a) of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid7678684 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Galbraith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  passage reads}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593\charrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11362593 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "(2)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The difficulty arises where there is some ev\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
idence but it is of a tenuous character, for example because of inherent weakness or vagueness or because it is inconsistent with other evidence (a) where the Judge comes to the conclusion that the Crown's evidence taken }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 at its highest is such that a j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ury \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 properly directed could not convict on it, it is his duty, on a submission being made, to stop the case."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Prosecuting counsel in light of the above dictum of the Fiji Court of Appea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Sisa Kalisoqo's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  case submitted that the decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Jai Chand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  must be considered as impliedly over-ruled.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In my view however the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 two decisions are not necessari}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ly in conflict and indeed may be reconciled on the basis that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Sisa Kalisoqo's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  case was directed at interpreting the meaning of Section 293 in the context of\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 the recognised separation of the duties and functions of a judge and a jury in the case of a jur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y trial,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  whereas, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid11362593\charrsid11362593 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Jai C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid11362593 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hand's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  case is directed at the meaning of the term "evidence" as it occurs in Section 293 when viewed in the cont\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ext of the mode of trial in this Court where the judge in giving the judgment of the Cour}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t is not bound to conform to th}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e opinions of the assessors (see: Section 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 99(2)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I am fortified in this view by the judgment of the Privy Council in an appeal from S\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ingapore in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Haw Tau Tau v. Public Prosecutor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7742793 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 [1982] AC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  136 where their lordships said at p.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid2905002 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 151}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5332355 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
It is well established that in a jury trial at the conclusion of the prosecution's case it is the judge's function to decide for himself whether the evidence\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 adduced which, if it were to accepted by the jury as accurate, would establish each essential element in the alleged offence: for what are the essential elements in any criminal offence is a question of law. If there is no evidence (or only evidence that
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
is so inherently incredible that no reasonable person could accept it as being true) to prove any one or more of those essential elements, it is the judge's duty to direct an acquittal, for it is only upon evidence that juries are entitled to convict; but
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 if there is some evidence, the judge must let the case go on."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5332355 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In my view the phrase 'no evidence' as it occurs in Section 293 of the CPC must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 mean 'no reliable evidence' or }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 no credible evidence' and not simply any evidence no matter how inherently vague\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  or unreliable such evidence may be.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In my view sworn testimony does not become 'evidence' merely because it is given or uttered under oath from the witness box (irrespective of how irrelevant or inconsistent with other evidence, or inherently inc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 redible \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 it may be), in addition,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  sworn oral testimony must be relevant to the issues in the case and possess a probative quality.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14901117 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The fact that one of the principal grounds for defence counsel's 'no case' submission is that there is no evidence of the identity of\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the deceased's assailant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid14901117 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
s) also brings into play the dictum of the English Court of Appeal in the leading case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Turnbul}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  [1976] 63 Cr. App. R. 132 where the Court said at p.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 138}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5332355 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "When}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 in the judgment of the trial judge, the quality of the identifying evidence is poor, as for example when it depends solely on a fleeting glance or on a longer observation made in difficult conditions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  the situation is very different, the judge should then
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 withdraw the case from the jury and direct an acquittal unless there is other evidence which goes to support the correctness of the identification. This may be corroboration in the sense lawyers use that word, but it need not be so if its effect is}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to mak\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e the jury sure that there has been no mistaken identification."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In this regard the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 prosecuting counsel was constrained by the wording of Section 293 of the CPC as interpreted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Sisa Ka}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 isoqo's}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  case to submit that even poor evidence of identity is some e
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
vidence, and therefore outside the narrow proscription of the section. Counsel also argued that there was some other forensic evidence which supported the visual identification and rendered it sufficiently substantial and proper to be left for the assesso
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s to consider.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In my view however, the distinction, between the judge's function and that of the assessors, where the question at issue is the quality of the evidence of identification of the accused at the close of the prosecution's case, is over-ridden 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 by the particular risk of injustice that can arise from an honest albeit mistaken identification.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Daley y. R.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  (1994)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid14901117 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 98 Cr. App. R. 447 a decision of the Privy Council on an appeal from Jamaica it was:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5332355 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
"Held: allowing the appeal, that where the qualit\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
y of the identifying evidence is poor, or so slender as to be unreliable and there is no other evidence in support of identification, then the judge should withdraw the case from the jury. ... In the instant case, considering the weaknesses of the identif
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cation evidence, the case should have been withdrawn from the jury."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5332355 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Lord Mustill}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  in delivering t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he judgment of the Privy Council}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 dealt in some detail with the history of the law as it relates to the trial judge's power and duty to withdraw the issue of g\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 uilt from the jury. In particular the judgment considered the decisions in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Galbraith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Turnbull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and concluded that there was no incongruity between the principles enunciated in them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Two possible explanations were advanced, firstly, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Turnbull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 was an exception superimposed on the general principles in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Galbraith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and secondly, that the perceived risk of a jury acting upon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  evidence which is not to be rel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ied upon e.g. a confession obtained by oppression }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  serious enough in certain types of identif\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ication cases as to outweigh the general principle that the functions of the judge and jury must be kept apart (See: p. 454).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Their lordships stated however that a reading of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 al}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 braith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  shows the Court of Appeal was primarily concerned with proscribing the\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  practice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 whereby a judge who considered t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he prosecutor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid14901117 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s evidence unworthy of credit wou
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d make sure that the jury was denied the opportunity of giving a different opinion from that of the judge, whereas and by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid14901117 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  way of contrast, the case is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 withdrawn in a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Turnbull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 type identification case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5332355 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ... not because the judge considers that the witness is lying}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid14901117 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 but because the evidence even if taken to be honest has a base which is so slender that it is unreliable and therefore not sufficient to found a conviction \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ... when assessing the qual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ity of the evidence under the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 urnbull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  doctrine the jury is protected from acting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 upon the type of evidence which, even if believed,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  experience has shown to be a possible source of injustice. Reading the two cases in this way, th
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 eir lordships see no conflict between them."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5332355 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12403053 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 So much }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 then for the law. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I turn next to conside}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r the prosecution's evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 It is common ground that the prosecution has established that the deceased Karam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid14901117 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Chan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d alias Tomasi on the early hours of the morni\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ng of the 23rd of April 1994 sustained multiple incised wounds to his upper left and right chest areas, one of which penetrated a major blood vessel, his pulmonary artery, and thereby caused his death. It has also been established that the wounds were con
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 istent with having been caused by a sharp instrument such as a thin-bladed knife.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In addition, given the location, number and nature of the wounds on the deceased's body there can be little doubt as to the presence of 'some evidence' from which the assess\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ors could properly infer the presence of malice aforethought in whoever inflicted those knife wounds on the deceased's body.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
The sole element remaining upon which there is any serious dispute is the identity of the deceased's assailant(s). In this regard \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
the prosecution's sole eye-witness is Valentine Rogers who testified that he saw both accused assaulting his friend Samisoni Cakacaka and then they left towards Phoenix Restaurant. Immediately prior to that Valentine had witnessed his friend Colin being p
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 lled into some bushes beside Civic Centre by the 2nd accused who was dressed in a black vest.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 This identification of Colin's assailant was contradicted by both Colin and Samisoni who stated it was the 1}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid5332355 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused dressed in black trousers and a shirt who \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
had pulled Colin into the bushes. Quite plainly Valentine's identification in this regard was at best mistaken, at worst, false.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Valentine then testified that a Fijian ran past and went up to the 2 accused and questioned them about the assault on Samisoni\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  and shortly after a fight broke out between the 2 accused and the Fijian.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
He saw punches being exchanged between both accused and the Fijian and then he noticed blood coming out from the front of the Fijian's stomach area and soon after the Fijian fell d\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
own and the 2 accused ran off across the road, where one of them fell outside Fintel and the other ran towards the Civic Centre building pursued by some Fijian boys.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Valentine said that whilst the fight between the 2 accused and the Fijian was in progress
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  he saw another Fijian man run to the fight and pull or push the accused away from the Fijian man and that is when the accused ran of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid14032874 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  across the road towards Fintel.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Akapusi Kolitagane the second Fijian in question stated on oath however that as he neared the fight the Indians saw him and ran away towards Sukuna Park. He was unable to identify the Indians. On this aspect Valentine Rogers has plainly exaggerated his ev
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 dence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid5332355\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Valentine Rogers although he did not know the accused by name had identified them by their build and their clothing. He had not identified them at an identification parade and was first asked to do so in Court by way of a dock identification. On th
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 is latter occasion his recognition of the accused was also based on their build and clothing and not on their facial features.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid8731694 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
In similar vein Valentine Rogers was never asked to identify the deceased and his identification of him was that he was 'a Fijia\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
n man wearing something striped like black or blue and white T-shirt or vest.' He identified a court exhibit as being similar to what the Fijian man was wearing but he had left the scene shortly after the Fijian man had fallen down outside the Phoenix Res
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 aurant and did not know what happened to the Fijian man.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In this latt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid14032874 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 er regard the evidence is clear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  that the deceased was seen on the pavement by Riaz A}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i outside the Fiji Times Office shortly before he was loaded into a police vehicle and taken to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid10648703 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 C.W.M. Hospital. It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
 is also common ground that no blood spot or stains were seen or noted outside the Phoenix Restaurant as one might have expected if the deceased had indeed collapsed onto the footpath outside the restaurant, and how was it that the decea
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
sed was uplifted from outside McConnell-Dowell by Constable Isimeli Tiva and his crew? Had he been moved after Valentine Rogers had seen him fall down and just prior to being lifted off the footpath? or had Valentine Rogers made another innocent albeit }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid14032874 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hon\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 est mistake}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Then there is the evidence of Riaz Ali which counsel have described as a 'dying declaration' by the deceased as to the identity of his assailants where he said that: "... he was drinking with friends in Lucky Eddies and when they came out the
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  friends stabbed him."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
Finally the other forensic evidence that prosecuting counsel suggests was supportive of the identity of the deceased's assailants is not wholly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ithout doubt in that the doct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 or who examined the 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid10648703\charrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 st}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s clothing on the morning \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
of the 23.4.94, several hours after the alleged incident,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  found no blood stains on the 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused trousers albeit that he noticed it was torn. How then did blood from the deceased's blo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 od grouping come to be on the 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
st accused's trouser leg?
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Even Dr. Dou\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 glas' evidence at its highest was to the effect that 'the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 blood on the left leg of the (1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid10648703 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused trousers) could have come from the deceased or someone else with the same blood group.' That particular blood sample taken from the 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s trousers could only be tested under one of the 2 tests carried out by him.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In my considered opinion the quality of the Prosecution's identification evidence is so riddled with falsity, inconsis
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tencies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10228597 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  discrepancies and exagg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703\charrsid12403053 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 eration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  that I am left firml\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
y of the view that the evidence of identification even if taken to be honest has a base which is so slender that no reasonable tribunal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 wou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 
ld convict the accused. Accordingly and as required in terms of section 293(1) of the CPC I record a finding of not g\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 uilty against each accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nd acquit them of the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 murder of Karam Chand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid10648703\charrsid12403053 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid10648703 
\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Accused acquitted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid7678684\charrsid12403053 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 )
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